温带阔叶红松林生态系统潜热通量模拟——气孔导度组合模型在Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型中的应用(英文)

叶片水平的气孔导度组合模型已被成功扩展到冠层水平,并被应用于冬小麦生态系统潜热通量的模拟研究,但该研究仅基于1a的数据,有必要研究模型在更长时间尺度和其它生态系统类型的适用性。以长白山阔叶红松林(CBS)为研究对象,将组合模型进一步应用于Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型,模拟了CBS3a生长季内的潜热通量,利用涡度相关系统观测的潜热通量数据对模型进行验证,并对比了双源模型与单源模型的模拟结果。结果显示,双源模型较单源模型能取得更高的模拟精度,生长季不同时期的潜热通量模拟值和实测值的日变化较一致。对双源模型模拟值和实测潜热通量的相关分析显示,二者直线回归斜率和R2分别为0.96和0.72。对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统的蒸散和植被蒸腾的季节和年际变异分析发现,影响冠层蒸散和植被蒸腾季节动态的主要因素是饱和差和辐射,而影响它们年际动态的主要因素则是饱和差和温度。

温带阔叶红松林生态系统潜热通量模拟:气孔导度组合模型在Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型中的应用(英文)

叶片水平的气孔导度组合模型已被成功扩展到冠层水平,并被应用于冬小麦生态系统潜热通量的模拟研究,但该研究仅基于1a的数据,有必要研究模型在更长时间尺度和其它生态系统类型的适用性。以长白山阔叶红松林(CBS)为研究对象,将组合模型进一步应用于Shuttleworth-Wallace双源模型,模拟了CBS3a生长季内的潜热通量,利用涡度相关系统观测的潜热通量数据对模型进行验证,并对比了双源模型与单源模型的模拟结果。结果显示,双源模型较单源模型能取得更高的模拟精度,生长季不同时期的潜热通量模拟值和实测值的日变化较

Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918

Rendle, Matthew, 'Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918', Slavonic and East European Review (2006) 84(3) pp.481-507 RAE2008

Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-1960: From Minority to Hegemony

Rubinstein, W. (2001). Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-1960: From Minority to Hegemony. The Jewish Journal of Sociology. 43(1-2), pp.5-36. RAE2008

Polskie Wojska Lotnicze w okresie walk o granice państwa polskiego (1918-1921)

Wydział Historyczny

Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea‐level. The oceans are also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have taken up ∼40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake is exported via the four ocean ‘carbon pumps’ (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result of a strong ice–ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next century will be underestimated.