Integrating Crew Scheduling and Rostering Problems

Crew scheduling and crew rostering are similar and related problems which can be solved by similar procedures. So far, the existing solution methods usually create a model for each one of these problems (scheduling and rostering), and when they are solved together in some cases an interaction between models is considered in order to obtain a better solution. A single set covering model to solve simultaneously both problems is presented here, where the total quantity of drivers needed is directly considered and optimized. This integration allows to optimize all of the depots at the same time, while traditional approaches needed to work depot by depot, and also it allows to see and manage the relationship between scheduling and rostering, which was known in some degree but usually not easy to quantify as this model permits. Recent research in the area of crew scheduling and rostering has stated that one of the current challenges to be achieved is to determine a schedule where crew fatigue, which depends mainly on the quality of the rosters created, is reduced. In this approach rosters are constructed in such way that stable working hours are used in every week of work, and a change to a different shift is done only using free days in between to make easier the adaptation to the new working hours. Computational results for real-world-based instances are presented. Instances are geographically diverse to test the performance of the procedures and the model in different scenarios.

Modelli di Ottimizzazione per la programmazione di sale operatorie

La tesi è l'esito di un lavoro di studio e ricerca nell'ambito della gestione delle sale operatorie, uno dei problemi principali su cui si sono focalizzati gli studi di Ricerca Operativa, applicati ai sistemi sanitari, sviluppati nell'ultimo decennio. Vengono presentati i due modelli di ottimizzazione creati al fine di migliorare l'efficienza organizzativa delle pianificazioni degli interventi chirurgici di un presidio ospedaliero. I due modelli, uno teorico e l'altro implementato con istanze reali, si distinguono dalle ricerche presenti in letteratura per l'innovativa proposta di pianificare attività preoperatorie che contribuiscano a raggiungere una miglior efficienza e la diminuzione dei costi delle pratiche chirurgiche.

Nonlinear constrained and saturated control of power electronics and electromechanical systems

Power electronic converters are extensively adopted for the solution of timely issues, such as power quality improvement in industrial plants, energy management in hybrid electrical systems, and control of electrical generators for renewables. Beside nonlinearity, this systems are typically characterized by hard constraints on the control inputs, and sometimes the state variables. In this respect, control laws able to handle input saturation are crucial to formally characterize the systems stability and performance properties. From a practical viewpoint, a proper saturation management allows to extend the systems transient and steady-state operating ranges, improving their reliability and availability. The main topic of this thesis concern saturated control methodologies, based on modern approaches, applied to power electronics and electromechanical systems. The pursued objective is to provide formal results under any saturation scenario, overcoming the drawbacks of the classic solution commonly applied to cope with saturation of power converters, and enhancing performance. For this purpose two main approaches are exploited and extended to deal with power electronic applications: modern anti-windup strategies, providing formal results and systematic design rules for the anti-windup compensator, devoted to handle control saturation, and “one step” saturated feedback design techniques, relying on a suitable characterization of the saturation nonlinearity and less conservative extensions of standard absolute stability theory results. The first part of the thesis is devoted to present and develop a novel general anti-windup scheme, which is then specifically applied to a class of power converters adopted for power quality enhancement in industrial plants. In the second part a polytopic differential inclusion representation of saturation nonlinearity is presented and extended to deal with a class of multiple input power converters, used to manage hybrid electrical energy sources. The third part regards adaptive observers design for robust estimation of the parameters required for high performance control of power systems.

Nonlinear Observers for Sensorless Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

In this thesis, the industrial application of control a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in a sensorless configuration has been faced, and in particular the task of estimating the unknown “parameters” necessary for the application of standard motor control algorithms. In literature several techniques have been proposed to cope with this task, among them the technique based on model-based nonlinear observer has been followed. The hypothesis of neglecting the mechanical dynamics from the motor model has been applied due to practical and physical considerations, therefore only the electromagnetic dynamics has been used for the observers design. First observer proposed is based on stator currents and Stator Flux dynamics described in a generic rotating reference frame. Stator flux dynamics are known apart their initial conditions which are estimated, with speed that is also unknown, through the use of the Adaptive Theory. The second observer proposed is based on stator currents and Rotor Flux dynamics described in a self-aligning reference frame. Rotor flux dynamics are described in the stationary reference frame exploiting polar coordinates instead of classical Cartesian coordinates, by means the estimation of amplitude and speed of the rotor flux. The stability proof is derived in a Singular Perturbation Framework, which allows for the use the current estimation errors as a measure of rotor flux estimation errors. The stability properties has been derived using a specific theory for systems with time scale separation, which guarantees a semi-global practical stability. For the two observer ideal simulations and real simulations have been performed to prove the effectiveness of the observers proposed, real simulations on which the effects of the Inverter nonlinearities have been introduced, showing the already known problems of the model-based observers for low speed applications.

Realizzazione di uno strumento per la ripartizione dei fondi europei nell'ambito del programma operativo regionale

La costituzione dell’Unione Europea nel 1993 pose la questione del dover aiutare le regioni svantaggiate in essa contenute, allo scopo di promuovere i principi di eguaglianza appena stipulati. Allo stesso tempo si dovette cercare uno strumento per facilitare la collaborazione fra le regioni appartenenti all’Unione stessa. Tale strumento sono i Fondi Strutturali Europei, un sistema di autofinanziamento utilizzato per promuovere progetti lavorativi, di cultura o di ricerca in tutta Europa. La distribuzione dei fondi avviene secondo delle regole specifiche e spesso i temi verso cui i fondi vengono rivolti sono scelti di comune accordo tra i Paesi membri. Le amministrazioni regionali hanno quindi la possibilità di usufruire di una notevole quantità di denaro, giustificando in modo appropriato la destinazione d’uso dei fondi e stilando dei piani che ne descrivano la loro suddivisione nei vari progetti. In seguito all’evoluzione tecnologica degli anni ’60 e ’70 nacquero nuovi strumenti a favore delle aziende: i DSS (Decision Support System), descritti come “sistemi informatici a supporto del processo decisionale”. L’uso di questa nuova tecnologia permise una facilitazione dei compiti decisionali, oltre ad un miglioramento delle prestazioni negli ambiti di applicazione. Da tali premesse nascono diversi progetti che puntano ad utilizzare strumenti di supporto alle decisioni nei campi più diversi: amministrativo, medico, politico, culturale. In particolare, l’area d’applicazione politica vive un grande fermento negli ultimi anni, grazie a strumenti in grado di aiutare la classe politica in decisioni su più livelli di scelta e su una grosse mole di dati. Un esempio fra gli altri è la redazione del Programma Operativo Regionale, il quale fa affidamento sui finanziamenti dei Fondi Strutturali Europei per potersi sostentare. Negli ultimi anni la Regione Emilia-Romagna ha puntato molto sull’uso di strumenti informatici e automatizzati come aiuto nella compilazione di progetti, piani operativi e preventivi di spesa, sviluppando delle collaborazioni con diversi Enti ed Università, tra le quali l’Università degli Studi di Bologna. L’ultimo progetto realizzato in collaborazione con la Regione, e qui esposto, riguarda la realizzazione di uno strumento di supporto alle decisioni politiche per la ripartizione dei Fondi Europei, in particolare quelli destinati al Programma Operativo Regionale (POR).

Mathematical Optimization Applied to Thermal and Electrical Energy Systems

This Thesis aims at building and discussing mathematical models applications focused on Energy problems, both on the thermal and electrical side. The objective is to show how mathematical programming techniques developed within Operational Research can give useful answers in the Energy Sector, how they can provide tools to support decision making processes of Companies operating in the Energy production and distribution and how they can be successfully used to make simulations and sensitivity analyses to better understand the state of the art and convenience of a particular technology by comparing it with the available alternatives. The first part discusses the fundamental mathematical background followed by a comprehensive literature review about mathematical modelling in the Energy Sector. The second part presents mathematical models for the District Heating strategic network design and incremental network design. The objective is the selection of an optimal set of new users to be connected to an existing thermal network, maximizing revenues, minimizing infrastructure and operational costs and taking into account the main technical requirements of the real world application. Results on real and randomly generated benchmark networks are discussed with particular attention to instances characterized by big networks dimensions. The third part is devoted to the development of linear programming models for optimal battery operation in off-grid solar power schemes, with consideration of battery degradation. The key contribution of this work is the inclusion of battery degradation costs in the optimisation models. As available data on relating degradation costs to the nature of charge/discharge cycles are limited, we concentrate on investigating the sensitivity of operational patterns to the degradation cost structure. The objective is to investigate the combination of battery costs and performance at which such systems become economic. We also investigate how the system design should change when battery degradation is taken into account.

NLGA based Active Control in Aerospace: fault tolerability, disturbance rejection, and parameter estimation

A new control scheme has been presented in this thesis. Based on the NonLinear Geometric Approach, the proposed Active Control System represents a new way to see the reconfigurable controllers for aerospace applications. The presence of the Diagnosis module (providing the estimation of generic signals which, based on the case, can be faults, disturbances or system parameters), mean feature of the depicted Active Control System, is a characteristic shared by three well known control systems: the Active Fault Tolerant Controls, the Indirect Adaptive Controls and the Active Disturbance Rejection Controls. The standard NonLinear Geometric Approach (NLGA) has been accurately investigated and than improved to extend its applicability to more complex models. The standard NLGA procedure has been modified to take account of feasible and estimable sets of unknown signals. Furthermore the application of the Singular Perturbations approximation has led to the solution of Detection and Isolation problems in scenarios too complex to be solved by the standard NLGA. Also the estimation process has been improved, where multiple redundant measuremtent are available, by the introduction of a new algorithm, here called "Least Squares - Sliding Mode". It guarantees optimality, in the sense of the least squares, and finite estimation time, in the sense of the sliding mode. The Active Control System concept has been formalized in two controller: a nonlinear backstepping controller and a nonlinear composite controller. Particularly interesting is the integration, in the controller design, of the estimations coming from the Diagnosis module. Stability proofs are provided for both the control schemes. Finally, different applications in aerospace have been provided to show the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed NLGA-based Active Control System.

Simulazione del triage infermieristico in un centro di salute mentale

Il presente elaborato nasce con l'obiettivo di applicare metodi di ricerca operativa, ed in particolare tecniche di simulazione, ad una realtà sanitaria. L’attuale scenario dei dipartimenti sanitari suggerisce l’uso e l’applicazione di nuove tecnologie, fondamentali per analizzare i processi e valutare l’impatto economico, di questi ultimi, sul bilancio della struttura. Nella tesi si esamina il caso sanitario di un Centro di Salute Mentale della regione Emilia Romagna, attraverso il software Arena Simulation.

GRASP with Hybrid Path Relinking for Bi-Objective Winner Determination in Combinatorial Transportation Auctions

The procurement of transportation services via large-scale combinatorial auctions involves a couple of complex decisions whose outcome highly influences the performance of the tender process. This paper examines the shipper's task of selecting a subset of the submitted bids which efficiently trades off total procurement cost against expected carrier performance. To solve this bi-objective winner determination problem, we propose a Pareto-based greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP). As a post-optimizer we use a path relinking procedure which is hybridized with branch-and-bound. Several variants of this algorithm are evaluated by means of artificial test instances which comply with important real-world characteristics. The two best variants prove superior to a previously published Pareto-based evolutionary algorithm.

Implementazione e test di modelli di ottimizzazione per la pianificazione tattica del blocco operatorio

In questa tesi è stato analizzato e tradotto nel linguaggio di alto livello AMPL un modello di ILP relativo alla pianificazione tattica del blocco operatorio. L'obiettivo è quello di permettere l'interfacciamento con numerosi solver -commerciali e non- al fine di analizzarne le prestazioni. In seguito a un'introduzione in merito al problema dell'Operating Room Management e a una descrizione del contesto sanitario regionale dell'Emilia-Romagna, si è proceduto alla descrizione formale del modello. Infine sono state eseguite numerose risoluzioni con i solver cplex e gurobi al variare di alcuni parametri in ingresso, tra cui il numero di sale operatorie, di infermieri e operatori sanitari, e di pazienti in lista d'attesa.

Bed management: studio di fattibilità per la creazione di un modello applicabile al sistema sanitario emiliano-romagnolo

Da qualche anno gli standard di posti letto ospedalieri tendono a ridursi. È in corso un processo di ristrutturazione e riorganizzazione dell’azione ospedaliera che trova le sue ragioni nella necessità di calare la spesa del servizio sanitario. Questo fatto porta alla conclusione che la risorsa “posti letto” stia diventando sempre di più una risorsa limitata, che necessiti di una gestione attenta, precisa e ponderata. Da un punto di vista manageriale, capire le inefficienze e i modi in cui questa risorsa si interfaccia con la restante realtà ospedaliera è cruciale per poter attuare giuste politiche sanitarie. L’obiettivo di questa tesi consiste nella valutazione delle specifiche per la costruzione di un modello da applicare al sistema sanitario emiliano-romagnolo, compiendo una gap analysis su dati ufficiali forniti direttamente dal SS dell’Emilia-Romagna. Per la creazione del modello applicato ai posti letto ospedalieri il lavoro è proceduto prendendo in considerazione l’attuale modello in uso in regione [3] “Pianificazione tattica delle sale operatorie: un modello di ottimizzazione in ambito regionale. Margherita Vitali. 2014”. La creazione del modello oggetto di questa tesi è avvenuta attraverso l’ampliamento del modello [3]. Le modifiche proposte hanno avuto come scopo l’ottenimento di un modello dipendente dalla risorsa posti letto a valle delle sale operatorie. I vincoli aggiuntivi conferiscono una maggiore completezza al modello [3] ampliandone le vedute sulla filiera ospedaliera.

Demographic special reports: based on data from 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS).

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: user's guide to the public use tapes.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.