the plenoptic sensor

In this thesis, we will introduce the innovative concept of a plenoptic sensor that can determine the phase and amplitude distortion in a coherent beam, for example a laser beam that has propagated through the turbulent atmosphere.. The plenoptic sensor can be applied to situations involving strong or deep atmospheric turbulence. This can improve free space optical communications by maintaining optical links more intelligently and efficiently. Also, in directed energy applications, the plenoptic sensor and its fast reconstruction algorithm can give instantaneous instructions to an adaptive optics (AO) system to create intelligent corrections in directing a beam through atmospheric turbulence. The hardware structure of the plenoptic sensor uses an objective lens and a microlens array (MLA) to form a mini “Keplerian” telescope array that shares the common objective lens. In principle, the objective lens helps to detect the phase gradient of the distorted laser beam and the microlens array (MLA) helps to retrieve the geometry of the distorted beam in various gradient segments. The software layer of the plenoptic sensor is developed based on different applications. Intuitively, since the device maximizes the observation of the light field in front of the sensor, different algorithms can be developed, such as detecting the atmospheric turbulence effects as well as retrieving undistorted images of distant objects. Efficient 3D simulations on atmospheric turbulence based on geometric optics have been established to help us perform optimization on system design and verify the correctness of our algorithms. A number of experimental platforms have been built to implement the plenoptic sensor in various application concepts and show its improvements when compared with traditional wavefront sensors. As a result, the plenoptic sensor brings a revolution to the study of atmospheric turbulence and generates new approaches to handle turbulence effect better.

Estimação e compensação de não linearidades inerentes aos atuadores dos processos industriais

The oscillations presents in control loops can cause damages in petrochemical industry. Canceling, or even preventing such oscillations, would save up to large amount of dollars. Studies have identified that one of the causes of these oscillations are the nonlinearities present on industrial process actuators. This study has the objective to develop a methodology for removal of the harmful effects of nonlinearities. Will be proposed an parameter estimation method to Hammerstein model, whose nonlinearity is represented by dead-zone or backlash. The estimated parameters will be used to construct inverse models of compensation. A simulated level system was used as a test platform. The valve that controls inflow has a nonlinearity. Results and describing function analysis show an improvement on system response

Étude du rôle de la membrane basale spécialisée dans la maturation de l'émail

Les cellules épithéliales qui produisent l’émail, les améloblastes, sont séparées de l'émail au niveau de la zone de maturation par une membrane basale spécialisée (MBS) enrichie en laminine 332 (LM-332). Cette protéine hétérotrimérique (composée des chaînes α3, ß3 et γ2) assure l'intégrité structurelle des membranes basales (MB) et influence divers processus cellulaires épithéliaux tels que l'adhésion et la différenciation cellulaire. Des modèles de souris « knockout » (KO), où les gènes codant pour LM-332 ont été supprimés, meurent peu après la naissance. Néanmoins, ce phénotype létal peut être contourné en substituant chez la souris le gène produisant la chaîne γ2 de la laminine (LAMC2) par sa forme humaine, sous le contrôle de l’expression du promoteur-rtTA, de la cytokératine 14, inductible par la prise de doxycycline (Dox) - (Tet-on). Le but de ce projet est d’examiner si l’utilisation de cette protéine humaine chez la souris a un effet sur la structuration de la MBS ainsi que sur la maturation de l'émail. La phase de maturation de l’organe de l’émail chez la souris transgénique a été sévèrement altérée par rapport à une souris normale (WT). La MBS n’est plus visible, une matrice dystrophique s’est formée dans la couche d'émail dans la phase de maturation, et la présence d’une matrice résiduelle de l'émail est observée durant la phase tardive de maturation. Des micro-analyses tomographiques ont révélé une usure excessive des surfaces occlusales des molaires, un écroulement de l'émail sur les pointes des incisives et une hypominéralisation de l'émail. Cependant, aucune altération structurale due à cette recombinaison transgénique n’a été observée dans d'autres sites épithéliaux, tels que la peau, le palais et la langue. Ces résultats indiquent que, bien que ce modèle de souris humanisée soit capable de rétablir ses fonctions dans divers tissus épithéliaux, il est incapable de soutenir la structuration d'une MBS à l'interface entre les améloblastes et l’émail en maturation. Cet échec peut être lié à la composition spécifique de la MBS dans la phase de maturation et supporte l’hypothèse que la MBS est essentielle pour la maturation adéquate de l'émail.

Development and Verification of Control and Protection Strategies in Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems for Smart Grid Applications

Modern power networks incorporate communications and information technology infrastructure into the electrical power system to create a smart grid in terms of control and operation. The smart grid enables real-time communication and control between consumers and utility companies allowing suppliers to optimize energy usage based on price preference and system technical issues. The smart grid design aims to provide overall power system monitoring, create protection and control strategies to maintain system performance, stability and security. This dissertation contributed to the development of a unique and novel smart grid test-bed laboratory with integrated monitoring, protection and control systems. This test-bed was used as a platform to test the smart grid operational ideas developed here. The implementation of this system in the real-time software creates an environment for studying, implementing and verifying novel control and protection schemes developed in this dissertation. Phasor measurement techniques were developed using the available Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices in order to monitor all points in the power system in real time. This provides a practical view of system parameter changes, system abnormal conditions and its stability and security information system. These developments provide valuable measurements for technical power system operators in the energy control centers. Phasor Measurement technology is an excellent solution for improving system planning, operation and energy trading in addition to enabling advanced applications in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC). Moreover, a virtual protection system was developed and implemented in the smart grid laboratory with integrated functionality for wide area applications. Experiments and procedures were developed in the system in order to detect the system abnormal conditions and apply proper remedies to heal the system. A design for DC microgrid was developed to integrate it to the AC system with appropriate control capability. This system represents realistic hybrid AC/DC microgrids connectivity to the AC side to study the use of such architecture in system operation to help remedy system abnormal conditions. In addition, this dissertation explored the challenges and feasibility of the implementation of real-time system analysis features in order to monitor the system security and stability measures. These indices are measured experimentally during the operation of the developed hybrid AC/DC microgrids. Furthermore, a real-time optimal power flow system was implemented to optimally manage the power sharing between AC generators and DC side resources. A study relating to real-time energy management algorithm in hybrid microgrids was performed to evaluate the effects of using energy storage resources and their use in mitigating heavy load impacts on system stability and operational security.

Étude du rôle de la membrane basale spécialisée dans la maturation de l'émail

Les cellules épithéliales qui produisent l’émail, les améloblastes, sont séparées de l'émail au niveau de la zone de maturation par une membrane basale spécialisée (MBS) enrichie en laminine 332 (LM-332). Cette protéine hétérotrimérique (composée des chaînes α3, ß3 et γ2) assure l'intégrité structurelle des membranes basales (MB) et influence divers processus cellulaires épithéliaux tels que l'adhésion et la différenciation cellulaire. Des modèles de souris « knockout » (KO), où les gènes codant pour LM-332 ont été supprimés, meurent peu après la naissance. Néanmoins, ce phénotype létal peut être contourné en substituant chez la souris le gène produisant la chaîne γ2 de la laminine (LAMC2) par sa forme humaine, sous le contrôle de l’expression du promoteur-rtTA, de la cytokératine 14, inductible par la prise de doxycycline (Dox) - (Tet-on). Le but de ce projet est d’examiner si l’utilisation de cette protéine humaine chez la souris a un effet sur la structuration de la MBS ainsi que sur la maturation de l'émail. La phase de maturation de l’organe de l’émail chez la souris transgénique a été sévèrement altérée par rapport à une souris normale (WT). La MBS n’est plus visible, une matrice dystrophique s’est formée dans la couche d'émail dans la phase de maturation, et la présence d’une matrice résiduelle de l'émail est observée durant la phase tardive de maturation. Des micro-analyses tomographiques ont révélé une usure excessive des surfaces occlusales des molaires, un écroulement de l'émail sur les pointes des incisives et une hypominéralisation de l'émail. Cependant, aucune altération structurale due à cette recombinaison transgénique n’a été observée dans d'autres sites épithéliaux, tels que la peau, le palais et la langue. Ces résultats indiquent que, bien que ce modèle de souris humanisée soit capable de rétablir ses fonctions dans divers tissus épithéliaux, il est incapable de soutenir la structuration d'une MBS à l'interface entre les améloblastes et l’émail en maturation. Cet échec peut être lié à la composition spécifique de la MBS dans la phase de maturation et supporte l’hypothèse que la MBS est essentielle pour la maturation adéquate de l'émail.

Systems 1 and 2 thinking processes and cognitive reflection testing in medical students

Background: Diagnostic decision-making is made through a combination of Systems 1 (intuition or pattern-recognition) and Systems 2 (analytic) thinking. The purpose of this study was to use the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) to evaluate and compare the level of Systems 1 and 2 thinking among medical students in pre-clinical and clinical programs. Methods: The CRT is a three-question test designed to measure the ability of respondents to activate metacognitive processes and switch to System 2 (analytic) thinking where System 1 (intuitive) thinking would lead them astray. Each CRT question has a correct analytical (System 2) answer and an incorrect intuitive (System 1) answer. A group of medical students in Years 2 & 3 (pre-clinical) and Years 4 (in clinical practice) of a 5-year medical degree were studied. Results: Ten percent (13/128) of students had the intuitive answers to the three questions (suggesting they generally relied on System 1 thinking) while almost half (44%) answered all three correctly (indicating full analytical, System 2 thinking). Only 3-13% had incorrect answers (i.e. that were neither the analytical nor the intuitive responses). Non-native English speaking students (n = 11) had a lower mean number of correct answers compared to native English speakers (n = 117: 1.0 s 2.12 respectfully: p < 0.01). As students progressed through questions 1 to 3, the percentage of correct System 2 answers increased and the percentage of intuitive answers decreased in both the pre-clinical and clinical students. Conclusions: Up to half of the medical students demonstrated full or partial reliance on System 1 (intuitive) thinking in response to these analytical questions. While their CRT performance has no claims to make as to their future expertise as clinicians, the test may be used in helping students to understand the importance of awareness and regulation of their thinking processes in clinical practice.

Étude de la dynamique du ferrofluide appliquée sur une surface générée par plusieurs actionneurs

Le sujet de cette thèse est la caractérisation dynamique d’une surface générée par plusieurs actionneurs d’un miroir ferrofluidique intégré dans un montage d’optique adaptative. Elle conclut un projet de doctorat au sein du groupe Borra s’étant échelonné sur 4 années. Un bref portrait général de l’optique adaptative est d’abord présenté, suivi d’une section sur la théorie du contrôle. Les types de contrôleurs y sont abordés, soit PID et surcharge. L’effet de la viscosité sur la réponse dynamique du système, ainsi que les analyseurs de front d’onde utilisés sont ensuite expliqués. La section résultats est subdivisée en plusieurs sous-sections ordonnées de façon chronologique. Dans un premier temps, il est question des résultats obtenus dans le cadre d’une caractérisation d’un nouveau miroir de 91 actionneurs fabriqué au sein du groupe. Il est ensuite question des résultats obtenus avec diverses techniques telles le PSD et l’imagerie déclenchée. Il y aura toute une section sur les résultats en vitesse, en fonction de la viscosité du liquide, suivie d’une section sur les simulations réalisées avec Simulink afin de bien cibler les limites du système. Les résultats portant sur la technique de surcharge des actionneurs seront ensuite présentés avec des projections futures. La dernière partie de cette thèse portera sur une innovation apportée par un autre membre du groupe. Nous parlerons de la déposition d’une membrane élastomère réfléchissante et de ses effets sur la dynamique du système.

Adaptable security in the cloud-to-thing continuum

Recent technological advancements have played a key role in seamlessly integrating cloud, edge, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, giving rise to the Cloud-to-Thing Continuum paradigm. This cloud model connects many heterogeneous resources that generate a large amount of data and collaborate to deliver next-generation services. While it has the potential to reshape several application domains, the number of connected entities remarkably broadens the security attack surface. One of the main problems is the lack of security measures to adapt to the dynamic and evolving conditions of the Cloud-To-Thing Continuum. To address this challenge, this dissertation proposes novel adaptable security mechanisms. Adaptable security is the capability of security controls, systems, and protocols to dynamically adjust to changing conditions and scenarios. However, since the design and development of novel security mechanisms can be explored from different perspectives and levels, we place our attention on threat modeling and access control. The contributions of the thesis can be summarized as follows. First, we introduce a model-based methodology that secures the design of edge and cyber-physical systems. This solution identifies threats, security controls, and moving target defense techniques based on system features. Then, we focus on access control management. Since access control policies are subject to modifications, we evaluate how they can be efficiently shared among distributed areas, highlighting the effectiveness of distributed ledger technologies. Furthermore, we propose a risk-based authorization middleware, adjusting permissions based on real-time data, and a federated learning framework that enhances trustworthiness by weighting each client's contributions according to the quality of their partial models. Finally, since authorization revocation is another critical concern, we present an efficient revocation scheme for verifiable credentials in IoT networks, featuring decentralization, demanding minimum storage and computing capabilities. All the mechanisms have been evaluated in different conditions, proving their adaptability to the Cloud-to-Thing Continuum landscape.

Obesity And Inflammation And The Effect On The Hematopoietic System.

Bone marrow is organized in specialized microenvironments known as 'marrow niches'. These are important for the maintenance of stem cells and their hematopoietic progenitors whose homeostasis also depends on other cell types present in the tissue. Extrinsic factors, such as infection and inflammatory states, may affect this system by causing cytokine dysregulation (imbalance in cytokine production) and changes in cell proliferation and self-renewal rates, and may also induce changes in the metabolism and cell cycle. Known to relate to chronic inflammation, obesity is responsible for systemic changes that are best studied in the cardiovascular system. Little is known regarding the changes in the hematopoietic system induced by the inflammatory state carried by obesity or the cell and molecular mechanisms involved. The understanding of the biological behavior of hematopoietic stem cells under obesity-induced chronic inflammation could help elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in other inflammatory processes, such as neoplastic diseases and bone marrow failure syndromes.

Inhibitory Effects Of A Cured Antibacterial Bonding System On Viability And Metabolic Activity Of Oral Bacteria.

To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Clearfil SE Protect (CP) and Clearfil SE Bond (CB) after curing and rinsed against five individual oral microorganisms as well as a mixture of bacterial culture prepared from the selected test organisms. Bacterial suspensions were prepared from single species of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces viscosus and Lactobacillus lactis, as well as mixed bacterial suspensions from these organisms. Dentin bonding system discs (6 mm×2 mm) were prepared, cured, washed and placed on the bacterial suspension of single species or multispecies bacteria for 15, 30 and 60 min. MTT, Live/Dead bacterial viability (antibacterial effect), and XTT (metabolic activity) assays were used to test the two dentin system's antibacterial effect. All assays were done in triplicates and each experiment repeated at least three times. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Scheffe's f-test (5%). Greater than 40% bacteria killing was seen within 15 min, and the killing progressed with increasing time of incubation with CP discs. However, a longer (60 min) period of incubation was required by CP to achieve similar antimicrobial effect against mixed bacterial suspension. CB had no significant effect on the viability or metabolic activity of the test microorganisms when compared to the control bacterial culture. CP was significantly effective in reducing the viability and metabolic activity of the test organisms. The results demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of CP both on single and multispecies bacterial culture. CP may be beneficial in reducing bacterial infections in cavity preparations in clinical dentistry.

Effect Of Particles Of Ashes Produced From Sugarcane Burning On The Respiratory System Of Rats.

The practice of burning sugarcane obtained by non-mechanized harvesting exposes workers and the people of neighboring towns to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) that is harmful to health, and may trigger a series of cardiorespiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of the micro-particles coming from sugarcane burning residues and to verify the effects of this micro-particulate matter on lung and tracheal tissues. Micro-particulate matter (PM10) was obtained by dissolving filter paper containing burnt residues in NaCl solution. This material was instilled into the Wistar rats' nostrils. Histological analyses (hematoxylin and eosin - HE) of cardiac, lung and tracheal tissues were performed. Inflammatory mediators were measured in lung tissues by using ELISA. The chemical composition of the particulate material revealed a large quantity of the phthalic acid ester, high concentrations of phenolic compounds, anthracene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Histological analysis showed a reduction in subjacent conjunctive tissue in the trachea, lung inflammation with inflammatory infiltrate formation and reduction of alveolar spaces and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the release of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ in the group treated with PM10 when compared to the control group. We concluded that the burning sugarcane residues release many particles, which have toxic chemical compounds. The micro-particulate matter can induce alterations in the respiratory system.

[evaluation Of Data On Live Birth Certificates From The Information System On Live Births (sinasc) In Campinas, São Paulo, 2009].

To assess the completeness and reliability of the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc) data. A cross-sectional analysis of the reliability and completeness of Sinasc's data was performed using a sample of Live Birth Certificate (LBC) from 2009, related to births from Campinas, Southeast Brazil. For data analysis, hospitals were grouped according to category of service (Unified National Health System, private or both), 600 LBCs were randomly selected and the data were collected in LBC-copies through mothers and newborns' hospital records and by telephone interviews. The completeness of LBCs was evaluated, calculating the percentage of blank fields, and the LBCs agreement comparing the originals with the copies was evaluated by Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients. The percentage of completeness of LBCs ranged from 99.8%-100%. For the most items, the agreement was excellent. However, the agreement was acceptable for marital status, maternal education and newborn infants' race/color, low for prenatal visits and presence of birth defects, and very low for the number of deceased children. The results showed that the municipality Sinasc is reliable for most of the studied variables. Investments in training of the professionals are suggested in an attempt to improve system capacity to support planning and implementation of health activities for the benefit of maternal and child population.

Human Herpesvirus Infections Of The Central Nervous System: Laboratory Diagnosis Based On Dna Detection By Nested Pcr In Plasma And Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples.

Infections of the central nervous systems (CNS) present a diagnostic problem for which an accurate laboratory diagnosis is essential. Invasive practices, such as cerebral biopsy, have been replaced by obtaining a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis using cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) as a reference method. Tests on DNA extracted from plasma are noninvasive, thus avoiding all of the collateral effects and patient risks associated with CSF collection. This study aimed to determine whether plasma can replace CSF in nested PCR analysis for the detection of CNS human herpesvirus (HHV) diseases by analysing the proportion of patients whose CSF nested PCR results were positive for CNS HHV who also had the same organism identified by plasma nested PCR. In this study, CSF DNA was used as the gold standard, and nested PCR was performed on both types of samples. Fifty-two patients with symptoms of nervous system infection were submitted to CSF and blood collection. For the eight HHV, one positive DNA result-in plasma and/or CSF nested PCR-was considered an active HHV infection, whereas the occurrence of two or more HHVs in the same sample was considered a coinfection. HHV infections were positively detected in 27/52 (51.9%) of the CSF and in 32/52 (61.5%) of the plasma, difference not significant, thus nested PCR can be performed on plasma instead of CSF. In conclusion, this findings suggest that plasma as a useful material for the diagnosis of cases where there is any difficulty to perform a CSF puncture.

Influence of sodium hypochlorite and edta on the microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system

Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative materials. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface, polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers, and randomly divided into 3 groups: G1 (control): no irrigating solution; G2: 1% NaOCl; and G3: 1% NaOCl followed by the application of 17% EDTA. The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system (XENO III - Dentsply), restored with microhybrid composite resin (Z250 - 3M ESPE), sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth. The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine (Emic DL 2000) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test. RESULTS: Mean µTBS values and standard deviations in MPa were: G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73. 1% NaOCl increased the adhesive resistance significantly (p<0.001/F=22.5763). The application of 1% NaOCl/17% EDTA resulted in statistically similar µTBS to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XENO III to dentin. The use of 1% NaOCl alone resulted in higher bond strength than the other treatments. The combination of 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin.

Effect of triiodothyronine on the maxilla and masseter muscles of the rat stomatognathic system

The maxilla and masseter muscles are components of the stomatognathic system involved in chewing, which is frequently affected by physical forces such as gravity, and by dental, orthodontic and orthopedic procedures. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to regulate the expression of genes that control bone mass and the oxidative properties of muscles; however, little is known about the effects of TH on the stomatognathic system. This study investigated this issue by evaluating: i) osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontine (OPN) mRNA expression in the maxilla and ii) myoglobin (Mb) mRNA and protein expression, as well as fiber composition of the masseter. Male Wistar rats (~250 g) were divided into thyroidectomized (Tx) and sham-operated (SO) groups (N = 24/group) treated with T3 or saline (0.9%) for 15 days. Thyroidectomy increased OPG (~40%) and OPN (~75%) mRNA expression, while T3 treatment reduced OPG (~40%) and OPN (~75%) in Tx, and both (~50%) in SO rats. Masseter Mb mRNA expression and fiber type composition remained unchanged, despite the induction of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. However, Mb content was decreased in Tx rats even after T3 treatment. Since OPG and OPN are key proteins involved in the osteoclastogenesis inhibition and bone mineralization, respectively, and that Mb functions as a muscle store of O2 allowing muscles to be more resistant to fatigue, the present data indicate that TH also interfere with maxilla remodeling and the oxidative properties of the masseter, influencing the function of the stomatognathic system, which may require attention during dental, orthodontic and orthopedic procedures in patients with thyroid diseases.