Combined impacts of elevated CO2 and anthropogenic noise on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic noise are both known to cause stress and induce physiological and behavioural changes in fish, with consequences for fitness. OA is also predicted to reduce the ocean's capacity to absorb low-frequency sounds produced by human activity. Consequently, anthropogenic noise could propagate further under an increasingly acidic ocean. For the first time, this study investigated the independent and combined impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and anthropogenic noise on the behaviour of a marine fish, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In a fully factorial experiment crossing two CO2 levels (current day and elevated) with two noise conditions (ambient and pile driving), D. labrax were exposed to four CO2/noise treatment combinations: 400 µatm/ambient, 1000 µatm/ambient, 400 µatm/pile-driving, and 1000 µatm/pile driving. Pile-driving noise increased ventilation rate (indicating stress) compared with ambient noise conditions. Elevated CO2 did not alter the ventilation rate response to noise. Furthermore, there was no interaction effect between elevated CO2 and pile-driving noise, suggesting that OA is unlikely to influence startle or ventilatory responses of fish to anthropogenic noise. However, effective management of anthropogenic noise could reduce fish stress, which may improve resilience to future stressors.

Aggregation dynamics and foraging behaviour of striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus in the western Mediterranean Sea

Habitat-related heterogeneity of striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus heterospecific foraging assemblages was examined off the coast of Spain. Video-based focal-follows conducted on 122 M. surmuletus assemblages (446 total individuals) revealed an array of attendant species (n = 7) with composition linked to benthic habitat complexity; bare sandy substrata were characterized by homospecific groups of M. surmuletus, while habitats with rock and vegetation attracted a variety of scrounging labrids and sparids. Although the nature of the relationship between M. surmuletus and attendants requires further exploration, the present study indicates that substratum composition can be a driving factor explaining the dynamics of this heterospecific assemblage.

Pseudo-organic structures from the Precambrian Bass limestone in Arizona / [by] Matthew H. Nitecki --

v.23:no.1(1971)

Algercum munita metropolis Regni Algeriani : in littore Africano Barbariæ in monte declivi Amphitheatri instar quadrata forma extructa, cum portu Commodissimo Sedes est Bassæ Turcici et ob piraticam per orbem famosissima =: Algier die Befestigte Haupt-Statt des Königr. Algier, Auf die Africanischen Küsten in der Barbarey auf einem abhängigen Berg wie ein Amphiteatrum in gevierten form gebauet samt dem bequemen hasen. Ift die Residenz des Türkischen Bassa u: wegen ihrer Secrauberey Welt berussen

cura et sumptibus Matth. Seutteri.

(Table 1) Main constituents of coccolith size fractions expressed as carbonate contribution at Bass River during the PETM

Coccoliths, calcite plates produced by the marine phytoplankton coccolithophores, have previously shown a large array of carbon and oxygen stable isotope fractionations (termed "vital effects"), correlated to cell size and hypothesized to reflect the varying importance of active carbon acquisition strategies. Culture studies show a reduced range of vital effects between large and small coccolithophores under high CO2, consistent with previous observations of a smaller range of interspecific vital effects in Paleocene coccoliths. We present new fossil data examining coccolithophore vital effects over three key Cenozoic intervals reflecting changing climate and atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of size-separated coccolith fractions dominated by different species from well preserved Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) samples show reduced interspecific differences within the greenhouse boundary conditions of the PETM. Conversely, isotope data from the Plio-Pleistocene transition (PPT; 3.5-2 Ma) and the last glacial maximum (LGM; ~22 ka) show persistent vital effects of ~2 per mil. PPT and LGM data show a clear positive trend between coccolith (cell) size and isotopic enrichment in coccolith carbonate, as seen in laboratory cultures. On geological timescales, the degree of expression of vital effects in coccoliths appears to be insensitive topCO2 changes over the range ~350 ppm (Pliocene) to ~180 ppm (LGM). The modern array of coccolith vital effects arose after the PETM but before the late Pliocene and may reflect the operation of more diverse carbon acquisition strategies in coccolithophores in response to decreasing Cenozoic pCO2.

Kleine theoretisch-praktische Gesangschule : enthaltend ein-, zwei,- drei- und vierstimmige Uebungen für ersten und zweiten Tenor und ersten und zweiten Bass zur Ausbildung des vierstimmigen Männergesanges in Seminarien, Bräparandenanstalten und Liederstafeln entworfen /

Mode of access: Internet.

50 lessons in singing for the middle register of the voice, and baritone or bass.

Contains 13 lessons.

One hundredth anniversary of the consecration of the Rt. Rev. Edward Bass, D. D., as the first Bishop of Massachusetts, May 7, 1797-May 7, 1897.

Cover title: Centennial celebration of the consecration of the Rt. Rev. Edward Bass, D. D., as the first Bishop of Massachussetts, 1897-1897.

Sextet in G minor for 2 violins, 2 violas, violoncello and double bass.

Mode of access: Internet.

Kreuzfahrer. Op. 50 (S.- T.- Bass-Solo u. gem. Chor)

Original Danish words by C. C. T. Andersen, with German translation.

69 chorals with figured bass. [music] /

Originally published in the Musicalisches Gasangbuch of G.C. Schemelli. Bach composed the figured bass for all the chorales but only two of the melodies.

Rondo in B dur für Pianoforte, 2 Violinen, Flöte, 2 Klarinetten in B, 2 Hörner in B, Viola, Violoncello und Bass, op. 9 /

Mode of access: Internet.