Selectivity control in Pt-catalyzed cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation

Chemoselectivity is a cornerstone of catalysis, permitting the targeted modification of specific functional groups within complex starting materials. Here we elucidate key structural and electronic factors controlling the liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and related benzylic aldehydes over Pt nanoparticles. Mechanistic insight from kinetic mapping reveals cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation is structure-insensitive over metallic platinum, proceeding with a common Turnover Frequency independent of precursor, particle size or support architecture. In contrast, selectivity to the desired cinnamyl alcohol product is highly structure sensitive, with large nanoparticles and high hydrogen pressures favoring C=O over C=C hydrogenation, attributed to molecular surface crowding and suppression of sterically-demanding adsorption modes. In situ vibrational spectroscopies highlight the role of support polarity in enhancing C=O hydrogenation (through cinnamaldehyde reorientation), a general phenomenon extending to alkyl-substituted benzaldehydes. Tuning nanoparticle size and support polarity affords a flexible means to control the chemoselective hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes.

Synthesis and characterization of photochromic indolyl substituted fulgides and fulgimides

The fulgide and fulgimide family constitutes an important class of organic photochromic compounds. The ability of fulgides and fulgimides to interconvert between two key forms by irradiation of different wavelength of light has made them promising material in optical memory devices, optical switches and sensors, and specialty dyes and inks. Thermal stability and hydrolytic stability of fulgides and fulgimides are essential for their practical applications. A deuterated trifluoromethyl indolylfulgide was synthesized based on the synthetic pathway of the proteo trifluoromethyl indolylfulgide using commercially available deuterated starting materials. Deuteration of the isopropylidene group improved the thermal stability of the indolylfulgide by a factor of 7. ^ Fulgimides are the most important fulgide derivatives. Fulgimides improve the hydrolytic stability of fulgides by replacing the succinic anhydride ring with a succinimide ring. A novel trifluoromethyl N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl indolylfulgimide was synthesized from trifluoromethyl indolylfulgide. The trifluoromethyl indolylfulgide was synthesized on a large scale in five steps with an overall yield of 18%. The indolylfulgide was then converted to indolylfulgimide by aminolysis follow by dehydration. The N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl indolylfulgimide showed enhanced hydrolytic stability and photochemical stability in 70/30 ethanol/water. ^ Three novel aqueous soluble fulgimides, trifluoromethyl carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide, dicarboxylic acid indolylfulgimide, and H-carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide, were synthesized. In sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 ºC, an unusual hydrolysis of the trifluoromethyl group of the closed form of the carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide resulted in the dicarboxylic acid indolylfulgimide which has an additional carboxylic acid group. The closed form of dicarboxylic acid indolylfulgimide was further decarboxylated to generate H-carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide which was not photochromic. The trifluoromethyl dicarboxylic acid indolylfulgimide is the most robust fulgimide yet reported in aqueous solution. ^ A novel aqueous soluble methyl carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide was synthesized from methyl indolylfulgide. The methyl indolylfulgide was synthesized in five steps with an overall yield of 21%. The methyl carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide was synthesized by aminolysis follow by dehydration. The methyl carboxylic acid indolylfulgimide is expected to have improved thermal and photochemical stability in aqueous solutions relative to the trifluoromethyl analog.^

Otimização da síntese do AlSBA-15 para produção de biodiesel por transesteri-ficação do óleo de coco

Stimulus encouraging the production and consumption of biodiesel favors the policy of pre-serving the environment, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas reducing climate change. The current trend of research in this field focuses on improving these processes with the use of heterogeneous catalysts, seeing has significant advantages such as: low contamination of products, ease of separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, possibili-ty of reuse of the catalyst, decreased corrosion problems. The objective of this research was to optimize the synthesis of AlSBA-15 for the production of biodiesel through transesterification process via ethyl route. For the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of type AlSBA-15 catalyst has assembled a 23 factorial experimental matrix with eleven trials. The stoichiometric amounts of starting materials were varied according to different ratios Si / Al which is a factor in the experimental design, in addition to the time and temperature of aging of the synthesis gel. The material showed the best results of characterization (SBET = 591.7 (m2 / g), Vp = 0.83 (cm3 / g), Dp = 5.59 (nm), w = 6.48 (nm) was synthesized at 100 ° C for 24 hours, with a ratio Si / Al = 10.This material was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of ethyl transesterification as raw coconut oil in natura. Coconut oil presented suitable for obtaining biodiesel via ethyl route.The visual aspects and physical-chemical characteristics of the reaction products show that AlSBA-15 catalyst favored the reaction. According to physical-chemical analysis the order of oxidative stability of the product of the transesterification reaction was: catalytic reaction at 1500 ° C> non-catalytic reaction at 100 ° C> 100 ° C catalytic> catalytic reaction at 200 ° C Reaction. The results of oxidative stability and kinematic viscosity shows that the biodiesel produced in the catalytic sandblasting held at 150 ° C which was maintained within the ABNT NBR 7148, ABNT NBR 10441 and EN 14112.

Estudo do comportamento da sinterização de compactos de cavacos de um aço SAE 1050 obtidos sob alta pressão

From an economic standpoint, the powder metallurgy (P/M) is a technique widely used for the production of small parts. It is possible, through the P/M and prior comminution of solid waste such as ferrous chips, produce highly dense sintered parts and of interest to the automotive, electronics and aerospace industries. However, without prior comminution the chip, the production of bodies with a density equal to theoretical density by conventional sintering techniques require the use of additives or significantly higher temperatures than 1250ºC. An alternative route to the production of sintered bodies with high density compaction from ferrous chips (≤ 850 microns) and solid phase sintering is a compression technique under high pressure (HP). In this work, different compaction pressures to produce a sintered chip of SAE 1050 carbon steel were used. Specifically, the objective was to investigate them, the effect of high pressure compression in the behavior of densification of the sintered samples. Therefore, samples of the chips from the SAE 1050 carbon steel were uniaxially cold compacted at 500 and 2000 MPa, respectively. The green compacts obtained were sintered under carbon atmosphere at 1100 and 1200°C for 90 minutes. The heating rate used was 20°C/min. The starting materials and the sintered bodies were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, density measurements (geometric: mass/volume, and pycnometry) and microhardness measurements Vickers and Rockwell hardness. The results showed that the compact produced under 2000 MPa presented relative density values between 93% and 100% of theoretical density and microhardness between 150 HV and 180 HV, respectively. In contrast, compressed under 500 MPa showed a very heterogeneous microstructure, density value below 80% of theoretical density and structural conditions of inadequate specimens for carrying out the hardness and microhardness measurements. The results indicate that use of the high pressure of ferrous chips compression is a promising route to improve the sinterability conditions of this type of material, because in addition to promoting greater compression of the starting material, the external tension acts together with surface tension, functioning as the motive power for sintering process. Additionally, extremely high pressures allow plastic deformation of the material, providing an intimate and extended contact of the particles and eliminating cracks and pores. This tends to reduce the time and / or temperature required for good sintering, avoiding excessive grain growth without the use of additives. Moreover, higher pressures lead to fracture the grains in fragile or ductile materials highly hardened, which provides a starting powder for sintering, thinner, without the risk of contamination present when previous methods are used comminution of the powder.

Estudo da obtenção de cerâmica composta de alumina e beta alumina sódica utilizando-se resíduo cerâmico de velas de ignição e pó químico de extintores de incêndio

Ceramic materials the alumina base are large industrial applications. They are required for these products, specific characteristics obtained by following strict criteria during the manufacturing process. However, after life, not always these products are reused by a suitable waste management process. In ceramist context, advance research aimed at the reuse of waste aimed at obtaining ceramics and composite materials, with marked reduction of conventional raw materials. Aiming to generate scientific, technological and environmental contribution, this work studied to obtain a composite of alumina ceramic (Al2O3) and sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17 ), and as starting materials the residue of the ceramic insulator of spark plugs, as a source alumina (Al2O3) powder and unusable sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of fire extinguishers, as a source of sodium oxide (Na2O). The final ceramic product was obtained from a conventional mixture of sodium aluminum oxide in appropriate molar proportions. Sample spark plugs were obtained, discarded by lifetime, specific to a manufacturer, which, after passing through mechanical stress (grinding, magnetic purification, washing, drying and grinding the high energy), which resulted in residue powder with ceramic content of 84.34 % alumina (Al2O3), found by FRX chemical analysis, the phases present and identified by DRX. The dry chemical fire extinguisher, baking soda-based (NaHCO3) with expired, was obtained through direct collection of the waste generated during maintenance. Subjected to heat treatment at 120 °C , the NaHCO3 powder was decomposed in sodium oxide ( Na2O), which, subjected to chemical analysis (FRX) and mineralogical (DRX) revealed a content of 86.62 % sodium oxide (Na2O) . In the following steps the experimental procedure, chemical formulations were made on a molar basis of the starting material (1:9, 1:10 and 1:11 de Na2O/ Al2O3) inclusion of additives, milling parameters, sieve analysis, dilatometry, conformation of specimens, sintering in firing steps at 800 °C , 1000 °C and 1.200 °C with varying stays 30 , 60 and 120 minutes in each of the levels. The characterization of the final product was made by the following physical tests: water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, mineralogical analysis by DRX and microstructural analysis by MEV. A higher formation of sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17), in sintered specimens in levels of 1.200 °C and 120 minutes, despite the prevailing coexistence of alpha phase alumina (Al2O3). From the results obtained opens up prospects for the reuse of waste studied in this work, the potter context and in other technological areas.

Estudo da obtenção de cerâmica composta de alumina e beta alumina sódica utilizando-se resíduo cerâmico de velas de ignição e pó químico de extintores de incêndio

Ceramic materials the alumina base are large industrial applications. They are required for these products, specific characteristics obtained by following strict criteria during the manufacturing process. However, after life, not always these products are reused by a suitable waste management process. In ceramist context, advance research aimed at the reuse of waste aimed at obtaining ceramics and composite materials, with marked reduction of conventional raw materials. Aiming to generate scientific, technological and environmental contribution, this work studied to obtain a composite of alumina ceramic (Al2O3) and sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17 ), and as starting materials the residue of the ceramic insulator of spark plugs, as a source alumina (Al2O3) powder and unusable sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of fire extinguishers, as a source of sodium oxide (Na2O). The final ceramic product was obtained from a conventional mixture of sodium aluminum oxide in appropriate molar proportions. Sample spark plugs were obtained, discarded by lifetime, specific to a manufacturer, which, after passing through mechanical stress (grinding, magnetic purification, washing, drying and grinding the high energy), which resulted in residue powder with ceramic content of 84.34 % alumina (Al2O3), found by FRX chemical analysis, the phases present and identified by DRX. The dry chemical fire extinguisher, baking soda-based (NaHCO3) with expired, was obtained through direct collection of the waste generated during maintenance. Subjected to heat treatment at 120 °C , the NaHCO3 powder was decomposed in sodium oxide ( Na2O), which, subjected to chemical analysis (FRX) and mineralogical (DRX) revealed a content of 86.62 % sodium oxide (Na2O) . In the following steps the experimental procedure, chemical formulations were made on a molar basis of the starting material (1:9, 1:10 and 1:11 de Na2O/ Al2O3) inclusion of additives, milling parameters, sieve analysis, dilatometry, conformation of specimens, sintering in firing steps at 800 °C , 1000 °C and 1.200 °C with varying stays 30 , 60 and 120 minutes in each of the levels. The characterization of the final product was made by the following physical tests: water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, mineralogical analysis by DRX and microstructural analysis by MEV. A higher formation of sodium beta alumina (NaAl11O17), in sintered specimens in levels of 1.200 °C and 120 minutes, despite the prevailing coexistence of alpha phase alumina (Al2O3). From the results obtained opens up prospects for the reuse of waste studied in this work, the potter context and in other technological areas.

Impurity profiling and synthesis of precursors to the hallucinogenic amphetamine DOB

DOB (4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyamphetamine) is a newly emerging hallucinogenic amphetamine that sparked serious health warnings in Ireland, following its first seizure back in 2003. Known more commonly as “snowball”, this drug is highly potent and may be used as a substitute to ecstasy (MDMA) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). To date, the work carried out on the impurity profiling of DOB is limited in comparison to amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA. In this work, the impurity profile of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl‐2‐propanone (4‐Br‐2,5‐P2P) is explored. This ketone is a direct precursor to DOB. Its more versatile non‐bromo analogue, 2,5‐ dimethoxyphenyl‐2‐propanone (2,5‐P2P) is also examined, as in addition to DOB, it may be used in the synthesis of a range of several other hallucinogenic amphetamines. A number of different routes to both 2,5‐P2P and 4‐Br‐2,5‐P2P were investigated. For each of these routes, the impurities produced were carefully isolated. Following isolation, the impurities were fully characterised (by 1H‐NMR/13C‐NMR spectroscopy, IR, MS), in order to aid structure elucidation. Compounds not easily resolved by flash column chromatography were analysed by LC‐MS and/or independently synthesised for the purpose of attaining reference standards. Adaptation of the well‐known ‘phenylacetic acid route’ to synthesis of both 2,5‐P2P and 4‐Br‐2,5‐P2P, was found to provide low yields of the expected ketone products. Four impurities were isolated during the preparation of both ketones. The yield of one of these impurities (possessing a dibenzylketone core), was greatly influenced by the amount of acetic anhydride reagent used during the reaction. Having carried out the reaction with several different equivalents of acetic anhydride, it was found that formation of the ‘dibenzylketone’ could not be eliminated. This may increase its likelihood of being detected in the final drug product. The ‘Darzens route’, having very recently emerged as a synthetic route to amphetamine and MDMA precursors, was discovered to be a viable route for manufacture of 2,5‐P2P and 4‐Br‐2,5‐P2P. Despite execution of the reaction being more tedious, the route provides superior yields (≈50–60%) to those achieved using the ‘phenylacetic acid route’ (≈35–38%). Incorporation of a bromine atom (at the aromatic 4‐position) is required at some stage during synthesis of DOB. The bromination of many intermediates/starting materials was therefore also examined in detail. Bromination of the acid starting material 2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (2,5‐PAA) was found to be clean and high yielding. This was in stark contrast to the bromination of the benzaldehyde starting material, the ketone precursor 2,5‐P2P and the dibenzylketone‐based impurity. Numerous brominated products were isolated from each of these reactions, many of which were novel compounds, and previously unreported as impurities in the literature. The unpredictable/nondescript nature of these brominations is likely to have a significant impact on the impurity profile of illicitly produced DOB.

Effect of heat treatment on reactivity-strength of alkali-activated natural pozzolans

Natural pozzolans can be activated and condensed with sodium silicate in an alkaline environment to synthesize high performance cementitious construction materials with low environmental impact. The nature of the starting materials including mineral composition, chemical composition and crystal structure groups affects the formation of the geopolymer gel phase. In this paper, the pozzolanic activities of five natural pozzolans are studied. From XRD and XRF results, most of the raw materials contain zeolite clay minerals and have a high loss on ignition. Therefore, before use, samples were calcined at 700, 800 and 900 °C, respectively. The improvement in pozzolanic properties was studied following heat treatment including calcinations and/or elevated curing temperature by using alkali solubility and compressive strength tests. The results show that pozzolan containing sodium zeolite clinoptilolite can be used to prepare a moderate to high strength binder by heat treatment and calcinations can impart disorder hornblende as a constituent of pozzolan with no amorphous phase to prepare a moderate strength binder.

Síntese de ligantes Bis-amida e aplicação em reações de acoplamento Suzuki

As amidas constituem uma classe de moléculas com amplo perfil farmacológico e que despertam atenção também pela capacidade de coordenar metais de transição. Esta proposta de trabalho compreende, inicialmente, a síntese de 3 ligantes bis-amidas simétricas tendo como reagentes de partida etilenodiamina, orto-fenilenodiamina, salicilato de metila e cloreto de benzoíla. Esses compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV), ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) e difração de raios X em monocristal (DRX). Após sintetizar e caracterizar esses compostos, a outra etapa do trabalho foi a utilização dessas bis-amidas como ligante na reação catalítica de acoplamento Suzuki. O sistema catalítico otimizado à base destes ligantes na presença de paládio, foi capaz de promover a formação de bifenilas com rendimentos superiores a 90% à temperatura de 50 °C e tempo reacional de 1 h. Este sistema se mostrou eficiente para reagentes com diversos grupos substituintes (eletroretiradores e eletrodoadores) nos anéis aromáticos dos haletos de arila e ácidos arilborônicos.

Scalable synthetic method for IT-SOFCs compounds

Póster presentado en: 12th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2016. 5–8 July 2016, KKL Lucerne/Switzerland

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um compósito matriz metálica (CMM): aço EUROFER97 reforçado com Carbeto de Tântalo - TaC

Steel is an alloy EUROFER promising for use in nuclear reactors, or in applications where the material is subjected to temperatures up to 550 ° C due to their lower creep resistance under. One way to increase this property, so that the steel work at higher temperatures it is necessary to prevent sliding of its grain boundaries. Factors that influence this slip contours are the morphology of the grains, the angle and speed of the grain boundaries. This speed can be decreased in the presence of a dispersed phase in the material, provided it is fine and homogeneously distributed. In this context, this paper presents the development of a new material metal matrix composite (MMC) which has as starting materials as stainless steel EUROFER 97, and two different kinds of tantalum carbide - TaC, one with average crystallite sizes 13.78 nm synthesized in UFRN and another with 40.66 nm supplied by Aldrich. In order to improve the mechanical properties of metal matrix was added by powder metallurgy, nano-sized particles of the two types of TaC. This paper discusses the effect of dispersion of carbides in the microstructure of sintered parts. Pure steel powders with the addition of 3% TaC UFRN and 3% TaC commercial respectively, were ground in grinding times following: a) 5 hours in the planetary mill for all post b) 8 hours of grinding in the mill Planetary only for steel TaC powders of commercial and c) 24 hours in the conventional ball mill mixing the pure steel milled for 5 hours in the planetary mill with 3% TaC commercial. Each of the resulting particulate samples were cold compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 600MPa, on a cylindrical matrix of 5 mm diameter. Subsequently, the compressed were sintered in a vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1150 to 1250 ° C with an increment of 20 ° C and 10 ° C per minute and maintained at these isotherms for 30, 60 and 120 minutes and cooled to room temperature. The distribution, size and dispersion of steel and composite particles were determined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy followed by chemical analysis (EDS). The structures of the sintered bodies were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron accompanied by EDS beyond the x-ray diffraction. Initial studies sintering the obtained steel EUROFER 97 a positive reply in relation to improvement of the mechanical properties independent of the processing, because it is obtained with sintered microhardness values close to and even greater than 100% of the value obtained for the HV 333.2 pure steel as received in the form of a bar

Direct synthesis of β-ketophosphonates and vinyl phosphonates from alkenes or alkynes catalyzed by CuNPs/ZnO

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) supported on ZnO have been shown to effectively catalyze the direct synthesis of β-ketophosphonates from alkenes or alkynes, and that of vinyl phosphonates from alkynes and diethylphosphite, under air and in the absence of any additive or ligand. When using alkynes as starting materials, the selectivity proved to be dependent on the nature of the alkyne. Thus, alkynes conjugated with an aromatic ring or a carbon–carbon double bond gave β-ketophosphonates as the main reaction products, whereas aliphatic alkynes or alkynes conjugated with a carbonyl group led to the formation of the corresponding vinyl phosphonates.

Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Oxyarylation of Dihydronaphthal­enes and Chromenequinone with o-Iodophenols and 3-Iodolawsone in PEG-400: An Efficient Synthesis of 5-Carbapterocarpans and Pterocarpanquinones

Dihydronaphthalenes were oxyarylated with o-iodophenols, in PEG-400 at 140 or 170 °C, leading regio- and stereoselectively to 5-carbapterocarpans. By using Pd(OAc)2 (5–10 mol%) as precatalyst and Ag2CO3 (1.1 equiv) as base (conditions A), products were obtained in good to excellent chemical yields, in 5–30 minutes, irrespective of the pattern of substitution the starting materials. Alternatively, when p-hydroxyacetophenone oxime derived palladacycle (1 mol%) was used as precatalyst, and dicyclohexylamine (2 equiv) was used as base (silver-free, conditions B), the corresponding adducts were obtained in moderate to good yields, in 0.5 to 4 hours. Finally, the oxyarylation of dihydronaphthalenes­ and chromenquinone with o-iodophenols and 3-iodolawsone in PEG-400 under conditions A led regio- and stereoselectively to the formation of carbapterocarpanquinones and pterocarpanquinones in moderate yield.

Efeito da adição de cargas minerais leves na resistência mecânica de grautes para cimentação de poços offshore

The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing