Sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of desserts prepared with egg products processed by freeze and spray drying

In this work, three freeze-dried (FD) egg products (whole egg (WE), egg yolk (EY) and egg white (EW)) were obtained and the acceptability of confections prepared with each was evaluated. Sensory analyses for confections were performed by hedonic testing with fifty panelists in each evaluation. The studied confections were: Condensed Milk Pudding (P), Quindim (Q) and Meringue (M). The results obtained for confections made with FD egg products were compared with the achieved through other formulations of the same desserts made with fresh (F) or spray-dried (SD) egg products. The sensory analysis results for confections made with FD egg products showed good acceptance by panelists. A principal component analysis of the sensory evaluation data was carried out to identify similarities between the different egg products. The PCA supported the conclusion that FD egg products can substitute their fresh and SD counterparts in dessert formulations with good acceptability while keeping the advantages conferred by the freeze-drying method.

Characterization of new sources of derivative starches as wall materials of essential oil by spray drying

Starch derivatives of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) and rice were characterized as wall materials of orange oil (d-limonene) by spray drying. Native starches were initially hydrolyzed with HCl and then esterified. Succinylated starches were modified using a conventional method in a slurry and were extruded; whereas, the phosphorylated starches were modified using the extrusion process. Viscosity and solubility of starches reduced after acid hydrolysis, derivatization, and extrusion. The particle size of the wall materials ranged between 20.05 and 31.81 µm. The encapsulation efficiency of the phosphorylated taro, rice, and waxy corn starches was 96.9, 96.8 and 97.1% respectively, and 98.6, 98.1, and 98.8% for succynilated taro, rice, and waxy corn starches, respectively. Starch derivatives of taro and rice could potentially be used as wall materials of orange oil d-limonene.

Use of the spray chilling method to deliver hydrophobic components: physical characterization of microparticles

Food industry has been developing products to meet the demands of increasing number of consumers who are concerned with their health and who seek food products that satisfy their needs. Therefore, the development of processed foods that contain functional components has become important for this industry. Microencapsulation can be used to reduce the effects of processing on functional components and preserve their bioactivity. The present study investigated the production of lipid microparticles containing phytosterols by spray chilling. The matrices comprised mixtures of stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable fat, and the ratio of the matrix components to phytosterols was defined by an experimental design using the mean diameters of the microparticles as the response variable. The melting point of the matrices ranged from 44.5 and 53.4 ºC. The process yield was melting point dependent; the particles that exhibited lower melting point had greater losses than those with higher melting point. The microparticles' mean diameters ranged from 13.8 and 32.2 µm and were influenced by the amount of phytosterols and stearic acid. The microparticles exhibited spherical shape and typical polydispersity of atomized products. From a technological and practical (handling, yield, and agglomeration) points of view, lipid microparticles with higher melting point proved promising as phytosterol carriers.

Influence of spray drying operating conditions on microencapsulated rosemary essential oil properties

Spray drying is an important method used by the food industry in the production of microencapsulated flavors to improve handling and dispersion properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the process conditions on the properties of rosemary essential oil microencapsulated by spray drying using gum Arabic as encapsulant. The effects of the wall material concentration (10-30%), inlet air temperature (135-195 ºC), and feed flow rate (0.5-1.0 L.h-1) on the moisture content, hygroscopicity, wettability, solubility, bulk and tapped densities, particle density, flowability, and cohesiveness were evaluated using a 2³ central composite rotational experimental design. Moisture content, hygroscopicity and wettability were significantly affected by the three factors analyzed. Bulk density was positively influenced by the wall material concentration and negatively by the inlet air temperature. Particle density was influenced by the wall material concentration and the inlet air temperature variables, both in a negative manner. As for the solubility, tapped density, flowability, and cohesiveness, the models did not fit the data well. The results indicated that moderate wall material concentration (24%), low inlet air temperature (135 ºC), and moderate feed flow rate (0.7 L.h-1) are the best spray drying conditions.

Study of the physicochemical characteristics of soursop powder obtained by spray-drying

This study aimed at contributing to the development of new foodstuffs made by soursop pulp powder obtained by spraydrying. Different concentrations of maltodextrin DE 20 (15, 30, and 45%) were added to commercial soursop pulp, which was dehydrated afterwards. The following analyses were carried out: water activity, moisture, pH, soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, hygroscopicity, degree of caking, and rehydration time. The results obtained for the three powder treatments (15, 30 and 45% of maltodextrin) were, respectectively: water activity (0.19a±0.00; 0.20a±0.00; 0.18a±0.01); moisture (1.17c±0.12; 1.47b±0.05; 1.82a±0.06); pH (3.75a±0.05; 3.73a±0.06; 3.70a±0.03); soluble solids (89.67a±0.00; 89.84a±0.00; 90.00a±0.06); acidity (3.01a±0.02; 1.91b±0.03; 1.24c±0.03); ascorbic acid (18.90a±0.00; 14.48b±0.00; 11.26b±0.78); hygroscopicity (5.93a±0.40; 3.82b±0.16; 3.28b±0.38); degree of caking (78.36a±2.86; 35.38b±6.07; 24.77b4.89), and rehydration time (02.03a±0.46; 01.16ab±0.50; 0.59b±0.30). The soursop powders with 30 and 45% of maltodextrin had few significant differences in terms of physicochemical and hygroscopic characteristics, which allow us to consider the percentage of 30% of maltodextrin, in this study, as the best percentage for soursop pulp atomization.

Media coverage outside the courtroom : public opinion of restrictions imposed on news journalists and psychological effects on crime victims

Comme les études sur la couverture médiatique ont démontré qu’elle influence pratiquement toute personne qu’elle touche, des consommateurs aux jurés aux témoins, les deux études de cette thèse doctorale ont respectivement examiné l’opinion du public sur l’imposition de restrictions sur les médias dans les palais des justices et l’impact de la couverture médiatique sur la santé mentale des victimes de crime. Le gouvernement québécois a récemment introduit des restrictions sur les médias dans les palais de justice afin de minimiser l’influence des journalistes et des caméramans. Bien que l’affaire a atteint la Cour suprême du Canada, une étude préliminaire a trouvé que le public est largement favorable à ces restrictions (Sabourin, 2006). La première partie de cette thèse doctorale cherchait à approfondir ce sujet avec un échantillon plus représentatif de la population. Deux cent quarante-trois participants comprenant six groupes expérimentaux ont rempli des questionnaires mesurant leur opinion de ces restrictions. Les participants ont été divisé en deux conditions expérimentales où ils ont visionné soit des clips audiovisuels démontrant une atmosphère de débordement dans des palais de justice ou des clips plutôt calmes. Un troisième groupe n’a visionné aucun clip audiovisuel. De plus, il y avait deux versions du questionnaire ayant 20 items où les questions ont été présenté en sens inverse. L’étude a trouvé qu’une grande majorité des participants, soit presque 79 pourcent, ont supporté la restriction des médias dans les palais de justice. Il est intéressant de noter qu’un des groupes n’a pas supporté les restrictions – le groupe contrôle qui a lu les énoncés supportant l’absence des restrictions en premier. La deuxième composante de cette thèse doctorale a examiné l’impact des médias sur les victimes de crime. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont démontré que les victimes de crime sont particulièrement susceptibles à des problèmes de santé mentale. En effet, elles ont trois fois plus de chances de développer un trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) que la population générale. Une étude a confirmé cette conclusion et a trouvé que les victimes de crimes qui avaient une impression plutôt négative de leur couverture médiatique avaient les taux les plus élévés de TSPT (Maercker & Mehr, 2006). Dans l’étude actuelle, vingt-trois victimes de crimes ont été interviewé en utilisant une technique narrative et ont complété deux questionnaires mésurant leur symptômes du TSPT et d’anxiété, respectivement. Une grande proportion des participantes avaient des symptômes de santé mentale et des scores élévés sur une échelle évaluant les symptômes du TSPT. La majorité des narratives des participants étaient négatives. Les thèmes les plus communs incluent dans ces narratives étaient l’autoculpabilisation et une méfiance des autres. La couverture médiatique ne semblaient pas être liée à des symptômes de santé mentale, quoique des facteurs individuels pourraient expliquer pourquoi certains participants ont été favorables envers leur couverture médiatique et d’autres ne l’été pas. Les résultats de ces deux études suggèrent que le public approuve la restriction des médias dans les palais de justice et que des facteurs individuels pourraient expliqués comment la couverture médiatique affecte les victimes de crime. Ces résultats ajoutent à la littérature qui questionne les pratiques actuelles qu’utilisent les médias.

Spray Pyrolysed Zinc Oxide Thin Films : Effects of Doping and Ion Beam Irradiation

In recent years scientists have made rapid and significant advances in the field of semiconductor physics. One of the most important fields of current interest in materials science is the fundamental aspects and applications of conducting transparent oxide thin films (TCO). The characteristic properties of such coatings are low electrical resistivity and high transparency in the visible region. The first semitransparent and electrically conducting CdO film was reported as early as in 1907 [1]. Though early work on these films was performed out of purely scientific interest, substantial technological advances in such films were made after 1940. The technological interest in the study of transparent semiconducting films was generated mainly due to the potential applications of these materials both in industry and research. Such films demonstrated their utility as transparent electrical heaters for windscreens in the aircraft industry. However, during the last decade, these conducting transparent films have been widely used in a variety of other applications such as gas sensors [2], solar cells [3], heat reflectors [4], light emitting devices [5] and laser damage resistant coatings in high power laser technology [6]. Just a few materials dominate the current TCO industry and the two dominant markets for TCO’s are in architectural applications and flat panel displays. The architectural use of TCO is for energy efficient windows. Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), deposited using a pyrolysis process is the TCO usually finds maximum application. SnO2 also finds application ad coatings for windows, which are efficient in preventing radiative heat loss, due to low emissivity (0.16). Pyrolitic tin oxide is used in PV modules, touch screens and plasma displays. However indium tin oxide (ITO) is mostly used in the majority of flat panel display (FPD) applications. In FPDs, the basic function of ITO is as transparent electrodes. The volume of FPD’s produced, and hence the volume of ITO coatings produced, continues to grow rapidly. But the current increase in the cost of indium and the scarcity of this material created the difficulty in obtaining low cost TCOs. Hence search for alternative TCO materials has been a topic of active research for the last few decades. This resulted in the development of binary materials like ZnO, SnO2, CdO and ternary materials like II Zn2SnO4, CdSb2O6:Y, ZnSO3, GaInO3 etc. The use of multicomponent oxide materials makes it possible to have TCO films suitable for specialized applications because by altering their chemical compositions, one can control the electrical, optical, chemical and physical properties. But the advantages of using binary materials are the easiness to control the chemical compositions and depositions conditions. Recently, there were reports claiming the deposition of CdO:In films with a resistivity of the order of 10-5 ohm cm for flat panel displays and solar cells. However they find limited use because of Cd-Toxicity. In this regard, ZnO films developed in 1980s, are very useful as these use Zn, an abundant, inexpensive and nontoxic material. Resistivity of this material is still not very low, but can be reduced through doping with group-III elements like In, Al or Ga or with F [6]. Hence there is a great interest in ZnO as an alternative of ITO. In the present study, we prepared and characterized transparent and conducting ZnO thin films, using a cost effective technique viz Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP). This technique is also suitable for large area film deposition. It involves spraying a solution, (usually aqueous) containing soluble salts of the constituents of the desired compound, onto a heated substrate.

Fabrication and Characterization of Spray Pyrolysed Cadmium Sulphide Homojunction Solar Cells

The study on the fabrication and characterization of spray pyrolysed cadmium sulphide homojunction solar cells. As an alternative to the conventional energy source, the PV technology has to be improved. Study about the factors affecting the performance of the existing solar cells and this will result in the enhancement of efficiency of the cells. At the same time it is equally important to have R&D works on developing new photovoltaic devices and processes which are less expensive for large scale production. CdS is an important binary compound semiconductor, which is very useful in the field of photovoltaics. It is very easy to prepare large area CdS thin films. In order to fabricate thin film homojunction cadmium sulphide cells, prepared and characterized SnO2 thin film as the lower electrode, p-CdS as the active layer and n-CdS as window layer. Cadmium material used for the fabrication of homojunction solar cells is highly toxic. The major damage due to continued exposure to low levels of cadmium are on the kidneys, lungs and bones. The real advantage of spray pyrolysis process is that there is no emission of any toxic gases during the deposition. Very low concentration of the chemicals is needed in this process. The risk involved from this material is very low, though they are toxic. On large scale usage it may become necessary that the cells after their life, should be bought back by the companies to retrieve chemicals like cadmium. This will reduce environmental problem and also the material wastage

BROADBAND WIDE COVERAGE UNIPLANAR ANTENNA

The Present thesis deals with the numerical as well as experimental investigations conducted on the resonance and radiation characteristics of Drum shaped monopole antenna, Funnel shaped monopole antenna and the shorted coplanar antenna.An introduction to the over view of antennas, state of the art planar antenna technologies, different feeding techniques and introduction of coplanar waveguides have been discussed.

Automation of Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Unit and Fabrication of Sprayed CuInS2/In2S3 Solar Cell

Aim of the present work was to automate CSP process, to deposit and characterize CuInS2/In2S3 layers using this system and to fabricate devices using these films.An automated spray system for the deposition of compound semiconductor thin films was designed and developed so as to eliminate the manual labour involved in spraying and facilitate standardization of the method. The system was designed such that parameters like spray rate, movement of spray head, duration of spray, temperature of substrate, pressure of carrier gas and height of the spray head from the substrate could be varied. Using this system, binary, ternary as well as quaternary films could be successfully deposited.The second part of the work deal with deposition and characterization of CuInS2 and In2S3 layers respectively.In the case of CuInS2 absorbers, the effects of different preparation conditions and post deposition treatments on the optoelectronic, morphological and structural properties were investigated. It was observed that preparation conditions and post deposition treatments played crucial role in controlling the properties of the films. The studies in this direction were useful in understanding how the variation in spray parameters tailored the properties of the absorber layer. These results were subsequently made use of in device fabrication process.Effects of copper incorporation in In2S3 films were investigated to find how the diffusion of Cu from CuInS2 to In2S3 will affect the properties at the junction. It was noticed that there was a regular variation in the opto-electronic properties with increase in copper concentration.Devices were fabricated on ITO coated glass using CuInS2 as absorber and In2S3 as buffer layer with silver as the top electrode. Stable devices could be deposited over an area of 0.25 cm2, even though the efficiency obtained was not high. Using manual spray system, we could achieve devices of area 0.01 cm2 only. Thus automation helped in obtaining repeatable results over larger areas than those obtained while using the manual unit. Silver diffusion on the cells before coating the electrodes resulted in better collection of carriers.From this work it was seen CuInS2/In2S3 junction deposited through automated spray process has potential to achieve high efficiencies.

Spray Pyrolysed CuInS2/In2S3 Solar Cell: Material Characterization and Device Fabrication

As emphasis towards sustainable and Renewable energy resources grows world-wide,interest in the capture and use of solar energy is increasing dramatically.Solar cells have been known and used for many years,but depletion of conventional energy resources resulted in the intensification of research on solar cells leading to new design and technique of fabrication.The current emphasis is directed towards high effiency inexpensive solar cells.This thesis includes deposition and characterization of CuInS2 and In2S3 thin films using chemical Spray Pyrolysis(CSP) technique.The optimum condition for these films to be used as absorber and buffer layer respectively in solar cells were thus found out.Solar cell with the stucture,ITO/CuInS2/In2S3/metal electrode was fabricated using these well-characterized films,which yielded an efficiency of 9.5%.

Highly conductive and transparent ZnO thin film using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis technique: Effect of doping and deposition parameters

In the present work we report the preparation details studies on ZnO thin films. ZnO thin films are prepared using cost effective deposition technique viz., Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP). The method is very effective for large area preparation of the ZnO thin film. A new post-deposition process could also be developed to avoid the adsorption of oxygen that usually occurs after the spraying process i.e., while cooling. Studies were done by changing the various deposition parameters for optimizing the properties of ZnO thin film. Moreover, different methods of doping using various elements are also tried to enhance the conductivity and transparency of the film to make these suitable for various optoelectronic applications.

Spray Pyrolysed Tin Chalcogenide Thin Films: Optimization of optoelectronic properties of SnS for possible photovoltaic application as an absorber layer

In the early 19th century, industrial revolution was fuelled mainly by the development of machine based manufacturing and the increased use of coal. Later on, the focal point shifted to oil, thanks to the mass-production technology, ease of transport/storage and also the (less) environmental issues in comparison with the coal!! By the dawn of 21st century, due to the depletion of oil reserves and pollution resulting from heavy usage of oil the demand for clean energy was on the rising edge. This ever growing demand has propelled research on photovoltaics which has emerged successful and is currently being looked up to as the only solace for meeting our present day energy requirements. The proven PV technology on commercial scale is based on silicon but the recent boom in the demand for photovoltaic modules has in turn created a shortage in supply of silicon. Also the technology is still not accessible to common man. This has onset the research and development work on moderately efficient, eco-friendly and low cost photovoltaic devices (solar cells). Thin film photovoltaic modules have made a breakthrough entry in the PV market on these grounds. Thin films have the potential to revolutionize the present cost structure of solar cells by eliminating the use of the expensive silicon wafers that alone accounts for above 50% of total module manufacturing cost.Well developed thin film photovoltaic technologies are based on amorphous silicon, CdTe and CuInSe2. However the cell fabrication process using amorphous silicon requires handling of very toxic gases (like phosphene, silane and borane) and costly technologies for cell fabrication. In the case of other materials too, there are difficulties like maintaining stoichiometry (especially in large area films), alleged environmental hazards and high cost of indium. Hence there is an urgent need for the development of materials that are easy to prepare, eco-friendly and available in abundance. The work presented in this thesis is an attempt towards the development of a cost-effective, eco-friendly material for thin film solar cells using simple economically viable technique. Sn-based window and absorber layers deposited using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique have been chosen for the purpose

Coverage effects on the magnetism of Fe/MgO(001) ultrathin films

Different aspects of the structure-magnetism and morphology-magnetism correlation in the ultrathin limit are studied in epitaxial Fe films grown on MgO(001). In the initial stages of growth the presence of substrate steps, intrinsically higher than an Fe atomic layer, prevent the connection between Fe islands and hence the formation of large volume magnetic regions. This is proposed as an explanation to the superparamagnetic nature of ultrathin Fe films grown on MgO in addition to the usually considered islanded, or Vollmer-Weber, growth. Using this model, we explain the observed transition from superparamagnetism to ferromagnetism for Fe coverages above 3 monolayers (ML). However, even though ferromagnetism and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are observed for 4 ML, complete coverage of the MgO substrate by the Fe ultrathin films only occurs around 6 ML as determined by polar Kerr spectra and simulations that consider different coverage situations. In annealed 3.5 ML Fe films, shape or configurational anisotropy dominates the intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy, due to an annealing induced continuous to islanded morphological transition. A small interface anisotropy in thicker films is observed, probably due to dislocations observed at the Fe¿MgO(001) interface.

Photoluminescence studies of spray pyrolytically grown nanostructured tin oxide semiconductor thin films on glass substrates

SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films were deposited on glass substrates by the spray pyrolysis technique in air atmosphere at 375, 400, 425, 450 and 500 ◦C substrate temperatures. The obtained films were characterized by using XRD. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these films have near band edge (NBE) and deep level emission under the excitation of 325 nm radiation. NBE PL peak intensity decreased consistently with temperatures for samples prepared at 400, 450 and 500 ◦C, while a sudden reduction in intensity is observed for the sample prepared at 425 ◦C. A similar effect was observed for the optical transmittance spectra. These effects can be explained on the basis of the change in population of oxygen vacancies as indicated by the change in a values