Analysis of air flow past and through the 2415-3S airfoil for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system

This paper deals with the prediction of velocity fields on the 2415-3S airfoil which will be used for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system and in this way analyze the air flow through an internal duct of the airfoil using computational fluid dynamics. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of the internal air flow past the airfoil and how this affects the aerodynamic performance by means of lift and drag forces. For this purpose, three different designs of the internal duct were studied; starting from the base 2415-3S airfoil developed in previous investigation, basing on the hypothesis of decreasing the flow separation produced when the propulsive airflow merges the external flow, and in this way obtaining the best configuration. For that purpose, an exhaustive study of the mesh sensitivity was performed. It was used a non-structured mesh since the computational domain is three-dimensional and complex. The selected mesh contains approximately 12.5 million elements. Both the computational domain and the numerical solution were made with commercial CAD and CFD software, respectively. Air, incompressible and steady was analyzed. The boundary conditions are in concordance with experimental setup in the AF 6109 wind tunnel. The k-e model is utilized to describe the turbulent flow process as followed in references. Results allowed obtaining velocity contours as well as lift and drag coefficients and also the location of separation and reattachment regions in some cases for zero degrees of angle of attack on the internal and external surfaces of the airfoil. Finally, the selection of the configuration with the best aerodynamic performance was made, selecting the option without curved baffles.

Numerical analysis of air flow past the 2415-3S airfoil for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system

This paper deals with the prediction of pressure and velocity fields on the 2415-3S airfoil which will be used for and unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system and in this way analyze the air flow through an internal duct of the airfoil using computational fluid dynamics. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of the internal air flow past the airfoil and how this affects the aerodynamic performance by means of lift and drag forces. For this purpose, three different designs of the internal duct were studied; starting from the base 2415-3S airfoil developed in previous investigation, basing on the hypothesis of decreasing the flow separation produced when the propulsive airflow merges the external flow, and in this way obtaining the best configuration. For that purpose, an exhaustive study of the mesh sensitivity was performed. It was used a non-structured mesh since the computational domain is tridimensional and complex. The selected mesh contains approximately 12.5 million elements. Both the computational domain and the numerical solution were made with commercial CAD and CFD software respectively. Air, incompressible and steady was analyzed. The boundary conditions are in concordance with experimental setup in the AF 6109 wind tunnel. The k-ε model is utilized to describe the turbulent flow process as followed in references. Results allowed obtaining pressure and velocity contours as well as lift and drag coefficients and also the location of separation and reattachment regions in some cases for zero degrees of angle of attack on the internal and external surfaces of the airfoil. Finally, the selection of the configuration with the best aerodynamic performance was made, selecting the option without curved baffles.

The efficiency of propulsion by a rotating flagellum

[At very low Reynolds number, the regime in which fluid dynamics is governed by Stokes equations, a helix that translates along its axis under an external force but without an external torque will necessarily rotate. By the linearity of the Stokes equations, the same helix that is caused to rotate due to an external torque will necessarily translate. This is the physics that underlies the mechanism of flagellar propulsion employed by many microorganisms. Here, I examine the linear relationships between forces and torques and translational and angular velocities of helical objects to understand the nature of flagellar propulsion.]

Desempenho propulsivo de embarcações de pesca: estudo aplicado à melhoria das embarcações do Espírito Santo.

Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento simples e robusto para avaliação e análise do desempenho de instalações propulsoras de embarcações de pesca operando no Estado do Espírito Santo. O objetivo é verificar se as embarcações estão operando com baixa eficiência propulsiva, portanto, com consumo de combustível maior do que o desejável, e identificar possíveis ações de melhoria desta eficiência que poderiam ser implementadas com baixo custo. Tendo em vista as condições artesanais da construção e operação das embarcações de pesca no Espírito Santo, o procedimento foi desenvolvido de forma a poder ser aplicado com relativa facilidade pelas pessoas envolvidas na atividade pesqueira artesanal neste Estado. O procedimento envolve o levantamento de informações sobre a geometria do casco, as características da instalação propulsora existente e sobre alguns aspectos do desempenho das embarcações. Para este levantamento são propostos métodos e técnicas suficientemente simples para que possam ser facilmente aplicadas nos estaleiros. Com base nestes dados levantados implementou-se no procedimento proposto diversos algoritmos que permitem determinar o coeficiente propulsivo das embarcações de pesca e a perda de energia útil que ocorre tanto no motor, por conta de condições inadequadas de operação, quanto na transmissão desta energia para o hélice. Para a validação dos métodos e técnicas envolvidos neste procedimento e dos resultados fornecidos por ele, o mesmo foi aplicado em alguns cascos de embarcações de pesca disponíveis em estaleiros visitados no Estado. Para uma destas embarcações o procedimento foi aplicado em sua totalidade, permitindo identificar a baixa eficiência da instalação propulsora e algumas das possíveis causas que provocam a perda de energia útil no sistema. Finalmente, com base nesse exemplo de aplicação, um estudo de possíveis melhorias na instalação propulsora é apresentado ao final do trabalho.

Ship certificates, 1791

This folder contains two handwritten certificates authorizing Croswell's voyage from Boston to London.