Taenia solium transmission in a rural community in Honduras : an examination of risk factors and knowledge

Taenia soliurn taeniasis and cysticercosis are recognized as a major public health problem in Latin America. T. soliurn transmission not only affects the health of the individual, but also social and economic development, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. To determine prevalence rates, population knowledge and risk factors associated with transmission, an epidemiological study was undertaken in the rural community of Jalaca. Two standardized questionnaires were used to collect epidemiological and T. soli urn general knowledge data. Kato-Katz technique and an immunoblot assay (EITB) were used to determine taeniasis and seroprevalence, respectively. In total, 139 individuals belonging to 56 households participated in the study. Household characteristics were consistent with conditions of poverty of rural Honduras: 21.4% had no toilet or latrines, 19.6% had earthen floor, and 51.8% lacked indoor tap water. Pigs were raised in 46.4% of households, of which 70% allowed their pigs roaming freely. A human seroprevalence rate of 18.7% and a taeniasis prevalence rate of 2.4% were found. Only four persons answered correctly 2: 6 out of ten T. soliurn knowledge questions, for an average passing score of 2.9%. In general, a serious gap exists in knowledge regarding how humans acquire the infections, especially neurocysticercosis was identified. After regression analysis, the ability to recognize adult tapeworms and awareness of the clinical importance of taeniasis, were found to be significant risk factors for T. soliurn seropositivity. These results demonstrate a high level of transmission and a low level of kn~,wledge about Taenia soliurn in Jalaca. Consequently, intervention measures integrated with health education are necessary to decrease the burden caused by this parasite.

Transmission of West Nile virus in the Niagara Region among a population at risk for exposure

Background. West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is one of an increasing number of infectious diseases that have been emerging or re-emerging in the last two decades. Since the arrival ofWNV to Canada to present date, the Niagara Region has only reported 30 clinical cases, a small number compared to the hundreds reported in other regions of similar conditions. Moreover, the last reported human case in Niagara was in 2006. As it has been demonstrated that the majority of WNV infections are asymptomatic, the question remains whether the lack of clinical cases in Niagara truly reflects the lack of transmission to humans or if infections are still occurring but are mostly asymptomatic. Objectives. The general objective of this study was to establish whether or not active WNV transmission could be detected in a human population residing in Niagara for the 2007 transmission season. To fullfil this objective, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was designed to investigate for the presence of anti-WNV antibodies in a sample of Mexican migrant agricultural workers employed in farms registered with the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Due to the Mexican origin of the study participants, three specific research objectives were proposed: a) determine the seroprevalence ofanti-WNV antibodies as well as anti-Dengue virus antibodies (a closely related virus prevalent in Mexico and likely to confound WNV serology); b) analyze risk factors associated with WNV and Dengue virus seropositivity; and c) assess the awareness of study participants about WNV infection as well as their understanding of the mode of transmission and clinical importance of the infection. Methodology: After obtaining ethics clearance from Brock University, farms were visited and workers invited to participate. Due to time constraints, only a small number of farms were enrolled with a resulting convenience and non-randomized study sample. Workers' demographic and epidemiological data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and blood samples were drawn to determine serum anti-WNV and anti- Dengue antibodies with a commercial ELISA. All positive samples were sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba for confirmation with the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). Data was analyzed with Stata 10.0. Antibody determinations were reported as seroprevalence proportions for both WNV and Dengue. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors that may be associated with seropositivity and awareness was reported as a proportion of the number of individuals possessing awareness over the total number of participants. Results and Discussion. In total 92 participants working in 5 farms completed the study. Using the commercial ELISA, seropositivity was as follows: 2.2% for WNV IgM, 20.7% for WNV IgG, and 17.1 % for Dengue IgG. Possible cross-reactivity was demonstrated in 15/20 (75.0%) samples that were positive for both WNV IgG and Dengue IgG. Confirmatory testing with the PRNT demonstrated that none of the WNV ELISA positive samples had antibodies to WNV but 13 samples tested positive for anti-Dengue antibodies (14.1 % Dengue sereoprevalence). The findings showed that the ELISA performance was very poor for assessing anti-WNV antibodies in individuals previously exposed to Dengue virus. However, the ELISA had better sensitivity and specificity for assessing anti-Dengue antibodies. Whereas statistical analysis could not be done for WNV seropositivity, as all samples were PRNT negative, logistic regression demonstrated several risk factors for Dengue exposure_ The first year coming to Canada appeared to be significantly associated with increased exposure to Dengue while lower socio-economic housing and the presence of a water basin in the yard in Mexico appeared to be significantly associated with a decreased exposure to Dengue_ These seemingly contradictory results illustrate that in mobile populations such as migrant workers, risk factors for exposure to Dengue are not easily identified and more research is needed. Assessing the awareness of WNV and its clinical importance showed that only 23% of participants had some knowledge of WNV, of which 76% knew that the infection was mosquito-borne and 47% recognized fever as a symptom. The identified lack of understanding and awareness was not surprising since WNV is not a visible disease in Mexico. Since WNV persists in an enzootic cycle in Niagara and the occurrence of future outbreaks is unpredictable, the agricultural workers remain at risk for transmission. Therefore it important they receive sufficient health education regarding WNV before leaving Mexico and during their stay in Canada. Conclusions. Human transmission of WNV could not be proven among the study participants even when due to their occupation they are at high risk for mosquito bites. The limitations of the study sample do not permit generalizable conclusions, however, the study findings are consistent with the absence of clinical cases in the Niagara Region, so it is likely that human transmission is indeed neglible or absent. As evidenced by our WNV serology results, PRNT must be utilized as a confirmatory test since false positivity occurs frequently. This is especially true when previous exposure to Dengue virus is likely.

L'expérience du dévoilement telle que perçue par des femmes vivant avec le VIH nées au Québec

Le dévoilement de sa séropositivité représente une préoccupation quotidienne des femmes vivant avec le VIH, complexifié par la stigmatisation. L'état des connaissances demeure très fragmenté : les études révèlent des patterns (à qui les femmes dévoilent et à quelle fréquence), les raisons pour dévoiler ou non, les conséquences positives et négatives ainsi que les facteurs liés au dévoilement, limitant une compréhension globale du phénomène. Inspirée de la toile de fond de Parse (1998, 2003), cette présente étude visait à décrire et à mieux comprendre l'expérience du dévoilement, telle que perçue par des femmes vivant avec le VIH nées au Québec. La méthode phénoménologique a été privilégiée afin de recueillir des données auprès de sept participantes, par la tenue d’une entrevue semi structurée. L’analyse des données a reposé sur deux activités de recherche proposées par van Manen (1997), soit la réflexion et l’écriture, permettant d’identifier les sept thèmes suivants : 1) Se respecter tout en considérant les confidents ; 2) Ressentir l’appréhension; 3) Exercer un contrôle pour assurer une protection; 4) S’engager délibérément dans une démarche de révélation-dissimulation; 5) S’exposer au contexte social stigmatisant empreint d’exclusion; 6) Souffrir intérieurement; 7) Bénéficier des retombées positives de sa décision. Ces thèmes ont contribué à la formulation de l’essence du phénomène étudié soit : vivre l’ambivalence d’une démarche paradoxale de révélation-dissimulation, au cœur d’une souffrance profonde intensifiée par la stigmatisation, tout en s’enrichissant des bienfaits recueillis. Il est permis de croire que ces résultats puissent avoir des retombées positives pour guider la pratique infirmière autour du soutien aux femmes dans leur expérience de dévoilement.

Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infection in daycare educators

This study was undertaken to provide first-time estimates for the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infection among daycare educators in Montre´ al, Canada, and to identify factors associated with seropositivity. A cross-sectional design was used. Directors and educators from 81 daycare centres (DCCs) were surveyed about DCC and personal characteristics respectively, and serum samples from 477 female educators were tested for parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies. The seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 was 70%. Parvovirus B19 seropositivity was significantly associated with age and with working experience in DCCs, but the latter association was restricted to educators aged less than 40 years. In conclusion, working as a daycare educator appears to be associated with increased risk of acquiring parvovirus B19 infection, but this finding will require further investigation. Because of the large proportion of educators susceptible to acquiring parvovirus B19 infection, our findings also highlight the need for preventive measures.

Scolarité et séropositivité des femmes au Cameroun : analyse d’un apparent paradoxe

Vécue comme l’une des plus grandes crises qu’a connue notre génération, la propagation du virus du SIDA est une urgence mondiale sans précédent, notamment en Afrique sub-saharienne où vivent la grande majorité des individus séropositifs. Dans un contexte où aucun vaccin n’existe encore et où les traitements sont onéreux et peu accessibles, les campagnes d’information sur le virus et l’acquisition de connaissances sur les méthodes de prévention, notamment à travers les programmes scolaires, sont cruciaux. La scolarisation est souvent vue comme la solution pour enrayer la propagation du virus et plusieurs études effectuées en Afrique sub-saharienne ont effectivement montré que les individus scolarisés étaient souvent les mieux renseignés sur le VIH/SIDA et son mode de propagation. Au Cameroun, pourtant, la partie de la population qui est la plus touchée par la séropositivité est aussi la plus instruite. C’est sur cet apparent paradoxe que se penche la présente étude. Cette recherche explore les différents facteurs qui sous tendent la relation positive entre le niveau d’instruction et la séropositivité au Cameroun en analysant les données de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS) de 2004. Les résultats des analyses bivariées montrent que plus le niveau d’instruction des hommes et des femmes camerounais augmente, mieux ces derniers sont informés sur le VIH et ses modes de transmission. Malgré cet avantage au niveau des connaissances, l’analyse confirme un lien positif entre le niveau d’instruction et la séropositivé fort et statistiquement significatif parmi les femmes camerounaises, mais non significatif chez les hommes. Les résultats des analyses logistiques hiérarchiques suggèrent que c’est une combinaison de facteurs qui explique pourquoi les femmes les plus scolarisées sont aussi les plus touchées par le VIH/SIDA. Le fait qu’elles aient un profil sociodémographique différent (qu’elles soient plus jeunes et plus riches notamment), et qu’elles soient plus urbaines que leurs consœurs moins scolarisées, mais surtout qu’elles aient un temps d’exposition au risque hors union plus long et un nombre de partenaires plus élevés exposent davantage les femmes les plus scolarisées au virus.

Rôles des kinases IKK et IKK-related dans les maladies inflammatoires chroniques : implications dans l’athérosclérose et la réponse hypoxique

L’inflammation est un procédé complexe qui vise l’élimination de l’agent causal de dommages tissulaires en vue de faciliter la réparation du tissu affecté. La persistance de l’agent causal ou l’incapacité à résoudre l’inflammation mène à un dérèglement homéostatique chronique qui peut avoir une incidence sur la morbidité et la mortalité. L’athérosclérose est une condition inflammatoire chronique des vaisseaux sanguins dont l’origine est multifactorielle. L’hypertension et l’état infectieux représentent respectivement des facteurs de risque classiques et émergents du développement de cette maladie. Les fondements initiaux de l’inflammation font intervenir l’immunité innée, la première ligne de défense dont disposent les cellules pour répondre à un signal de danger. Le but de cette thèse est d’examiner le rôle pro-inflammatoire d’une famille de kinases essentielles à l’immunité innée, soit celle des kinases de IkappaB (IKK) et des kinases IKK-related. Les kinases IKKalpha et IKKbeta forment le complexe IKK avec la molécule adaptatrice NEMO/IKKgamma. Ce complexe est chargé d’effectuer la phosphorylation de l’inhibiteur de NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha, ce qui mène à sa dégradation et à la libération du facteur de transcription NF-kappaB. Nous montrons que le peptide vasoactif angiotensine II (AngII) induit l’activité phosphotransférase d’IKKbeta dans les VSMC par immunoprécipitation de NEMO puis essai kinase in vitro. Grâce à une approche ARN interférence (ARNi) dirigée contre IKK, nous montrons que cette kinase est responsable de la phosphorylation de p65/RelA. Nous montrons que le mécanisme d’induction de NF-kappaB par l’AngII est atypique, puisqu’il ne module pas IkappaBalpha, et montrons à l’aide d’inhibiteurs pharmacologiques que l’activation de p65 est indépendante des voies MEK-ERK-RSK, PI3K et de la transactivation du récepteur de l’EGF. Les kinases IKK-related Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) et IKK-i sont quant à elles principalement activées suite à une infection bactérienne ou virale. Ces kinases phosphorylent directement le facteur de transcription interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3. Nous montrons que le cytomégalovirus humain, un pathogène associé à l’athérosclérose, a la capacité d’induire l’activation de TBK1 dans les VSMC. L’usage d’ARNi dirigé contre TBK1 et IKKi montre que les 2 kinases sont impliquées dans l’activation d’IRF-3. De plus, nous montrons à l’aide d’une lignée de VSMC exprimant une version dominante négative d’IRF-3 que ce dernier est essentiel à la synthèse des chimiokines RANTES et IP-10, tel qu’analysé par RT-PCR. Par ailleurs, il a récemment été montré que les kinases IKK-related étaient étroitement liées à la transformation oncogénique, et que TBK1 était pro-angiogénique. Or, l’angiogenèse est le plus souvent modulée par la réponse hypoxique qui est d’ailleurs commune à la majorité des processus inflammatoires. Le facteur de transcription hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 module l’angiogenèse, l’inflammation et la survie cellulaire. Nous montrons à l’aide de cellules Tbk1 et Ikbke -/- et d’une approche lentivirale que TBK1 est spécifiquement impliquée dans l’induction traductionnelle de HIF-1alpha en condition de stress hypoxique. L’expression de TBK1 est induite sous ces conditions, et cette kinase module la phosphorylation de ERK, RSK, Akt et TSC1. Les résultats originaux présentés dans cette thèse montrent donc que les kinases IKK et IKK-related exercent leurs actions pro-inflammatoires par des mécanismes distincts.

La leptospirose féline : sondage sérologique et de PCR urinaire chez des chats sains et des chats atteints de maladie rénale

La leptospirose est une zoonose à distribution mondiale dont la prévalence chez le chat varie géographiquement de 4.8% à 35%. Bien que l’exposition féline à Leptospira spp. soit rapportée dans des études sérologiques, les conséquences cliniques de cette maladie chez le chat sont peu connues. Le but principal de cette étude était de comparer le statut sérologique et de porteur (PCR urinaire) de Leptospira spp. entre des chats sains et des chats atteints de maladie rénale (insulte rénale aigue et maladie rénale chronique de stades IIb, III et IV). Une étude préliminaire pour valider la sensibilité et la spécificité analytiques de la PCR de Leptospira spp. réalisée par le Laboratoire de Diagnostic Moléculaire de la FMV sur l’urine de chat a été effectuée. La validation in vitro a démontré que la technique de PCR est efficace pour déterminer la présence de leptospires pathogènes dans l’urine du chat. Dans le cadre de l’étude principale, 251 chats ont été recrutés entre janvier 2010 et mars 2012,. De ceux-ci, 240 ont été inclus et divisés en 2 groupes (chats sains (C=125) et chats atteints de maladie rénale (MR=115) en se basant sur un examen physique ainsi que sur des résultats d’hématologie, de biochimie et d’analyse d’urine. Tous les chats recrutés ont également été examinés sérologiquement par test de micro-agglutination pour la présence d’anticorps contre Leptospira spp. (résultat considéré positif si ≥1 :100) et par PCR pour la présence de Leptospira spp. dans l’urine. Le pourcentage prédit de séropositivité pour Leptospira spp. était significativement plus élevé chez les chats atteints de maladie rénale (13,7%) que chez les chats sains (5%) (p=0,02). Les sérovars impliqués étaient Pomona (n=16), Bratislava (n=8) et Grippotyphosa (n=1). De plus, les chats séropositifs pour Pomona présentaient des titres significativement plus élevés que pour les autres sérovars (p=0,04). L’excrétion de Leptospira spp. a été confirmée par PCR dans l’urine de huit chats. Des 26 chats séropositifs, quatre (C=2, MR=2) se sont également révélés PCR positifs. La prévalence a été plus élevée chez les chats du groupe MR (5.3%; 6/113) lorsque comparée à celle du groupe C (1.6%; 2/125), mais cette différence ne s’est pas révélée statistiquement significative (C=0,9% , MR= 5,5% ; p = 0,09). L’âge, le sexe et le milieu de vie (urbain versus rural) n’ont pas influencé le statut sérologique ou d’excrétion pour Leptospira spp. Le pourcentage prédit de séropositivité était significativement plus élevée chez les chasseurs (p<0.01) et pendant les mois de juin à août (p=0.02). La présence d’un autre chat à la maison a également significativement augmenté ce pourcentage (p<0.01), mais la présence d’un chien ne l’a pas influencé. Lors de l’évaluation du PCR par le modèle GGE, seules les variables « contact avec raton laveur » et « contact avec mouffettes » sont ressorties statistiquement significatives (p≤0.03). Le rôle que joue Leptospira spp. comme agent étiologique de maladie rénale chez le chat demeure incertain. Toutefois, la différence significative de statut sérologique entre les chats sains et les chats atteints de maladie rénale suggère que la leptospirose pourrait être une cause sous-diagnostiquée de maladie rénale chez cette espèce. Dans cette étude, plusieurs porteurs asymptomatiques ont été identifiés, ce qui suggère que l’espèce féline puisse être un acteur sous-estimé dans la transmission de la bactérie aux humains.

Étude éco-épidémiologique sur l’infection par Francisella tularensis au Québec

Au Canada, Francisella tularensis, une bactérie zoonotique causant la tularémie, affecte principalement le lièvre d’Amérique, le rat musqué et le castor. Malgré les nombreuses études sur cette maladie, les connaissances sur l’écologie et les réservoirs naturels de la tularémie demeurent limitées. Une étude transversale a été réalisée afin d’estimer la prévalence d’infection par F. tularensis chez le lièvre d’Amérique, le rat musqué et le coyote dans quatre régions du Québec (Canada) et de décrire le risque d’infection d’après des caractéristiques individuelles (âge, sexe et état de chair) et environnementales. D’octobre 2012 à avril 2013, 345 lièvres d’Amérique, 411 rats musqués et 385 coyotes capturés par des trappeurs ont été échantillonnés. Les caractéristiques environnementales autour du site de capture ont été extraites de base de données géographiques. La séroprévalence (test de microagglutination) était de 2.9% chez les coyotes, 0.6% chez les lièvres et 0% chez les rats musqués. Tous les rats musqués et les lièvres étaient négatifs à une PCR en temps réel réalisée à partir d’un pool de foie, rein, rate et poumon; par contre, le type AI a été détecté dans les organes individuels des deux lièvres séropositifs. Des analyses de régression logistique exacte ont démontré que l’âge était un facteur de risque pour la séropositivité du coyote, ainsi que la proportion de forêts et la proportion de l’environnement considéré approprié pour le lièvre autour de la localisation de capture des coyotes. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent la présence du cycle terrestre dans les régions étudiées.

Seroprevalence estimation and risk factors for A. marginale on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania

A cross-sectional serological survey of A. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the Tanga and Iringa Regions of Tanzania between January and April 1999. Sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against A. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to A. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for Tanga and 37% for Iringa. The forces of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile were estimated at 8 for Tanga and 15 for Iringa per 100 cattle years-risk, respectively. In both regions, seroprevalence increased with age (β = 0.01 and 0.017 per year of age, p < 0.005, in Tanga and Iringa, respectively). Older animals in Iringa were significantly and negatively associated with decreased seropositivity (β = −0.002, p = 0.0029). Further results of logistic regression models reveal that geographic location of animals in Tanga was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.94, p = 0.005, for Tanga Rural and OR = 2.38, p = 0.066, for Muheza). Animals acquired as a gift in Iringa had higher odds for seropositivity than brought-in cattle (OR = 2.44, p = 0.005). Our study has identified and quantified some key risk factors that can guide planners devising disease control strategies.

Seroprevalence estimation and risk factors for A-marginale on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania

A cross-sectional serological survey of A. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the Tanga and Iringa Regions of Tanzania between January and April 1999. Sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against A. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to A. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for Tanga and 37% for Iringa. The forces of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile were estimated at 8 for Tanga and 15 for Iringa per 100 cattle years-risk, respectively. In both regions, seroprevalence increased with age (beta = 0.01 and 0.017 per year of age, p < 0.005, in Tanga and Iringa, respectively). Older animals in Iringa were significantly and negatively associated with decreased seropositivity (beta = -0.002, p = 0.0029). Further results of logistic regression models reveal that geographic location of animals in Tanga was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.94, p = 0.005, for Tanga Rural and OR = 2.38, p = 0.066, for Muheza). Animals acquired as a gift in Iringa had higher odds for seropositivity than brought-in cattle (OR = 2.44, p = 0.005). Our study has identified and quantified some key risk factors that can guide planners devising disease control strategies.

Two Faces of AIDS in Hong Kong: Culture and the Construction of the `AIDS Celebrity'

Since the first reported case of HIV infection in Hong Kong in 1985, only two HIV-positive individuals in the territory have voluntarily made public their seropositivity: a British dentist named Mike Sinclair, who disclosed his condition to the media in 1992 and died in 1995, and J.J. Chan, a local Chinese disc-jockey, who came forward in 1995 and died just a few months later. When they made their revelations, both became instant media personalities and were invited by the Hong Kong Government to act as spokespeople for AIDS awareness and prevention. Mike Sinclair worked as an education officer for the Hong Kong AIDS Foundation, and J.J. Chan appeared in Government television commercials about AIDS. This article explores how the public identities of these two figures were constructed in the cultural context of Hong Kong where both Eastern and Western values exist side by side and interact. It argues that the construction of `AIDS celebrities' is a kind of `identity project' negotiated among the players involved: the media, the Government, the public, and the person with AIDS (PWA) himself, each bringing to the construction their own `theories' regarding the self and communication. When the players in the construction hold shared assumptions about the nature of the self and the role of communication in enacting it, harmonious discourses arise, but when cultural models among the players differ, contradictory or ambiguous constructions result. The effect of culture on the way `AIDS celebrities' are constructed has implications for the way societies view the issue of AIDS and treat those who have it. It also helps reveal possible sites of difficulty when individuals of different cultures communicate about the issue.

Effect of a symbiotic on the response to seasonal influenza vaccination is strongly influenced by degree of immunosenescence

Background Ageing increases risk of respiratory infections and impairs the response to influenza vaccination. Pre- and probiotics offer an opportunity to modulate anti-viral defenses and the response to vaccination via alteration of the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effect of a novel probiotic, Bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis CCUG 52486, combined with a prebiotic, gluco-oligosaccharide (B. longum + Gl-OS), on the response to seasonal influenza vaccination in young and older subjects in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, taking into account the influence of immunosenescence markers at baseline. Results Vaccination resulted in a significant increase in total antibody titres, vaccine-specific IgA, IgM and IgG and seroprotection to all three subunits of the vaccine in both young and older subjects, and in general, the increases in young subjects were greater. There was little effect of the synbiotic, although it tended to reduce seroconversion to the Brisbane subunit of the vaccine and the vaccine-specific IgG response in older subjects. Immunological characterization revealed that older subjects randomized to the synbiotic had a significantly higher number of senescent (CD28-CD57+) helper T cells at baseline compared with those randomized to the placebo, and they also had significantly higher plasma levels of anti-CMV IgG and a greater tendency for CMV seropositivity. Moreover, higher numbers of CD28-CD57+ helper T cells were associated with failure to seroconvert to Brisbane, strongly suggesting that the subjects randomized to the synbiotic were already at a significant disadvantage in terms of likely ability to respond to the vaccine compared with those randomized to the placebo. Conclusions Ageing was associated with marked impairment of the antibody response to influenza vaccination in older subjects and the synbiotic failed to reverse this impairment. However, the older subjects randomized to the synbiotic were at a significant disadvantage due to a greater degree of immunosenscence at baseline compared with those randomized to the placebo. Thus, baseline differences in immunosenescence between the randomized groups are likely to have influenced the outcome of the intervention, highlighting the need for detailed immunological characterization of subjects prior to interventions.

Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the Northeast and Central-west regions of Brazil

Background The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. Methods This population-based survey was conducted in 20042005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (59 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. Results The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 59 and 1019 age-group was 41.5 and 57.4, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1 for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5 of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0 in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was 70 in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. Conclusion The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas.

Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Individuals From Health Care Centers in Mozambique: Potential for Endemic and Epidemic Kaposi`s Sarcoma

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but its prevalence in Mozambique is unknown. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 in a cohort of individuals seen at public health centers in Northern (n = 208), Central (n = 226), or Southern (n = 318) Mozambique was examined. All individuals were interviewed to obtain socioeconomic, demographic and clinical data and were tested for serum anti-HHV-8 antibodies using an immunofluorescence assay. The overall frequency of HHV-8 antibodies was 21.4% and, in spite of the diversity of epidemiological characteristics of the tested individuals, did not differ significantly among regions: 18.7%, 24.3% and 21.4% in the North, Center, and South, respectively (chi(2), 2.37; P = 0.305). The variables that were associated significantly with the presence of HHV-8 antibodies were gender, age, level of education, number of siblings and HIV serostatus, but these differed across the regions. In the North, although tested individuals lived under poor socioeconomic conditions, no association between HHV-8 infection and household variables was detected, with the exception of the number of siblings (P = 0.042). In the Central region, HHV-8 infection was associated with gender (P = 0.010), the number of household members (P = 0.031), and the place of attendance (P = 0.021). In the South, HHV-8 infection was associated with the number of siblings (P = 0.023) and HIV status (P = 0.002). The overall prevalence of HHV-8 seropositivity increased with age. These results demonstrate that Mozambique is another country in Africa with endemic HHV-8 infection, and, because of the AIDS epidemic, continued access to antiretroviral treatment is necessary to avert an outbreak of AIDS-Kaposi`s sarcoma. J. Med. Virol. 82:1216-1223, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Seroprevalence of orthopoxvirus in an Amazonian rural village, Acre, Brazil

Vaccinia virus strains from the family Poxviridae have been frequently isolated in Brazil and associated with outbreaks of exanthematic disease affecting cows and humans. An ELISA IgG was applied to evaluate the seroprevalence of orthopoxviruses in a community located in a rural settlement in the Amazon region, where no orthopoxvirus outbreaks have yet been reported. An overall seroprevalence of 27.89% was found, and it was 23.38% in the non-vaccinated population (smallpox vaccination). These results strongly suggest that orthopoxviruses circulate in this population, and it is the first finding of seropositivity for orthopoxviruses in a population without any previously reported outbreaks.