Modulation of corticospinal activity by strong emotions evoked by pictures and classical music: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation and skin conductance responses, we sought to clarify if, and to what extent, emotional experiences of different valences and intensity activate the hand-motor system and the associated corticospinal tract. For that purpose, we applied a newly developed method to evoke strong emotional experiences by the simultaneous presentation of musical and pictorial stimuli of congruent emotional valence. We uncovered enhanced motor-evoked potentials, irrespective of valence, during the simultaneous presentation of emotional music and picture stimuli (Combined conditions) compared with the single presentation of the two modalities (Picture/Music conditions). In contrast, vegetative arousal was enhanced during both the Combined and Music conditions, compared with the Picture conditions, again irrespective of emotional valence. These findings strongly indicate that arousal is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for triggering the motor system of the brain. We offer a potential explanation for this discrepant, but intriguing, finding in the paper.

Zimmerwald und Kiental. Weltgeschichte auf dem Dorfe

In den Jahren 1915 und 1916, mitten im Ersten Weltkrieg, fanden in den entlegenen bernischen Bauerndörfern Zimmerwald und Kiental sowie im Volkshaus Bern geheime Konferenzen statt, die in die Weltgeschichte eingegangen sind. Die sogenannte Zimmerwalder Bewegung prägte bis 1917 die internationale Debatte im sozialistischen Lager und wurde von den Regierungen misstrauisch verfolgt und vielfach auch behindert. Unter der Leitung des Schweizer Sozialdemokraten Robert Grimm diskutierten 1915/16 sozialistische Kriegsgegnerinnen und -gegner aus neutralen Staaten und von beiden Seiten der Kriegsfronten über ihre Massnahmen zur Beendigung des Krieges. Lenin, Lev Trockij, Grigorij Zinov’ev, Pavel Aksel’rod und Julij Martov aus Russland, Georg Ledebour, Clara Zetkin und Willi Münzenberg aus Deutschland, Alphonse Merrheim und Albert Bourderon aus Frankreich, Karl Radek aus Polen, Anželika Balabanova und Giacinto Menotti Serrati aus Italien, Cristian Racovski aus Rumänien und weitere bedeutende Persönlichkeiten der internationalen Arbeiterbewegung beteiligten sich an den Debatten. Die Tatsache, dass sich im Krieg Deutsche, Franzosen, Russen und andere auf ein gemeinsames Manifest einigen konnten, weckte unter der kriegsgeplagten Arbeiterschaft Europas neue Hoffnungen. Die Forderung nach einem Frieden ohne Annexionen und Kriegsentschädigungen war wegweisend, aber in den Friedensverhandlungen leider erfolglos. Das Buch zeichnet die faszinierende Geschichte der sozialistischen Kriegsgegnerinnen und -gegner nach und ergänzt sie durch Kurzbeiträge zu den wichtigsten Persönlichkeiten, Örtlichkeiten und Institutionen.

Uruburuella testudinis sp. nov., isolated from tortoise (Testudo)

A polyphasic taxonomic analysis was carried out on 11 uncommon Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, but indole-negative, bacterial strains isolated from tortoises. Phenotypically and genetically they represented a homogeneous group of organisms most closely related to, but distinct from, Uruburuella suis. In a reconstructed 16S rRNA gene tree they clustered on a monophyletic branch next to U. suis with gene similarities between strains of 99.5-100%, and of up to 98.2% with U. suis . DNA-DNA hybridization indicated the organisms represented a novel species with only 40% DNA-DNA similarity with U. suis . Partial sequencing of rpoB resulted in two subclusters confirming the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny; both genes allowed clear separation and identification of the novel species. Furthermore, they could be unambiguously identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS, where, again, they formed a highly homogeneous cluster separate from U. suis and other members of the family Neisseriaceae . The major fatty acids were C(16 : 0) and summed feature C(16 : 1)ω7c/iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH. The DNA G+C content was 54.4 mol%. Based on phenotypic and genetic data we propose classifying these organisms as representatives of a novel species named Uruburuella testudinis sp. nov. The type strain is 07_OD624(T) ( = DSM 26510(T) = CCUG 63373(T)).

Oxidized bases in the ribosome's peptidyl transferase center and their effects on translation

The ribosome is central to protein biosynthesis and the focus of extensive research. Recent biochemical and structural studies, especially detailed crystal structures and high resolution Cryo-EM in different functional states have broadened our understanding of the ribosome and its mode of action. However, the exact mechanism of peptide bond formation and how the ribosome catalyzes this reaction is not yet understood. Also, consequences of direct oxidative stress to the ribosome and its effects on translation have not been studied. So far, no conventional replacement or even removal of the peptidyl transferase center's bases has been able to affect in vitro translation. Significant contribution to the catalytic activity seems to stem from the ribose-phosphate backbone, specifically 2'OH of A2451. Using the technique of atomic mutagenesis, novel unnatural bases can be introduced to any desired position in the 23S rRNA, surpassing conventional mutagenesis and effectively enabling to alter single atoms in the ribosome. Reconstituting ribosomes in vitro using this approach, we replaced universally conserved PTC bases with synthetic counterparts carrying the most common oxidations 8-oxorA, 5-HOrU and 5-HOrC. To investigate the consequent effects on translation, the chemically engineered ribosomes were studied the in various functional assays. Incorporation of different oxidized bases into the 70S ribosome affected the ribosomes in different ways. Depending on the nucleobase modified, the reconstituted ribosomes exhibited radical deceleration of peptide bond formation, decrease of synthesis efficiency or even an increase of translation rate. These results may further our understanding of the residues involved in the peptide bond formation mechanism, as well as the disease-relevant effects of oxydative stress on the translation machinery.

Oxidized bases in the ribosome's peptidyl transferase center and their effects on translation

The ribosome is central to protein biosynthesis and the focus of extensive research. Recent biochemical and structural studies, especially detailed crystal structures and high resolution Cryo-EM in different functional states have broadened our understanding of the ribosome and its mode of action. However, the exact mechanism of peptide bond formation and how the ribosome catalyzes this reaction is not yet understood. Also, consequences of direct oxidative stress to the ribosome and its effects on translation have not been studied. So far, no conventional replacement or even removal of the peptidyl transferase center's bases has been able to affect in vitro translation. Significant contribution to the catalytic activity seems to stem from the ribose-phosphate backbone, specifically 2'OH of A2451. Using the technique of atomic mutagenesis, novel unnatural bases can be introduced to any desired position in the 23S rRNA, surpassing conventional mutagenesis and effectively enabling to alter single atoms in the ribosome. Reconstituting ribosomes in vitro using this approach, we replaced universally conserved PTC bases with synthetic counterparts carrying the most common oxidations 8-oxorA, 5-HOrU and 5-HOrC. To investigate the consequent effects on translation, the chemically engineered ribosomes were studied the in various functional assays. Incorporation of different oxidized bases into the 70S ribosome affected the ribosomes in different ways. Depending on the nucleobase modified, the reconstituted ribosomes exhibited radical deceleration of peptide bond formation, decrease of synthesis efficiency or even an increase of translation rate. These results may further our understanding of the residues involved in the peptide bond formation mechanism, as well as the disease-relevant effects of oxydative stress on the translation machinery.

A 22,000 14C year BP sediment and pollen record of climate change from Laguna Miscanti (23°S), northern Chile

Lake sediments and pollen, spores and algae from the high-elevation endorheic Laguna Miscanti (22°45′S, 67°45′W, 4140 m a.s.l., 13.5 km2 water surface, 10 m deep) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile provide information about abrupt and high amplitude changes in effective moisture. Although the lack of terrestrial organic macrofossils and the presence of a significant 14C reservoir effect make radiocarbon dating of lake sediments very difficult, we propose the following palaeoenvironmental history. An initial shallow freshwater lake (ca. 22,000 14C years BP) disappeared during the extremely dry conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18,000 14C years BP). That section is devoid of pollen. The late-glacial lake transgression started around 12,000 14C years BP, peaked in two phases between ca. 11,000 and <9000 14C years BP, and terminated around 8000 14C years BP. Effective moisture increased more than three times compared to modern conditions (∼200 mm precipitation), and a relatively dense terrestrial vegetation was established. Very shallow hypersaline lacustrine conditions prevailed during the mid-Holocene until ca. 3600 14C years BP. However, numerous drying and wetting cycles suggest frequent changes in moisture, maybe even individual storms during the mid-Holocene. After several humid spells, modern conditions were reached at ca. 3000 14C years BP. Comparison between limnogeological data and pollen of terrestrial plants suggest century-scale response lags. Relatively constant concentrations of long-distance transported pollen from lowlands east of the Andes suggest similar atmospheric circulation patterns (mainly tropical summer rainfall) throughout the entire period of time. These findings compare favorably with other regional paleoenvironmental data.

Towards mapping the late Quaternary vegetation change of Europe

The number of well-dated pollen diagrams in Europe has increased considerably over the last 30 years and many of them have been submitted to the European Pollen Database (EPD). This allows for the construction of increasingly precise maps of Holocene vegetation change across the continent. Chronological information in the EPD has been expressed in uncalibrated radiocarbon years, and most chronologies to date are based on this time scale. Here we present new chronologies for most of the datasets stored in the EPD based on calibrated radiocarbon years. Age information associated with pollen diagrams is often derived from the pollen stratigraphy itself or from other sedimentological information. We reviewed these chronological tie points and assigned uncertainties to them. The steps taken to generate the new chronologies are described and the rationale for a new classification system for age uncertainties is introduced. The resulting chronologies are fit for most continental-scale questions. They may not provide the best age model for particular sites, but may be viewed as general purpose chronologies. Taxonomic particularities of the data stored in the EPD are explained. An example is given of how the database can be queried to select samples with appropriate age control as well as the suitable taxonomic level to answer a specific research question.

Berlin

Willi Buch

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 555 - Korrespondenzen mit Leo Löwenthal (p. VI 23, 1-237)

235 Briefe zwischen Leo Löwenthal und Max Horkheimer, 1948 - 1950; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Samuel H. Flowerman, 1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Franz Neumann, 18.11.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Howard Wilson, 16.11.1948; 4 Briefe zwischen Frederick Pollock und Leo Löwenthal, 1948 - 1949; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Alexander Zalai, [Oktober 1948]; 2 Briefe von Willi Viehweg (Hessisches Staatsministerium für Kultus und Unterricht) an Max Horkheimer, Oktober 1948; 5 Briefe (Auszüge) zwischen Felix Weil und Max Horkheimer, 1944; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Eugen Kogon, 08.10.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Ruth Nanda Anshen, 06.10.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Walter Hallstein, 28.09.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Klingelhöfer, 28.09.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an E. Stein, 28.09.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Jiri Veltrusky, 25.08.1948; 1 Brief von Leo Löwenthal an Yates, 16.11.1949;

Validated sample ages from 823 EPD sites

The number of well-dated pollen diagrams in Europe has increased considerably over the last 30 years and many of them have been submitted to the European Pollen Database (EPD). This allows for the construction of increasingly precise maps of Holocene vegetation change across the continent. Chronological information in the EPD has been expressed in uncalibrated radiocarbon years, and most chronologies to date are based on this time scale. Here we present new chronologies for most of the datasets stored in the EPD based on calibrated radiocarbon years. Age information associated with pollen diagrams is often derived from the pollen stratigraphy itself or from other sedimentological information. We reviewed these chronological tie points and assigned uncertainties to them. The steps taken to generate the new chronologies are described and the rationale for a new classification system for age uncertainties is introduced. The resulting chronologies are fit for most continental-scale questions. They may not provide the best age model for particular sites, but may be viewed as general purpose chronologies. Taxonomic particularities of the data stored in the EPD are explained. An example is given of how the database can be queried to select samples with appropriate age control as well as the suitable taxonomic level to answer a specific research question.