Il museo Wilhelm Lehmbruck: paradigma della nuova modernità nella Germania del secondo dopoguerra

Oggetto della ricerca è il museo Wilhelm Lehmbruck di Duisburg, un'opera dell'architetto Manfred Lehmbruck, progettata e realizzata tra il 1957 e il 1964. Questa architettura, che ospita la produzione artistica del noto scultore Wilhelm Lehmbruck, padre di Manfred, è tra i primi musei edificati ex novo nella Repubblica Federale Tedesca dopo la seconda guerra mondiale. Il mito di Wilhelm Lehmbruck, costruito negli anni per donare una identità culturale alla città industriale di Duisburg, si rinvigorì nel secondo dopoguerra in seno ad una più generale tendenza sorta nella Repubblica di Bonn verso la rivalutazione dell'arte moderna, dichiarata “degenerata” dal nazionalsocialismo. Ricollegarsi all'arte e all'architettura moderna degli anni venti era in quel momento funzionale al ridisegno di un volto nuovo e democratico del giovane stato tedesco, che cercava legittimazione proclamandosi erede della mitica e gloriosa Repubblica di Weimar. Dopo anni di dibattiti sulla ricostruzione, l'architettura del neues Bauen sembrava l'unico modo in cui la Repubblica Federale potesse presentarsi al mondo, anche se la realtà del paese era assai più complessa e svelava il “doppio volto” che connotò questo stato a partire dal 1945. Le numerose dicotomie che popolarono presto la tabula rasa nata dalle ceneri del conflitto (memoria/oblio, tradizione/modernità, continuità/discontinuità con il recente e infausto passato) trovano espressione nella storia e nella particolare architettura del museo di Duisburg, che può essere quindi interpretato come un'opera paradigmatica per comprendere la nuova identità della Repubblica Federale, un'identità che la rese capace di risorgere dopo l' “anno zero”, ricercando nel miracolo economico uno strumento di redenzione da un passato vergognoso, che doveva essere taciuto, dimenticato, lasciato alle spalle.

La conservazione viva dell'esistente. Storia, progetto e restauro nell'opera di Josef Wiedemann

La tesi analizza, nel quadro del secondo dopoguerra, quattro casi studio scelti tra le opere di ricostruzione dell’architetto Josef Wiedemann (1910-2001) nel centro di Monaco di Baviera: Odeon (1951-1952), Alte Akademie (1951-1955), Siegestor (1956-1958) e Glyptothek (1961-1972). L’architetto si occupa di opere simbolo della città di Monaco, affrontando la loro ricostruzione come un tema fondante per la storia e l’identità del popolo bavarese, ma soprattutto come un’occasione per definire un metodo d’intervento sulle rovine della guerra. Il suo lavoro è caratterizzato infatti per la ricerca costante di una sintesi tra interesse per la conservazione dell’antico e apertura al nuovo; ispirandosi all’insegnamento del maestro Hans Döllgast, Wiedemann traccia una nuova originale strada per l’intervento sull’antico, segnata da una profonda capacità tecnico-progettuale e dall'attenzione alle nuove esigenze a cui deve rispondere un’architettura contemporanea. Partendo dai suoi scritti e dalle sue opere, si può rilevare un percorso coerente che, partendo dalla conoscenza della storia dell'edificio, ripercorrendone l’evoluzione dallo stato che potremmo definire “originario” allo stato di rovina, giunge a produrre nel progetto realizzato una sintesi tra il passato e il futuro. L'architetto, nella visione di Wiedemann, è chiamato a un compito di grande responsabilità: conoscere per progettare (o ri-progettare) un edificio che porta impressi su di sé i segni della propria storia. Nel metodo che viene messo progressivamente a punto operando nel corpo vivo dei monumenti feriti dalla guerra, è percepibile fino a distinguerlo chiaramente l’interesse e l’influenza del dibattito italiano sul restauro. La conservazione “viva” dell'esistente, così come viene definita da Wiedemann stesso, si declina in modo diverso per ogni caso particolare, approdando a risultati differenti tra loro, ma che hanno in comune alcuni principi fondamentali: conoscere, ricordare, conservare e innovare.

Potential Cities_

Buildings and urban construction are understood in this paper as representations of the city. Their meanings, however, are often invisible, positing unrealized urban visions, which are both imbedded in and which call up chains of associations expressing desires and fears. Narratives of what the city should be often contain the rejection of the existing urban situation. Understanding architectural objects as potential underscores their imaginary nature. Freud, for example, uses the Roman ruins in Civilization and its Discontents (1929) as a means to imagine stages of history. Yet, meanings of the new can also be covered over and layered. Milan is a city with fragments of the new, which once projected an ideal urban space into the future. The potentiality of Milan’s postwar urban objects is analyzed in relationship to narratives of the city and insertion is framed as an imagining into the city.

Importance sampling approximations to various probabilities of ruin of spectrally negative Lévy risk processes

This article provides importance sampling algorithms for computing the probabilities of various types ruin of spectrally negative Lévy risk processes, which are ruin over the infinite time horizon, ruin within a finite time horizon and ruin past a finite time horizon. For the special case of the compound Poisson process perturbed by diffusion, algorithms for computing probabilities of ruins by creeping (i.e. induced by the diffusion term) and by jumping (i.e. by a claim amount) are provided. It is shown that these algorithms have either bounded relative error or logarithmic efficiency, as t,x→∞t,x→∞, where t>0t>0 is the time horizon and x>0x>0 is the starting point of the risk process, with y=t/xy=t/x held constant and assumed either below or above a certain constant.

Mobile Temporalities: Place, Ruination and the Dialectics of Time

In this chapter I explore the ambiguous, contradictory and often transient ways the past enters into our lives. I shed light on the interplay of mobility and temporality in the lifeworlds of two Somalis who left Mogadishu with the outbreak of the war in the 1990s. Looking into the ways they actively make sense of this crucial ‘memory-place’ (Ricoeur 2004), a place that that has been turned into a landscape of ruins and rubble, alternative understandings of memory and temporality will emerge. Instead of producing a continuum between here and there, and now and then, the stories and photographs discussed in this chapter form dialectical images – images that refuse to be woven into a coherent picture of the past. By emphasising the dialectical ways these two individuals make sense of Mogadishu’s past and presence, I am following Walter Benjamin’s cue to rethink deeply modern analytical categories such as history, memory and temporality by highlighting the brief, fragmented moments of their appearance in everyday life.

Practice and attitude differences in physician cigarette use: A study of prevalence, physicians' role, and smoking policy awareness in Dubai, UAE

The use of tobacco products ruins the health of millions of people around the world. On average, tobacco users die nearly seven years earlier than non-tobacco users. n1 Cigarette smoking is a particular concern in the developing countries of the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region where smoking prevalence is expected to increase. This is due to the tobacco industry's vigorous commercial and marketing activities. n3 Smoking prevalence among physicians is considered to be an effective indicator of a society's readiness to identify the smoking epidemic and its related health diseases. n4 There is a lack of detailed data on the smoking prevalence among healthcare professionals, particularly physicians, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This cross sectional study is the first to address smoking practices among physicians working at the Department of Health and Medical Services (DOHMS); in Dubai, UAE. ^ This study describes the cigarette smoking prevalence among DOHMS Physicians, physician attitudes towards tobacco use and tobacco bans; physician attitudes towards smoking cessation techniques (among smokers and non-smokers); and physician awareness of official anti-smoking policies. Data for the study was collected through the use of an adapted WHO standardized questionnaire, the Global Health Professionals Survey. The questionnaire was administered by the researcher to physicians (n=288) at their work place. Date was analyzed using the SPSS analytic software program. ^ Twelve percent of DOHMS physicians smoked cigarettes. Regardless of smoking status, the majority supported a tobacco ban in hospitals and public places, and a ban on tobacco advertising. There is a significant relationship between physician smoking status and discussing risks of tobacco use (p < 0.05). Non-smoking physicians reported spending more time with patients discussing hazards of smoking (p < 0.01). Non-smokers reported providing more counseling than their smoking colleagues. The majority of DOHMS physicians (63%) reported a lack of knowledge about 5As/ 5Rs. The majority of physicians also reported they are aware of hospital smoking policies that restrict smoking. Regardless of physician smoking status, DOHMS physicians are not very actively involved in smoking cessation activities. This cross sectional study is the first to address smoking programs, policies, and practices among physicians in Dubai, UAE. Findings support the need for increased physical smoking cessation training as well as the development of smoking cessation programs for tobacco control, and programs with a focus on physician participation in reducing tobacco and cigarette use among the general population.^

La Argentina rentístico - financiera : el papel decisivo del Estado en su conformación

A partir del golpe de estado de 1976 se impone en la Argentina, sobre las ruinas del proceso de industrialización, una nueva forma de acumulación del capital que subsiste hasta hoy: el modelo "aperturista", "neoliberal" o "rentístico-financiero". Contra la idea de la desaparición del poder del Estado a favor del poder económico, éste artículo analiza el importante papel de este Aparato en la emergencia y consolidación del nuevo patrón y en la reproducción del capital monopolista, así como las transformaciones que las políticas estatales, fundamentalmente económicas, producen en la estructura social, tanto en los sectores dominantes como en los dominados.

Elisabeth de Austria : la mirada de una emperatriz de incógnito

Elísabeth de Austria (1837-1898) no pudo escapar a su destino de emperatriz y reina, pero eso no la detuvo en la búsqueda de la libertad que anhelaba y que desató la crítica de la sociedad vienesa. La artifícialidad y los intereses cortesanos tan diferentes a los suyos, hicieron que escapara cada vez más lejos y durante más tiempo. A los 22 años, seis después de su matrimonio, luego de haber dado a luz al heredero, y por una serie de desavenencias con su marido, comenzó la búsqueda de su individualidad y ya no se detuvo. Madeira, Corfú, Venecia, las termas de Austria y Alemania, su amada Hungría, las ruinas de Grecia y la pasión por los lugares que vieron al legendario Aquiles la llevaron de uno a otro lado. La escritura de sus poemas comenzó cuando ya casi contaba 50 años, y por cuatro años consecutivos llevó un Diario Poético que quedó inconcluso cuando su hijo fue encontrado muerto en Mayerling. Son poemas que denuncian la caducidad de la monarquía, la corrupción de la corte, la falta de amor y comprensión, y que logran su efecto cuando Elísabeth describe los lugares que la conectan con la naturaleza del mundo.

Roma o Cartago . Itinerarios renacentistas por ciudades derrotadas

El presente trabajo hace un recorrido por las imágenes de ruina, derro-ta y destrucción en la poesía de Garcilaso, la recepción del modelo italiano y las proyecciones en la percepción renacentista del Siglo de Oro español.

Roma o Cartago . Itinerarios renacentistas por ciudades derrotadas

El presente trabajo hace un recorrido por las imágenes de ruina, derro-ta y destrucción en la poesía de Garcilaso, la recepción del modelo italiano y las proyecciones en la percepción renacentista del Siglo de Oro español.

Roma o Cartago . Itinerarios renacentistas por ciudades derrotadas

El presente trabajo hace un recorrido por las imágenes de ruina, derro-ta y destrucción en la poesía de Garcilaso, la recepción del modelo italiano y las proyecciones en la percepción renacentista del Siglo de Oro español.

Description, geochemistry and mineral composition of ODP Site 193-1189 jasperoids, PACMANUS field

Bright red "jasperoids" were recovered at three positions during Leg 193 drilling below Roman Ruins (Site 1189) in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field. These do not represent fossil exhalative oxide deposits equivalent to those associated with sulfide chimneys at the Roman Ruins seafloor. Rather, they constitute an integral, relatively early stage involving oxidized fluids in the development of veins and breccias that characterize the mostly sulfidic stockwork zone intersected below Roman Ruins in Hole 1189B. They formed by growth of quartz in open spaces created by hydrofracturing, the characteristic feature being mostly euhedral cores dusted by tiny hematite flakes. In one occurrence there are also frondlike aggregates and possible earlier cavity linings of hematite, overgrown by quartz, that potentially formed by maturation of ferruginous gels first deposited in the openings. The trace element geochemistry of the jasperoids, apart from minor enrichment in uranium, provides no indication that they represent subsurface conduits for fluids that deposit Fe-Mn-Si at the seafloor, though this remains a possibility for some such deposits.

Chemical composition of altered volcanic rocks from ODP Sites 193-1188 and 193-1189

The conventional model of leaching volcanic rocks as a source of metals in a seafloor hydrothermal systems has been tested by examining the behavior of Pb and other trace elements during hydrothermal alteration. ODP Leg 193 drill sites 1188 (Snowcap) and 1189 (Roman Ruins) on Pual Ridge in the eastern Manus Basin offshore eastern Papua New Guinea provide a unique three-dimensional window into an active back-arc hydrothermal system. We investigate by means of a LA-ICP-MS microbeam technique the capacity of Pb to be leached from a host volcanic rock exposed to various types and intensities of alteration. Our results are in general agreement with previous studies that utilized bulk analytical techniques but provide a more detailed explanation of the processes. Fresh representative dacitic lavas from the Pual Ridge have an average whole rock Pb content of 5.2 ppm, an average interstitial glass Pb content of 5.6 ppm and an average plagioclase Pb content of 1.0 ppm. Altered matrix samples have highly variable Pb values ranging from 0 to 52.4 ppm. High Pb values in altered samples are associated with a low temperature chlorite and clay mineral assemblage, in some cases overprinted by a high temperature (up to 350°C) silica-rich "bleaching" alteration. Only the most highly altered matrix samples have REE patterns that differ from the fresh Pual Ridge dacite. This may represent either different lava histories or alteration characteristics that have affected normally immobile REEs. Altered samples with the highest Pb values have similar REE patterns to those of the local unaltered lavas. They are compositionally similar to typical Pual Ridge dacites indicating a genetic relationship between the main regional volcanic suite and the subseafloor hydrothermally altered, Pb-enriched material. Relative loss/gain for Pb between the analyzed altered samples and a calculated precursor show a maximum relative gain of 901%. Samples with relative Pb gain from both drill sites are associated with lower temperature alteration mineral assemblages characterized by pervasive chloritization. The related lower temperature (220-250°C) neutral to slightly acidic fluids have been ascribed by others to return circulation of hydrothermal fluids that did not interact with seawater. Because altered samples have a higher Pb content than the fresh precursor, leaching of fresh volcanic rocks cannot be the source of Pb in the hydrothermal systems.

(Table 1) Sea level during storm surges at various sites along the german Baltic Sea coast

A seawall was constructed in 1897 along the steep coast of Streckelsberg, Usedom Island to stop the cliff retreat. It was destroyed several times by storm induced sea floods, reconstructed and gradually extended to a length of 450 m. After the severe storm event of 1/2.3.1949, no more repair work was implemented. The ruins were no longer capable of preventing further erosion of the Streckelsberg cliff. A new protective structure became a necessity against ongoing erosion, and to check the lowering of the abrasion platform. The construction of three breakwaters began in 1995. A severe storm occurred on 3/4.11.1995 before their completion. Coastal bottom sediment mapping using a sidescan-sonar carried out two days later showed that a channel system down to a depth of 1.5 m was cut into the sand layer covering the sea floor on both sides of the Koserow Bank. The bottom of these channels was paved with gravel and boulders. This layer was encountered in the whole surveyed area below a mobile sand layer. Discharged bodies of fine sand half a meter high and erosional cavities several m2 in diameter around boulders led to the conclusion that an intensive sediment movement down to a depth of 11 m had taken place during the storm. A storm related direction of sediment discharge could not be identified. The existing section of the breakwaters withstood the severe storm.

Pollen and spores record, and paleotemperature reconstructions for mid-Holocene sediments of the Northwest Pacific

Sannai-Maruyama is one of the most famous and best-researched mid-Holocene (mid-Jomon) archaeological sites in Japan, because of a large community of people for a long period. Archaeological studies have shown that the Jomon people inhabited the Sannai-Maruyama site from 5.9-4.2 +/- 0.1 cal. kyr B.P. However, a continuous record of the terrestrial and marine environments around the site has not been available. Core KT05-7 PC-02, was recovered from Mutsu Bay, only 20 km from the site, for the reconstruction of high-resolution time series of environmental records, including sea surface temperature (SST). C37 alkenone SSTs showed clear fluctuations, with four periods of high (8.4-7.9, 7.0-5.9, 5.1-4.1, and 2.3-1.4 cal. kyr B.P.) and four of low (-8.4, 7.9-7.0, 5.9-5.1, and 4.1-2.3 cal. kyr B.P.) SST. Thus, each SST cycle lasted 1.0-2.0 kyr, and the amplitude of fluctuation was about 1.5-2.0 °C. Total organic carbon (TOC) and C37 alkenone contents, and the TOC/total nitrogen ratio indicate that marine biogenic production was low before 7.0 cal. kyr B.P., but was clearly increased between 5.9 and 4.0 cal. kyr B.P., because of stronger vertical mixing. During the period when the community at the site prospered (between 5.9 and 4.2 +/- 0.1 cal. kyr B.P.), the terrestrial climate was relatively warm. The high relative abundance of pollen of both Castanea and Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis supports the interpretation that the local climate was optimal for human habitation. Between 5.9 and 5.1 cal. kyr B.P., in spite of warm terrestrial climates, the C37 alkenone SST was low; this apparent discrepancy may be attributed to the water column structure in the Tsugaru Strait, which differed from the modern condition. The evidence suggests that at about 5.9 cal. kyr B.P, high productivity of marine resources such as fish and shellfish and a warm terrestrial climate led to the establishment of a human community at the Sannai-Maruyama site. Then, at about 4.1 +/- 0.1 cal. kyr B.P., abrupt marine and terrestrial cooling, indicated by a decrease of about 2 °C in the C37 alkenone SST and an increase in pollen of taxa of cooler climates, led to a reduced terrestrial food supply, causing the people to abandon the site. The timing of the abandonment is consistent with the timing (around 4.0-4.3 cal. kyr B.P.) of the decline of civilizations in north Mesopotamia and along the Yangtze River. These findings suggest that a temperature rise of ~2 °C in this century as a result of global warming could have a great impact on the human community and especially on agriculture, despite the advances of contemporary society.