Riqualificazione urbana del quartiere di Classen Boulevard in Oklahoma City, OK.

Classen Boulevard as a Zipper. Riqualificazione urbana del quartiere di Classen Boulevard in Oklahoma City, OK

Bonifica di un terreno contaminato: il caso dell' area "ex Orsi-Mangelli" di Forlì

La seguente tesi tratta la bonifica dell' area comunale della zona denominata " Ex Orsi - Mangelli" nella città di Forlì, iniziando con una introduzione che analizza la pericolosità dei siti inquinati e la situazione attuale in Italia, Emilia Romagna e in Provincia di Forlì-Cesena; successivamente si analizzano tutte le procedure per i terreni inquinati, descritte nel D.Lgs 152/06, descrivendo anche le principali tecniche di bonifica e i criteri di scelta, concludendo con l'analisi, passata e presente, dell' area " Ex Orsi - Mangelli", esaminando i processi produttivi che hanno determinato tali episodi di inquinamento tra il 1900 e il 1993 e la situazione attuale dell' area.

Recupero e conservazione del secondo chiostro dell'ex convento di San Francesco a Bologna. Analisi delle fasi costruttive, interventi di miglioramento sismico e di riqualificazione.

L’obiettivo principale della presente tesi è quello di realizzare un progetto di miglioramento sismico per la porzione del secondo chiostro dell’ ex convento di S. Francesco, a cui è stato affiancato un progetto architettonico di riqualificazione di alcune aree al momento non valorizzate e un progetto di prevenzione incendi. In seguito all’analisi dell’evoluzione storica è stata effettuata una caratterizzazione costruttiva degli elementi strutturali tramite rilievi e sono state quindi individuate le vulnerabilità strutturali che potrebbero portare, in caso di sisma, all’attivazione dei cinematismi di collasso. Si è poi svolta un’analisi del livello di sicurezza sismica secondo il livello di valutazione LV1, cioè un’analisi qualitativa secondo modelli semplificati, applicando il modello semplificato proposto dalle Linee Guida per la tipologia “Palazzi, ville e altre strutture con pareti di spina ed orizzontamenti intermedi”, che ha lo scopo di fornire come risultato un indice della sicurezza sismica dell’intero edificio. I risultati della valutazione globale sono affiancati dai risultati ottenuti tramite l’applicazione delle tabelle CINE, che esemplificano e sintetizzano gli aspetti significati dei cinematismi di collasso e permettono di effettuare delle verifiche locali. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, sono stati progettati diversi interventi strutturali, con lo scopo di migliorare la sicurezza sismica dell’edificio, concepiti con lo scopo di eliminare o limitare le vulnerabilità dell’edificio, con particolare attenzione ai temi della scatolarità dell’edificio e della presenza di connessioni tra strutture verticali e orizzontali. Per verificare l’efficacia di questi interventi sono state ripetute le verifiche del cinematismi locali tramite le tabelle CINE e i risultati sono stati positivi, in quanto l’accelerazione necessaria per l’attivazione dei cinematismi ora risulta essere uguale o superiore a quella caratteristica del sito.

Synthesis of 4-arm star poly(L-Lactide) oligomers using an in situ-generated calcium-based initiator

Using an in situ-generated calcium-based initiating species derived from pentaerythritol, the bulk synthesis of well-defined 4-arm star poly(L-lactide) oligomers has been studied in detail. The substitution of the traditional initiator, stannous octoate with calcium hydride allowed the synthesis of oligomers that had both low PDIs and a comparable number of polymeric arms (3.7 – 3.9) to oligomers of similar molecular weight. Investigations into the degree of control observed during the course of the polymerization found that the insolubility of pentaerythritol in molten L-lactide resulted in an uncontrolled polymerization only when the feed mole ratio of L-lactide to pentaerythritol was 13. At feed ratios of 40 and greater, a pseudo-living polymerization was observed. As part of this study, in situ FT-Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated to be a suitable method to monitor the kinetics of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide. The advantages of using this technique rather than FT-IR-ATR and 1H NMR for monitoring L-lactide consumption during polymerization are discussed.

Silylation of layered double hydroxides via a calcination−rehydration route

Silylated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized through a surfactant-free method involving an in situ condensation of silane with the surface hydroxyl group of LDHs during its reconstruction in carbonate solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the silylation reaction occurred on the external surfaces of LDHs layers. The successful silylation was evidenced by 29Si cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy, and infrared emission spectroscopy (IES). The ribbon shaped crystallites with a “rodlike” aggregation were observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The aggregation was explained by the T2 and T3 types of linkage between adjacent silane molecules as indicated in the 29Si NMR spectrum. In addition, the silylated products show high thermal stability by maintained Si related bands even when the temperature was increased to 1000 °C as observed in IES spectra.

A spectroscopic investigation of pigment and ceramic samples from Copán, Honduras

A combination of micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy and SEM–EDX was employed to characterize decorative pigments on Classic Maya ceramics from Copán, Honduras. Variation in red paint mixtures was correlated with changing ceramic types and improvements in process and firing techniques. We have confirmed the use of specular hematite on Coner ceramics by the difference in intensities of Raman bands. Different compositions of brown paint were correlated with imported and local wares. The carbon-iron composition of the ceramic type, Surlo Brown, was confirmed. By combining micro-Raman analysis with micro-ATR infrared and SEM–EDX, we have achieved a more comprehensive characterization of the paint mixtures. These spectroscopic techniques can be used non-destructively on raw samples as a rapid confirmation of ceramic type.

Near-infrared spectroscopic studies of human scalp hair in a forensic context

Human hair is a relatively inert biopolymer and can survive through natural disasters. It is also found as trace evidence at crime scenes. Previous studies by FTIRMicrospectroscopy and – Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) successfully showed that hairs can be matched and discriminated on the basis of gender, race and hair treatment, when interpreted by chemometrics. However, these spectroscopic techniques are difficult to operate at- or on-field. On the other hand, some near infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) instruments equipped with an optical probe, are portable and thus, facilitate the on- or at –field measurements for potential application directly at a crime or disaster scene. This thesis is focused on bulk hair samples, which are free of their roots, and thus, independent of potential DNA contribution for identification. It explores the building of a profile of an individual with the use of the NIRS technique on the basis of information on gender, race and treated hair, i.e. variables which can match and discriminate individuals. The complex spectra collected may be compared and interpreted with the use of chemometrics. These methods can then be used as protocol for further investigations. Water is a common substance present at forensic scenes e.g. at home in a bath, in the swimming pool; it is also common outdoors in the sea, river, dam, puddles and especially during DVI incidents at the seashore after a tsunami. For this reason, the matching and discrimination of bulk hair samples after the water immersion treatment was also explored. Through this research, it was found that Near Infrared Spectroscopy, with the use of an optical probe, has successfully matched and discriminated bulk hair samples to build a profile for the possible application to a crime or disaster scene. Through the interpretation of Chemometrics, such characteristics included Gender and Race. A novel approach was to measure the spectra not only in the usual NIR range (4000 – 7500 cm-1) but also in the Visible NIR (7500 – 12800 cm-1). This proved to be particularly useful in exploring the discrimination of differently coloured hair, e.g. naturally coloured, bleached or dyed. The NIR region is sensitive to molecular vibrations of the hair fibre structure as well as that of the dyes and damage from bleaching. But the Visible NIR region preferentially responds to the natural colourants, the melanin, which involves electronic transitions. This approach was shown to provide improved discrimination between dyed and untreated hair. This thesis is an extensive study of the application of NIRS with the aid of chemometrics, for matching and discrimination of bulk human scalp hair. The work not only indicates the strong potential of this technique in this field but also breaks new ground with the exploration of the use of the NIR and Visible NIR ranges for spectral sampling. It also develops methods for measuring spectra from hair which has been immersed in different water media (sea, river and dam)