Governo rev�� (de novo) previsão de superávit fiscal para 2016

Governo rev�� (de novo) previsão de superávit fiscal para 2016

Uma breve biografia de Stephen Gray (1666-1736)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Is The amphibian tree of life really fatally flawed?

Wiens (2007, Q. Rev. Biol. 82, 55-56) recently published a severe critique of Frost et al.'s (2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 297, 1-370) monographic study of amphibian systematics, concluding that it is a disaster and recommending that readers simply ignore this study. Beyond the hyperbole, Wiens raised four general objections that he regarded as fatal flaws: (1) the sampling design was insufficient for the generic changes made and taxonomic changes were made without including all type species; (2) the nuclear gene most commonly used in amphibian phylogenetics, RAG-1, was not included, nor were the morphological characters that had justified the older taxonomy; (3) the analytical method employed is questionable because equally weighted parsimony assumes that all characters are evolving at equal rates; and (4) the results were at times clearly erroneous, as evidenced by the inferred non-monophyly of marsupial frogs. In this paper we respond to these criticisms. In brief: (1) the study of Frost et al. did not exist in a vacuum and we discussed our evidence and evidence previously obtained by others that documented the non-monophyletic taxa that we corrected. Beyond that, we agree that all type species should ideally be included, but inclusion of all potentially relevant type species is not feasible in a study of the magnitude of Frost et al. and we contend that this should not prevent progress in the formulation of phylogenetic hypotheses or their application outside of systematics. (2) Rhodopsin, a gene included by Frost et al. is the nuclear gene that is most commonly used in amphibian systematics, not RAG-1. Regardless, ignoring a study because of the absence of a single locus strikes us as unsound practice. With respect to previously hypothesized morphological synapomorphies, Frost et al. provided a lengthy review of the published evidence for all groups, and this was used to inform taxonomic decisions. We noted that confirming and reconciling all morphological transformation series published among previous studies needed to be done, and we included evidence from the only published data set at that time to explicitly code morphological characters (including a number of traditionally applied synapomorphies from adult morphology) across the bulk of the diversity of amphibians (Haas, 2003, Cladistics 19, 23-90). Moreover, the phylogenetic results of the Frost et al. study were largely consistent with previous morphological and molecular studies and where they differed, this was discussed with reference to the weight of evidence. (3) The claim that equally weighted parsimony assumes that all characters are evolving at equal rates has been shown to be false in both analytical and simulation studies. (4) The claimed strong support for marsupial frog monophyly is questionable. Several studies have also found marsupial frogs to be non-monophyletic. Wiens et al. (2005, Syst. Biol. 54, 719-748) recovered marsupial frogs as monophyletic, but that result was strongly supported only by Bayesian clade confidence values (which are known to overestimate support) and bootstrap support in his parsimony analysis was < 50%. Further, in a more recent parsimony analysis of an expanded data set that included RAG-1 and the three traditional morphological synapomorphies of marsupial frogs, Wiens et al. (2006, Am. Nat. 168, 579-596) also found them to be non-monophyletic.Although we attempted to apply the rule of monophyly to the naming of taxonomic groups, our phylogenetic results are largely consistent with conventional views even if not wth the taxonomy current at the time of our writing. Most of our taxonomic changes addressed examples of non-monophyly that had previously been known or suspected (e.g., the non-monophyly of traditional Hyperoliidae, Microhylidae, Hemiphractinae, Leptodactylidae, Phrynobatrachus, Ranidae, Rana, Bufo; and the placement of Brachycephalus within Eleutherodactylus, and Lineatriton within Pseudoeurycea), and it is troubling that Wiens and others, as evidenced by recent publications, continue to perpetuate recognition of non-monophyletic taxonomic groups that so profoundly misrepresent what is known about amphibian phylogeny. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2007.

Report of the ECLAC Ad Hoc Committee on Population and Development and resolution 670(XXXIV) Ad Hoc Committee on Population and Development of the Economic Commision for Latin America and the Caribbean (Rev.1)

Includes bibliography

Informe del Comité Especial de la CEPAL sobre Población y Desarrollo, resolución 670(XXXIV) del Trigésimo Cuarto Período de Sesiones de la CEPAL (Rev.1)

Incluye Bibliografía.

Contribuciones de la CEPAL para el seguimiento e implementación de la Carta de San José sobre los derechos de las personas mayores 2012-2013 (Rev.1)

Incluye Bibliografía.

Tradução comentada de artigos de Stephen Gray (1966-1736) e reprodução de experimentos históricos com materiais acessíveis: subsídios para o ensino de eletricidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A cadeira de rodas de Stephen Hawking: religião, representação do outro e da ciência em escolas públicas de Penápolis na virada do século XX para o XXI (1990-2008)

Pós-graduação em História - FCLAS

As economias extrativas e o subdesenvolvimento da Amazônia brasileira: contribuições do Prof. Stephen Bunker

Este texto é uma homenagem dos Novos Cadenos do NAEA ao Prof. Stephen Bunker, recentemente falecido. O objetivo geral é refletir sobre a obra do professor, que desempenhou um importante papel na história das idéias sobre a Região Amazônica brasileira, ressaltando o modelo empírico e teórico-interpretativo desse intelectual, elaborado no contexto do debate sobre o desenvolvimento regional no período de 1975 a 2005. O Prof. Stephen Bunker consagrou-se como um brasilianista especialista no exame das “economias extrativas”, pelo valor de seu modelo explicativo do subdesenvolvimento das regiões ricas em matérias-primas.

Stephen Gray e a descoberta dos condutores e isolantes: tradução comentada de seus artigos sobre eletricidade e reprodução de seus principais experimentos

O livro expõe a trajetória de Stephen Gray (1666‑1736), cientista inglês que dedicou sua vida à Astronomia e à Física, especificamente na área da Eletricidade, e realizou uma série de experimentos que levaram a conclusões inéditas para a época. Sua principal descoberta foi perceber que existem dois tipos de substâncias com propriedades elétricas muito distintas, hoje conhecidas como condutores e isolantes. A obra mostra que Gray foi o primeiro cientista da história a atribuir aos metais e outros condutores a propriedade de atrair corpos leves colocados em suas proximidades, fenômeno que atualmente é conhecido como indução ou polarização elétrica. E também o pioneiro na criação de eletretos, substâncias que apresentam uma eletrização de longa duração, mostrando ainda como preservar temporalmente a eletrização dos corpos. Os autores apresentam uma breve biografia do cientista Stephen Gray, que apesar de sua importância permanece bastante desconhecido dos pesquisadores contemporâneos, principalmente brasileiros, uma vez que seus escritos e experimentos carecem de divulgação no país. Por conta dessa condição, a obra traz a tradução de seus dez artigos sobre eletricidade. Os experimentos de Gray são contextualizados, ilustrados com figuras didáticas e explicados com base nos conhecimentos atuais da Física. O livro mostra também como reproduzir os principais experimentos do cientista inglês com a utilização de materiais de baixo custo. De acordo com os autores, com o objetivo de motivar outros cientistas a se aprofundarem nessas pesquisas e a desenvolverem a obra de Gray de forma que seja utilizada no ensino, o livro busca “resgatar a memória desse grande pesquisador, que tinha um olhar afiado, era bastante preciso em suas explicações, criativo em suas ideias e muito claro em seus textos”

Prostituição e morte em Maggie: a girl of the streets: uma leitura feminista sobre a Slum fiction norte-americana de Stephen Crane

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

Based on the morphology of workers, gynes and males, we revise the taxonomy of nominal taxa traditionally included by authors in the fungus-growing ant genus Mycetophylax. Our results indicate that Mycetophylax Emery (Myrmicocrypta brittoni Wheeler, 1907, type species, by designation of Emery, 1913; junior synonym of Cyphomyrmex conformis Mayr, 1884 by Kempf, 1962) includes M. conformis, M. simplex (Emery, 1888), and M. morschi (Emery, 1888) new combination (formerly in Cyphomyrmex), with several synonymies. Mycetophylax bruchi (Santschi, 1916) does not belong to the same genus and is diagnosed, in addition to other characters, by a psammophore arising at the anterior margin of the clypeus. For this species we are resurrecting from synonymy Paramycetophylax Kusnezov, 1956 (Mycetophylax bruchi as type species, by original designation, with M. cristulatus as its new synonym). Myrmicocrypta emeryi Forel, 1907 is the only attine in which females lack the median clypeal seta and have the antennal insertion areas very much enlarged and anteriorly produced, with the psammophore setae arising from the middle of the clypeus and not at its anterior margin as in Paramycetophylax. Notwithstanding its inclusion in Mycetophylax by recent authors, it is here recognized as belonging to a hitherto undescribed, thus far monotypic genus, Kalathomyrmex new genus (Myrmicocrypta emeryi as its type species, here designated). We redescribe workers, gynes and males of all species in the three genera and describe for the first time gynes of Mycetophylax conformis and M. simplex, males of M. simplex and M. morschi, and gynes of P. bruchi. Furthermore we present a key to the workers of the taxa treated here (most formerly included under the name Mycetophylax), a key to workers of the Mycetophylax in the revised sense, SEM pictures and high resolution AutoMontage(C) photographs of the species, along with maps of collection records and a summary of biological observations.

A behavioral intervention in a cohort of Japanese-Brazilians at high cardiometabolic risk

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a health promotion program on cardiometabolic risk profile in Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: A total of 466 subjects from a study on diabetes prevalence conducted in the city of Bauru, southeastern Brazil, in 2000 completed a 1-year intervention program (2005-2006) based on healthy diet counseling and physical activity. Changes in blood pressure and metabolic parameters in the 2005-2006 period were compared with annual changes in these same variables in the 2000-2005 period. RESULTS: During the intervention, there were greater annual reductions in mean (SD) waist circumference [-0.5(3.8) vs. 1.2(1.2) cm per year, p<0.001], systolic blood pressure [-4.6(17.9) vs. 1.8(4.3) mmHg per year, p<0.001], 2-hour plasma glucose [-1.2(2.1) vs. -0.2(0.6) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], LDL-cholesterol [-0.3(0.9) vs. -0.1(0.2) mmol/L per year, p<0.001] and Framingham coronary heart disease risk score [-0.25(3.03) vs. 0.11(0.66) per year, p=0.02] but not in triglycerides [0.2(1.6) vs. 0.1(0.42) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], and fasting insulin level [1.2(5.8) vs. -0.7(2.2) IU/mL per year, p<0.001] compared with the pre-intervention period. Significant reductions in the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes were seen during the intervention (from 58.4% to 35.4%, p<0.001; and from 30.1% to 21.7%, p= 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A one-year community-based health promotion program brings cardiometabolic benefits in a high-risk population of Japanese-Brazilians.