Sex Trafficking of Minors in the U.S.: Implications for Policy, Prevention and Research

Context: Information currently available on the trafficking of minors in the U.S. for commercial sexual exploitation includes approximations of the numbers involved, risk factors that increase the likelihood of victimization and methods of recruitment and control. However, specific characteristics about this vulnerable population remain largely unknown. Objective: This article has two distinct purposes. The first is to provide the reader with an overview of available information on minor sex trafficking in the U.S. The second is to present findings and discuss policy, research, and educational implications from secondary data analysis of 115 cases of minor sex trafficking in the U.S. Design: Minor sex trafficking cases were identified through two main venues - a review of U.S. Department of Justice press releases of human trafficking cases and an online search of media reports. Searches covered the time period from October 28, 2000, which coincided with the passage of the VTVPA through October 31, 2009. Cases were included in analysis if the incident involved at least one victim under the age of 18, occurred in the U.S., and at least one perpetrator had been arrested, indicted, or convicted. Results: A total of 115 separate incidents involving at least 153 victims were located. These occurrences involved 215 perpetrators, with the majority of them having been convicted (n = 117, 53.4%), The number of victims involved in a single incident ranged from 1 to 9. Over 90% of victims were female who ranged in age from 5 to 17 years. There were more U.S. minor victims than those from other countries. Victims had been in captivity from less than 6 months to 5 years. Minors most commonly fell into exploitation through some type of false promise indicated (16.3%, n = 25), followed by kidnapping (9.8%, n = 15). Over a fifth of the sample (22.2%, n = 34) were abused through two commercial sex practices, with almost all (94.1%, n = 144) used in prostitution. One of every five victims (24.8%, n = 38) had been advertised on an Internet website. Conclusions: Results of a review of known information about minor sex trafficking and findings from analysis of 115 incidents of the sex trafficking of youth in the U.S. indicate a need for stronger legislation to educate various professional groups, more comprehensive services for victims, stricter laws for pimps and traffickers, and preventive educational interventions beginning at a young age.

Human Trafficking, Sex Tourism, and Child Exploitation on the Southern Border

Human trafficking and various other forms of child sexual exploitation on the United States-Mexico border are described from social science and law enforcement perspectives, including current laws and definitions, case examples, and descriptions of victims and traffickers. The Southern Border Initiative of the AMBER Alert Project is outlined as one effort to combat trafficking through collaboration between law enforcement agencies and programs in the United States and Mexico. Policy recommendations include increasing knowledge and collaboration between law enforcement, social service agencies, and judicial systems across the border region and between the United States and Mexico.

Frauen- und Kinderhandel als sozialpolitisches Thema? Antworten aus dem Völkerbund und die Rezeption in der Schweiz

Der Artikel fragt nach sozialpolitischen Aspekten der internationalen Bekämpfung von Frauen- und Kinderhandel in der Zwischenkriegszeit und deren Ausstrahlung in die Schweiz. Zunächst sind die Diskussionen auf internationaler Ebene Thema, wobei auf die Arbeit der Völkerbundkommission zur Bekämpfung von Frauen- und Kinderhandel und spezifischer auf eine Völkerbund-Enquête zur sozialen Reintegration von Prostituierten eingegangen wird. In dieser Enquête schlug die Völkerbundkommission Massnahmen zur Verbesserung der sozialen Lage von Frauen der Unterschicht, zur medizinisch-fürsorgerischen Behandlung der Prostituierten und zur strafrechtlichen Verfolgung von organisierter Prostitution vor. Das Beispiel der Schweiz zeigt, inwiefern ein Land die sozialpolitischen Vorschläge aus den Völkerbunddiskussionen bezüglich Frauen- und Kinderhandel rezipierte. Der vom Völkerbund verfolgte Ansatz war in der Schweiz kaum anschlussfähig, weil einerseits die schweizerischen sozialpolitischen Diskussionen Familien priorisierten, so dass Frauen nicht unabhängig von ihrer Rolle in der Familie als unterstützungswürdig betrachtet wurden. Andererseits führten private Organisationen bereits einige der fürsorgerischen Tätigkeiten aus und wehrten sich gegen eine Verstaatlichung ihrer Aufgaben, die eine Säkularisierung und eine Beschneidung ihres Einflusses bedeutet hätte.

Freiheit der Freimädchen: Während wir mit allen uns zu Gebothe stehenden Mitteln alles Mögliche anwenden ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Neben der Reaktion ist der größte Feind der Freiheit der Freiheitsmißbrauch. Aufruf zur Eindämmung der seit dem 13. März 1848 überhandnehmenden Prostitution

Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Missing Children in the Coastal Region of Sao Paulo State, Brazil

The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) has emerged as one of the world’s most heinous crimes. The problem affects millions of children worldwide and no country or community is fully immune from its effects. This paper reports first generation research of the relationship that exists between CSEC and the phenomenon of missing children living in and around the coastal regions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, the country’s richest State. Data are reported from interviews and case records of 64 children and adolescents, who were receiving care through a major youth serving non-governmental organization (NGO) located in the coastal city of Sao Vicente. Also, data about missing children and adolescents were collected from Police Reports – a total of 858 Police Reports. In Brazil, prostitution is not a crime itself, however, the exploitation of prostitution is a crime. Therefore, the police have no information about children or adolescents in this situation, they only have information about the clients and exploiters. Thus, this investigation sought to accomplish two objectives: 1) to establish the relationship between missing and sexual exploited children; and 2) to sensitize police and child-serving authorities in both the governmental and nongovernmental sectors to the nature, extent, and seriousness of many unrecognized cases of CSEC and missing children that come to their attention. The observed results indicated that the missing children police report are significantly underestimated. They do not represent the number of children that run away and/or are involved in commercial sexual exploitation.

Occupational health and safety among commercial sex workers in Ghana

The topic of occupational health and safety (OHS) has been investigated for many years and continues to be a concept often researched today. Generally speaking OHS research has been centered around food safety, construction safety, transportation safety, fire safety, drug and alcohol testing, health and medical management, and industrial hygiene to name a few. However, the concept of OHS concerning female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) has rarely been investigated, often neglected, seldom discussed and is lacking in sound research. Although regarded as the "oldest profession", commercial sex work (CSW) has consistently been ignored, disregarded and under-researched due to the illegality and stigmatization of prostitution. This paper reviews occupational safety and health issues faced by FCSWs in Tema and Accra, Ghana, through in-depth interviews, visits to women's homes, field work, informal conversations and participant observations with FCSWs over a period of two months. Facets of OHS that emerged among FCSWs included sexually transmissible infections, risks associated with harassment and violence from police and clients, alcohol and drug use, irregular hospital visits and/or lack of hospital visits, immigration issues, legal and policing risks. We argue that CSW be viewed as an occupation in great need of interventions to reduce workplace risks and improve the health and safety of FCSWs^

Cada prostituta en su lugar : la sexualidad para definir el espacio urbano

Este artículo parte del análisis de los discursos sociales acerca del espacio prostibulario en tanto son espacios estratégicos de producción, circulación y reforzamiento de los imaginarios sociales sobre la prostitución. La articulación teórica de los llamados estudios de género y los estudios de las ciudades desde la comunicación será útil para repensar los usos del espacio público que se proponen desde las políticas públicas institucionales y los itinerarios territoriales que elabora la ciudadanía en torno a la sexualidad. Este proceso permitirá identificar la delimitación de los espacios de diversión, cómo el tiempo resignifica el espacio, las fronteras sexuales, la invisibilidad de la prostitución y las relaciones de poder que sostienen o cuestionan el mapa urbano de la sexualidad. El objetivo de este trabajo será reconstruir las disputas por el espacio y su articulación con la construcción hegemónica de la sexualidad femenina.

Herramientas para el estudio de la prostitución femenina

Fil: Irrazábal, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Sobre las "asalariadas del amor" : Prostitución y norma (Argentina y España, fin-du-siècle)

El trabajo indaga aspectos vinculados a la gestión pública de la prostitución, en cuánto estrategia biopolítica aplicada sobre el binomio sexualidad-reproducción, para concentrarse particularmente en Argentina y España durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y las primeras del XX. El interés comparativo del enfoque halla sustento en la existencia en esos países de ciudades afines en lo cultural, como Buenos Aires y Barcelona, con urbanización creciente y paralela inmigración masculina, por una parte; y, por otra, por la impronta eugénico-biotipológica compartida entre ambos y que resultara funcional a ciertas hipótesis construidas en torno a las enfermedades de transmisión sexual

Herramientas para el estudio de la prostitución femenina

Fil: Irrazábal, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Sobre las "asalariadas del amor" : Prostitución y norma (Argentina y España, fin-du-siècle)

El trabajo indaga aspectos vinculados a la gestión pública de la prostitución, en cuánto estrategia biopolítica aplicada sobre el binomio sexualidad-reproducción, para concentrarse particularmente en Argentina y España durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y las primeras del XX. El interés comparativo del enfoque halla sustento en la existencia en esos países de ciudades afines en lo cultural, como Buenos Aires y Barcelona, con urbanización creciente y paralela inmigración masculina, por una parte; y, por otra, por la impronta eugénico-biotipológica compartida entre ambos y que resultara funcional a ciertas hipótesis construidas en torno a las enfermedades de transmisión sexual

Sobre las "asalariadas del amor" : Prostitución y norma (Argentina y España, fin-du-siècle)

El trabajo indaga aspectos vinculados a la gestión pública de la prostitución, en cuánto estrategia biopolítica aplicada sobre el binomio sexualidad-reproducción, para concentrarse particularmente en Argentina y España durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y las primeras del XX. El interés comparativo del enfoque halla sustento en la existencia en esos países de ciudades afines en lo cultural, como Buenos Aires y Barcelona, con urbanización creciente y paralela inmigración masculina, por una parte; y, por otra, por la impronta eugénico-biotipológica compartida entre ambos y que resultara funcional a ciertas hipótesis construidas en torno a las enfermedades de transmisión sexual

Herramientas para el estudio de la prostitución femenina

Fil: Irrazábal, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Comparative analysis of bilateral memoranda on anti-human trafficking cooperation between Thailand and three neighboring countries : what do the origin and the destination states agree upon?

In order to prevent, suppress and punish human trafficking, bilateral agreements between origin of victim countries and destination countries are crucial, because their cooperation involves cross-border activities such as repatriation of victims, extradition of criminals and information-sharing. This article analyzes three bilateral legal instruments between The Government of The Kingdom of Thailand and her three neighboring countries, namely The Royal Government of Cambodia, The Government of Lao People's Democratic Republic and The Government of The Union of Myanmar. The analysis will examine the legal status of the victim, the victim as witness in criminal proceedings, the victim protection programs, the recovery and restitution of damages, the process of repatriating the victim, and the prosecution of the criminal.