Postharvest quality changes in fresh-cut watercress stored under conventional and inert gas-enriched modified atmosphere packaging

The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest quality of fresh-cut watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) stored at 4 ºC for 7 d was studied. A portion of watercress was immediately analyzed (non-stored control) and the remaining fresh material was stored packaged under atmospheres enriched with N2, Ar, air, or vacuum. The analyzed parameters included colour, total soluble solids, pH, macronutrients, the individual profiles of sugars, organic acids, tocopherols and fatty acids, and total phenolics and flavonoids. Furthermore, four in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity. After assessing the effect on individual quality parameters, it was possible to conclude that air was the less efficient atmosphere in preserving quality attributes of the non-stored control samples during cold storage. In turn, Ar-enriched MAP was the most suitable choice to preserve the overall postharvest quality. The present study also highlighted the nutritional and antioxidant properties of watercress, as well as the interest of its inclusion in human diets.

Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Use in Food Packaging Films

The use of nanoparticles in food packaging has been proposed on the basis that it could improve protection of foods by, for example, reducing permeation of gases, minimizing odor loss, and increasing mechanical strength and thermal stability. Consequently, the impacts of such nanoparticles on organisms and on the environment need to be investigated to ensure their safe use. In an earlier study, Moura and others (2008a) described the effect of addition of chitosan (CS) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, water vapor, and oxygen permeability of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films used in food packaging. Here, the genotoxicity of different polymeric CS/PMAA nanoparticles (size 60, 82, and 111 nm) was evaluated at different concentration levels, using the Allium cepa chromosome damage test as well as cytogenetic tests employing human lymphocyte cultures. Test substrates were exposed to solutions containing nanoparticles at polymer mass concentrations of 1.8, 18, and 180 mg/L. Results showed no evidence of DNA damage caused by the nanoparticles (no significant numerical or structural changes were observed), however the 82 and 111 nm nanoparticles reduced mitotic index values at the highest concentration tested (180 mg/L), indicating that the nanoparticles were toxic to the cells used at this concentration. In the case of the 60 nm CS/PMAA nanoparticles, no significant changes in the mitotic index were observed at the concentration levels tested, indicating that these particles were not toxic. The techniques used show promising potential for application in tests of nanoparticle safety envisaging the future use of these materials in food packaging.

Realizzazione grafica del catalogo di nuovi materiali biocompositi con applicazione progettuale nel packaging cosmetico

Il primo capitolo introduce l’importante problema dei rifiuti plastici e l’impatto che hanno nell’ambiente, esaminando sia i rifiuti plastici di grandi dimensioni sia le microplastiche. A riguardo, un documento molto significativo è quello della New Plastics Economy: questo raccoglie rilevanti informazioni sull’andamento della produzione e dei rifiuti plastici negli anni e va a delineare dei suggerimenti, delle linee guida che dovrebbero essere adottate per migliorare questa attuale condizione di crisi ambientale dovuta proprio alle materie plastiche. Il secondo capitolo ha il compito di introdurre i trentasei nuovi biocompositi in fase di produzione e sperimentazione e con loro il primo progetto grafico di tesi del catalogo per l’azienda Arianna Fibers. Una prima parte affronta il tema della valorizzazione dello scarto. Ed è qui che i gusci di frutta secca hanno l’opportunità di trasformarsi da rifiuto in risorsa, da materia di scarto in materia prima. Karà bio-compositi sono dei nuovi materiali composti da una matrice di bioplastica biodegradabile e da scarti di gusci di frutta secca. Il mio obiettivo è stato quello di progettare un catalogo di questi materiali che raccoglie campioni materici, informazioni, foto, render e applicazioni. Il terzo capitolo riguarda la progettazione del packaging cosmetico come applicazione dei nuovi materiali biocompositi precedentemente descritti. Si parla dunque di Impronta Ambientale, LCA ed Ecodesign del packaging cosmetico e da queste ed altre valutazioni su casi studio presenti sul mercato nasce Karà bio-cosmetics: una linea di packaging cosmetici sostenibili realizzati con i materiali biocompositi biodegradabili. La tipologia di materiale scelto è quella dei biocompositi a matrice PHA, unica bioplastica biodegradabile in ambiente aperto. Si tratta di una linea di diversi pezzi associabili a vari tipi di cosmetici che l’utente potrà poi personalizzare.

Ottimizzazione della Scheda Prodotto nei sistemi informativi gestionali in un’azienda nel settore del packaging farmaceutico

Questo elaborato è stato svolto all'interno della Marchesini Group, nell'Headquarter di Pianoro al secondo piano nell'ufficio analisi ordini. Nella prima parte di questo documento è stata fatta una profonda analisi di quello che è il contesto industriale di riferimento, packaging farmaceutico, dell'industria 4.0 e di come l'Azienda si approccia a tutto ciò. Prosegue con una breve descrizione dell'azienda e delle normative di rifermento. Nella seconda parte dell'elaborato è stata svolta una profonda analisi del processo che va dalla ricezione dell'ordine alla spedizione della macchina/linea al cliente, quindi dell'intero ciclo di vita della commessa. Attraverso questa analisi sono state analizzate le criticità delle diverse attività svolte, da diverse risorse e gli strumenti, utilizzati, attraverso cui vengono portate a termine. La figura del Project coordinator, la scheda prodotto, la macro-pianificazione e il cruscotto sono gli elementi che sono stati maggiormente analizzati. Sono stati analizzati i loro punti deboli e proposte soluzioni migliorative. E' stato analizzato il modo di introdurle e valutato il loro impatto a livello economico nel breve periodo. Alla fine c'è una piccola considerazione su quali aspetti andrebbero ulteriormente approfonditi.

Progettazione e implementazione in ambiente virtuale di una attrezzatura a supporto dell’industria del packaging

Lo studio effettuato durante il lavoro di tirocinio, da cui nasce la tesi, verte sulla progettazione ed implementazione in ambiente virtuale di una tavola rotante customizzata per la saldatura di supporti per gruppo bobine, contrappeso e guida rulli su anelli calandrati, richiesta da un fornitore dell’azienda Pieri s.r.l. presso la quale si è svolto il tirocinio medesimo. Il fornitore, infatti, si occupa di effettuare operazioni di saldatura su componenti delle macchine avvolgipallet, sviluppate e progettate dall’azienda Pieri. Per soddisfare la richiesta, si è ingegnerizzato il processo tanto che la macchina progettata facilita l’operatore nelle lavorazioni che deve effettuare, riducendo così il suo affaticamento, migliorando i tempi e la qualità di lavorazione. Dopo il tirocinio in azienda, il progetto è stato implementato in ambiente virtuale all’interno del laboratorio di Realtà Virtuale della sede di Ingegneria di Forlì, utilizzando il visore Meta Quest 2, con il quale si è creata un’applicazione che ha permesso al fornitore di fare più opportune valutazioni riguardanti la macchina sviluppata. Nell’ambiente virtuale, infatti, si può interagire non solo tramite visualizzazione, ma esiste la possibilità di gestire il funzionamento della macchina stessa ed apprezzare le configurazioni relative alle tre tipologie di anelli calandrati processati. Inoltre, permette di effettuare training in merito alle operazioni di saldatura e su alcune azioni relative al montaggio e smontaggio della macchina.

studio ed ottimizzazione del modello di valutazione del rapporto fra risorse ed obiettivi di consegna in un’azienda leader nel settore del packaging farmaceutico e cosmetico

Il presente elaborato di tesi riguarda uno studio che è stato portato avanti durante il tirocinio curriculare svolto nell’ufficio Engineering di Marchesini Group S.p.A., azienda leader nella produzione di macchine automatiche per il packaging di prodotti farmaceutici e cosmetici. Dopo aver riscontrato alcune criticità nelle modalità con le quali vengono attualmente pianificate e gestite le risorse appartenenti ai team produttivi e con le quali vengono valutati i carichi di lavoro, si sono elaborati dei modelli e degli strumenti che permettono di migliorare ed ottimizzare l’assegnazione delle risorse ai gruppi e di visualizzare in tempo reale la distribuzione dell’impegno di lavoro dei reparti in relazione alla disponibilità in produzione. Le proposte supportano il trend dell’attuale contesto produttivo di garantire un elevato livello di servizio al cliente rispettandone le richieste e i tempi stabiliti. Difatti, un’assegnazione corretta delle risorse in produzione consente di ridurre i ritardi e le inefficienze e, di conseguenza, di migliorare i lead time. In aggiunta, una correlazione chiara e strutturata fra le risorse e gli obiettivi raggiungibili permette di conseguire con maggiore sicurezza i risultati economici stabiliti, evitando di perdere parte del valore potenzialmente collaudabile.

Exposure To Bisphenol-a During Pregnancy Partially Mimics The Effects Of A High-fat Diet Altering Glucose Homeostasis And Gene Expression In Adult Male Mice.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most widespread EDCs used as a base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. The aim of our research has been to study how the exposure to BPA during pregnancy affects weight, glucose homeostasis, pancreatic β-cell function and gene expression in the major peripheral organs that control energy flux: white adipose tissue (WAT), the liver and skeletal muscle, in male offspring 17 and 28 weeks old. Pregnant mice were treated with a subcutaneous injection of 10 µg/kg/day of BPA or a vehicle from day 9 to 16 of pregnancy. One month old offspring were divided into four different groups: vehicle treated mice that ate a normal chow diet (Control group); BPA treated mice that also ate a normal chow diet (BPA); vehicle treated animals that had a high fat diet (HFD) and BPA treated animals that were fed HFD (HFD-BPA). The BPA group started to gain weight at 18 weeks old and caught up to the HFD group before week 28. The BPA group as well as the HFD and HFD-BPA ones presented fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and high levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma compared with the Control one. Glucose stimulated insulin release was disrupted, particularly in the HFD-BPA group. In WAT, the mRNA expression of the genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, Srebpc1, Pparα and Cpt1β was decreased by BPA to the same extent as with the HFD treatment. BPA treatment upregulated Pparγ and Prkaa1 genes in the liver; yet it diminished the expression of Cd36. Hepatic triglyceride levels were increased in all groups compared to control. In conclusion, male offspring from BPA-treated mothers presented symptoms of diabesity. This term refers to a form of diabetes which typically develops in later life and is associated with obesity.

Evaluation of the performance of different plastics used to seal nylon cDNA arrays

cDNA arrays are a powerful tool for discovering gene expression patterns. Nylon arrays have the advantage that they can be re-used several times. A key issue in high throughput gene expression analysis is sensitivity. In the case of nylon arrays, signal detection can be affected by the plastic bags used to keep membranes humid. In this study, we evaluated the effect of five types of plastics on the radioactive transmittance, number of genes with a signal above the background, and data variability. A polyethylene plastic bag 69 μm thick had a strong shielding effect that blocked 68.7% of the radioactive signal. The shielding effect on transmittance decreased the number of detected genes and increased the data variability. Other plastics which were thinner gave better results. Although plastics made from polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride (both 13 μm thick) and polyethylene (29 and 7 μm thick) showed different levels of transmittance, they all gave similarly good performances. Polyvinylidene chloride and polyethylene 29 mm thick were the plastics of choice because of their easy handling. For other types of plastics, it is advisable to run a simple check on their performance in order to obtain the maximum information from nylon cDNA arrays.

A method to determine volatile contaminants in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages by HDC-GC-FID and its application to post-consumer materials

A simple and low cost method to determine volatile contaminants in post-consumer recycled PET flakes was developed and validated by Headspace Dynamic Concentration and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (HDC-GC-FID). The analytical parameters evaluated by using surrogates include: correlation coefficient, detection limit, quantification limit, accuracy, intra-assay precision, and inter-assay precision. In order to compare the efficiency of the proposed method to recognized automated techniques, post-consumer PET packaging samples collected in Brazil were used. GC-MS was used to confirm the identity of the substances identified in the PET packaging. Some of the identified contaminants were estimated in the post-consumer material at concentrations higher than 220 ng.g-1. The findings in this work corroborate data available in the scientific literature pointing out the suitability of the proposed analytical method.

Involvement of Clostridium gasigenes and C. algidicarnis in `blown pack` spoilage of Brazilian vacuum-packed beef

The objectives of this study were to isolate psychrotrophic clostridia from Brazilian vacuum-packed beef cuts (spoiled or not) and to identify the isolates by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Anaerobic psychrotrophic microorganisms were also enumerated and samples were collected to verify the incidence of psychrotrophic clostridia in the abattoir environment. Vacuum-packed beef cuts (n = 8 grossly distended and n = 5 non-spoiled) and environmental samples were obtained from a beef packing plant located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Each sample was divided in three subsamples (exudate, beef surface and beef core) that were analyzed for vegetative forms, total spore-forming, and sulfide reducing spore-forming, both activated by alcohol and heat. Biochemical profiles of the isolates were obtained using API20A, with further identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The growth temperature and the pH range were also assessed. Populations of psychrotrophic anaerobic vegetative microorganisms of up to 10(10) CFU/(g, mL or 100 cm(2)) were found in `blown pack` samples, while in non-spoiled samples populations of 10(5) CFU/(g, CFU/mL or CFU/100cm(2)) was found. Overall, a higher population of total spores and sulfide reducing spores activated by heat in spoiled samples was found. Clostridium gasigenes (n = 10) and C. algidicarnis (n = 2) were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among the ten C. gasigenes isolates, six were from spoiled samples (C1, C2 and C9), two were isolated from non-spoiled samples (C4 and C5) and two were isolated from the hide and the abattoir corridor/beef cut conveyor belt. C. algidicarnis was recovered from spoiled beef packs (C2). Although some samples (C3, C7, C10 and C14) presented signs of `blown pack` spoilage, Clostridium was not recovered. C. algidicarnis (n = 1) and C. gasigenes (n = 9) isolates have shown a psychrotrophic behavior, grew in the range 6.2-8.2. This is the first report on the isolation of psychrotrophic Clostridium (C. gasigenes and C. algidicarnis) in Brazil. This study shows that psychrotrophic Clostridium may pose a risk for the stability of vacuum-packed beef produced in tropical countries during shelf-life and highlights the need of adopting control measures to reduce their incidence in abattoir and the occurrence of `blown pack` spoilage. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification of Clay Dispersion in Nanocomposites of Styrenic Polymers

Polymer-clay nanocomposites are materials with many interesting structures, properties, and potential applications. Microstructural evaluation of a nanocomposite is not an easy task, as clay may form hierarchical structures which may look different when observed at various magnifications under a microscope, and also as the concepts of ""intercalation"" and ""exfoliation"" are not self-sufficient to describe its morphology. In this work polymer-clay nanocomposites of polystyrene and two styrene-containing block copolymers (styrene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene) were prepared using three different techniques. Clay dispersion was evaluated by a recently developed microscopy image analysis procedure, combining the analysis of optical and transmission electron micrographs, and the characterization was complemented by X-ray diffraction and rheological measurements. The results showed better clay dispersion for both block copolymers nanocomposites, mainly due to their molecular architectures. Moreover, the techniques which showed the best results involved mixing the materials in a solvent medium. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:257-267, 2010. (C) 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Sensory Stability of Ultra-High Temperature Milk in Polyethylene Bottle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory stability of ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk subjected to different heat treatments and stored at room temperature in white high density polyethylene bottles (HDPE) pigmented with titanium dioxide. Two lots of 300 units each were processed, respectively, at 135 and 141 degrees C/10 s using indirect heating and subsequently aseptically filled in an ISO class 7 clean room. These experimental lots were evaluated for appearance, aroma, flavor, and overall appreciation and compared to samples of commercial UHT milk purchased from local commercial stores. The time-temperature combinations investigated did not affect either the acceptability or the shelf life of the milk. Despite the limited light barrier properties of HDPE bottles, the product contained in the package tested exhibited good stability, with a shelf life ranging from 4 to 11 wk. Within this time period, the acceptability of the experimental lots was similar to that of the commercial products. The results achieved in this study contribute to turn the low-cost UHT system investigated into a technically viable option for small-size dairy processing plants.

Particle size and concentration of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and adipate modified starch blend on mineralization in soils with differing textures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size and concentration of poly(F.-caprolactone) and adipate modified starch blend on mineralization in soils with differing textures, comparing it with polyethylene under the same experimental conditions. Two soil types were used: a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox with a clayey texture and an Arenic Hapludult with a sandy texture. The two different plastic specimens were incorporated in the form of plastic films with three increasing particle sizes and six doses, from 0 to 2.5 mg C g(-1) soil. Each plastic dose was incorporated into 200 g of soil placed in a hermetically closed jar at 28 degrees C, and incubated for a 120-day period to determine CO(2) evolution. Once again it was confirmed that polyethylene is almost non-biodegradable, in contrast to PCL/S, which can be defined as a biodegradable material. Soil texture affected the mineralization kinetics of the plastic specimens, with higher values for the clayey soil. No changes in soil microbial biomass-C or -N were observed by adding polyethylene and PCL/S to the soil. Also, no significant differences were observed on seed emergence and development of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) in plastic modified soil. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A survey on the sanitary condition of commercial foods of plant origin sold in Brazil

The objective of the study was to evaluate the hygienic conditions and practices of commercial foods of plant origin in establishments and street marketed by street vendors in cities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Forty different sales points were evaluated (establishments that prepared and sold fruit juices and street vendors that commercialized fresh coconut water, sugarcane juice and orange juice) using a questionnaire with 12 items, divided into three blocks (salesmen/handlers, operations, installations). The results indicated that the activities related to the commerce of fruit beverages in the cities of Sao Goncalo and Rio de Janeiro required the elaboration of a set of actions by the Sanitary Vigilance Agency in order to improve the hygienic and sanitary level and minimize health risk to consumers. Important requirements in the legislation relevant to this type of food are still not followed; adequate packaging and storage of the raw material, obtaining the raw material from registered suppliers, hygiene of the handlers and adequate management of wastes produced during the activities in question are amongst the main items deserving attention. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in minimally processed leafy vegetables using a combined method based on enrichment and 16S rRNA real-time PCR

Modern lifestyle markedly changed eating habits worldwide, with an increasing demand for ready-to-eat foods, such as minimally processed fruits and leafy greens. Packaging and storage conditions of those products may favor the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, including the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In this work, minimally processed leafy vegetables samples (n = 162) from retail market from Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, were tested for the presence or absence of Listeria spp. by the immunoassay Listeria Rapid Test, Oxoid. Two L. monocytogenes positive and six artificially contaminated samples of minimally processed leafy vegetables were evaluated by the Most Probable Number (MPN) with detection by classical culture method and also culture method combined with real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) for 16S rRNA genes of L monocytogenes. Positive MPN enrichment tubes were analyzed by RTi-PCR with primers specific for L. monocytogenes using the commercial preparation ABSOLUTET (TM) QPCR SYBR (R) Green Mix (ABgene, UK). Real-time PCR assay presented good exclusivity and inclusivity results and no statistical significant difference was found in comparison with the conventional culture method (p < 0.05). Moreover, RTi-PCR was fist and easy to perform, with MPN results obtained in ca. 48 h for RTi-PCR in comparison to 7 days for conventional method. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.