Mídia e risco à saúdeo caso dos emagrecedores

Os inibidores de apetite a base de anfetamina (Femproporex, Anfepramona, Mazindol) foram comercializados no Brasil durante mais de 30 anos. Já a Sibutramina é um medicamento mais recente, cuja entrada no mercado brasileiro data de 1998. Em 2010, a partir de um estudo que avaliou o risco da utilização da Sibutramina entre pacientes obesos, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) inicia um processo de revisão da avaliação de risco relativa a esses quatro medicamentos. No ano seguinte, após um longo processo de discussão com os atores e setores interessados, a autoridade sanitária decide pelo cancelamento do registro dos três inibidores de apetite a base de anfetamina e pela manutenção da sibutramina no mercado, com ampliação do controle sobre a dispensação do produto. Três anos depois, em 2014, o Congresso Nacional apresenta um entendimento diferente em relação ao perfil de segurança/ risco desses medicamentos e, por intermédio de um decreto legislativo, anula a resolução da Anvisa e autoriza a volta dos anorexígenos ao mercado brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar como os sentidos sobre risco foram construídos pelos jornais diários durante a cobertura noticiosa da controvérsia relativa aos emagrecedores, considerando esses dois momentos antagônicos. Para tanto, analisamos 25 notícias produzidas nos anos de 2011 e 2014, comparando os discursos veiculados para identificar as vozes contempladas, os modos de dizer e as redes de sentido mobilizadas A análise qualitativa dos textos foi feita com base nos postulados centrais da Semiologia dos Discursos Sociais. Os resultados apontam para uma linearidade na forma como a imprensa escrita enquadra a controvérsia dos emagrecedores: como uma questão \2018política\2019 e não científica; sem aprofundar as discussões epidemiológicas relativas ao perfil de segurança/risco dos medicamentos; a partir da polarização do debate entre favoráveis e contrários à proibição dos emagrecedores; por meio da valorização da voz de experts e fontes institucionais em detrimento do \2018doente\2019 e do público leigo; a partir de um olhar que demoniza a obesidade e postula a necessidade de tratála com todas as alternativas terapêuticas disponíveis. O discurso do risco está presente na maioria dos textos, mas não assume o centro da cena discursiva, dando lugar a uma cobertura \2018política\2019 que privilegia os conflitos de interesse entre os atores envolvidos, os embates travados com a autoridade sanitária e as contradições do processo. As controvérsias científicas relacionadas ao risco de utilização dos emagrecedores restam suprimidas do debate midiático

Adapting wheat in Europe for climate change

Increasing cereal yield is needed to meet the projected increased demand for world food supply of about 70% by 2050. Sirius, a process-based model for wheat, was used to estimate yield potential for wheat ideotypes optimized for future climatic projections (HadCM3 global climate model) for ten wheat growing areas of Europe. It was predicted that the detrimental effect of drought stress on yield would be decreased due to enhanced tailoring of phenology to future weather patterns, and due to genetic improvements in the response of photosynthesis and green leaf duration to water shortage. Yield advances could be made through extending maturation and thereby improve resource capture and partitioning. However the model predicted an increase in frequency of heat stress at meiosis and anthesis. Controlled environment experiments quantify the effects of heat and drought at booting and flowering on grain numbers and potential grain size. A current adaptation of wheat to areas of Europe with hotter and drier summers is a quicker maturation which helps to escape from excessive stress, but results in lower yields. To increase yield potential and to respond to climate change, increased tolerance to heat and drought stress should remain priorities for the genetic improvement of wheat.

Supra-molecular assembly of a lumican-derived peptide amphiphile enhances its collagen-stimulating activity

C16-YEALRVANEVTLN, a peptide amphiphile (PA) incorporating a biologically active amino acid sequence found in lumican, has been examined for its influence upon collagen synthesis by human corneal fibroblasts in vitro, and the roles of supra-molecular assembly and activin receptor-like kinase ALK receptor signaling in this effect were assessed. Cell viability was monitored using the Alamar blue assay, and collagen synthesis was assessed using Sirius red. The role of ALK signaling was studied by receptor inhibition. Cultured human corneal fibroblasts synthesized significantly greater amounts of collagen in the presence of the PA over both 7-day and 21-day periods. The aggregation of the PA to form nanotapes resulted in a notable enhancement in this activity, with an approximately two-fold increase in collagen production per cell. This increase was reduced by the addition of an ALK inhibitor. The data presented reveal a stimulatory effect upon collagen synthesis by the primary cells of the corneal stroma, and demonstrate a direct influence of supra-molecular assembly of the PA upon the cellular response observed. The effects of PA upon fibroblasts were dependent upon ALK receptor function. These findings elucidate the role of self-assembled nanostructures in the biological activity of peptide amphiphiles, and support the potential use of a self-assembling lumican derived PA as a novel biomaterial, intended to promote collagen deposition for wound repair and tissue engineering purposes

Chemically tagging the Hyades stream: does it partly originate from the Hyades cluster?

The Hyades stream has long been thought to be a dispersed vestige of the Hyades cluster. However, recent analyses of the parallax distribution, of the mass function, and of the action-space distribution of stream stars have shown it to be rather composed of orbits trapped at a resonance of a density disturbance. This resonant scenario should leave a clearly different signature in the element abundances of stream stars than the dispersed cluster scenario, since the Hyades cluster is chemically homogeneous. Here, we study the metallicity as well as the element abundances of Li, Na, Mg, Fe, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd and Eu for a random sample of stars belonging to the Hyades stream, and compare them with those of stars from the Hyades cluster. From this analysis: (i) we independently confirm that the Hyades stream cannot be solely composed of stars originating in the Hyades cluster; (ii) we show that some stars (namely 2/21) from the Hyades stream nevertheless have abundances compatible with an origin in the cluster; (iii) we emphasize that the use of Li as a chemical tag of the cluster origin of main-sequence stars is very efficient in the range 5500 K <= T(eff) <= 6200 K, since the Li sequence in the Hyades cluster is very tight, while at the same time spanning a large abundance range; (iv) we show that, while this evaporated population has a metallicity excess of similar to 0.2 dex with respect to the local thin-disc population, identical to that of the Hyades cluster, the remainder of the Hyades stream population has still a metallicity excess of similar to 0.06-0.15 dex, consistent with an origin in the inner Galaxy and (v) we show that the Hyades stream can be interpreted as an inner 4:1 resonance of the spiral pattern: this then also reproduces an orbital family compatible with the Sirius stream, and places the origin of the Hyades stream up to 1 kpc inwards from the solar radius, which might explain the observed metallicity excess of the stream population.

The connective tissue of the adductor canal - a morphological study in fetal and adult specimens

The adductor canal is a conical or pyramid-shaped pathway that contains the femoral vessels, saphenous nerve and a varying amount of fibrous tissue. It is involved in adductor canal syndrome, a claudication syndrome involving young individuals. Our objective was to study modifications induced by aging on the connective tissue and to correlate them to the proposed pathophysiological mechanism. The bilateral adductor canals and femoral vessels of four adult and five fetal specimens were removed en bloc and analyzed. Sections 12 mu m thick were obtained and the connective tissue studied with Sirius Red, Verhoeff, Weigert and Azo stains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs of the surfaces of each adductor canal were also analyzed. Findings were homogeneous inside each group. The connective tissue of the canal was continuous with the outer layer of the vessels in both groups. The pattern of concentric, thick collagen type I bundles in fetal specimens was replaced by a diffuse network of compact collagen bundles with several transversal fibers and an impressive content of collagen III fibers. Elastic fibers in adults were not concentrated in the thick bundles but dispersed in line with the transversal fiber system. A dynamic compression mechanism with or without an evident constricting fibrous band has been proposed previously for adductor canal syndrome, possibly involving the connective tissue inside the canal. The vessels may not slide freely during movement. These age-related modifications in normal individuals may represent necessary conditions for this syndrome to develop.

Vimentin Expression and Myofibroblast Infiltration Are Early Markers of Renal Dysfunction in Kidney Transplantation: An Early Stage of Chronic Allograft Dysfunction?

Introduction. The objective of this study was to show the morphologic characteristics of allograft renal biopsies in renal transplant patients with stable renal function, which can potentially be early markers of allograft dysfunction, after 5 years of follow-up. Methods. Forty-nine renal transplant patients with stable renal function were submitted to renal biopsies and simultaneous measurement of serum creatinine (Cr). Histology was evaluated using Banff scores, determination of interstitial fibrosis by Sirius red staining and immunohistochemical study of proximal tubule and interstitial compartment (using cytokeratin, vimentin, and myofibroblasts as markers). Biopsies were evaluated according to the presence or absence of the epitheliomesenchymal transition (EMT). The interstitial presence of myofibroblasts and tubular presence of vimentin was also analyzed simultaneously. Renal function was measured over the follow-up period to estimate the reduction of graft function. Results. Median posttransplant time at enrollment was 105 days. Patients were followed for 64.3 +/- 8.5 months. The mean Cr at biopsy time was 1.44 +/- 0.33 mg/dL, and after the follow-up it was 1.29 +/- 0.27 mg/dL. Nine patients (19%) had a reduction of their graft function. Eleven biopsies (22%) had tubulointerstitial alterations according to Banff score. Seventeen biopsies (34%) presented EMT. Fifteen biopsies (32%) had high interstitial expression of myofibroblasts and tubular vimentin. Using Cox multivariate analysis, HLA and high expression of interstitial myofibroblasts and tubular vimentin were associated with reduction of graft function, yielding a risk of 3.3 (P = .033) and 9.8 (P = .015), respectively. Conclusion. Fibrogenesis mechanisms occur very early after transplantation and are risk factors for long-term renal function deterioration.

Functional and morphologic evaluation of kidney proximal tubuli and correlation with renal allograft prognosis

P>Renal transplant patients with stable graft function and proximal tubular dysfunction (PTD) have an increased risk for chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). In this study, we investigated the histologic pattern associated with PTD and its correlation with graft outcome. Forty-nine transplant patients with stable graft function were submitted to a biopsy. Simultaneously, urinary retinol-binding protein (uRBP) was measured and creatinine clearance was also determined. Banff`s score and semi-quantitative histologic analyses were performed to assess tubulointerstitial alterations. Patients were followed for 24.0 +/- 7.8 months. At biopsy time, mean serum creatinine was 1.43 +/- 0.33 mg/dl. Twelve patients (24.5%) had uRBP >= 1 mg/l, indicating PTD and 67% of biopsies had some degree of tubulointerstitial injury. At the end of the study period, 18 (36.7%) patients had lost renal function. uRBP levels were not associated with morphologic findings of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA), interstitial fibrosis measured by Sirius red or tubulointerstitial damage. However, in multivariate analysis, the only variable associated with the loss of renal function was uRBP level >= 1 mg/l, determining a risk of 5.290 of loss of renal function (P = 0.003). Renal transplant patients who present PTD have functional alteration, which is not associated with morphologic alteration. This functional alteration is associated to progressive decrease in renal function.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Renal Fibrosis Through Immune Modulation and Remodeling Properties in a Rat Remnant Kidney Model

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties in acute kidney injury, but their role in chronic kidney diseases is still unknown. More specifically, it is not known whether MSCs halt fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of MSCs in fibrogenesis using a model of chronic renal failure. MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of male Wistar-EPM rats. Female Wistar rats were subjected to the remnant model, and 2 vertical bar x vertical bar 10(5) MSCs were intravenously administrated to each rat every other week for 8 weeks or only once and followed for 12 weeks. SRY gene expression was observed in female rats treated with male MSCs, and immune localization of CD73(+)CD90(+) cells at 8 weeks was also assessed. Serum and urine analyses showed an amelioration of functional parameters in MSC-treated animals at 8 weeks, but not at 12 weeks. Masson`s trichrome and Sirius red staining demonstrated reduced levels of fibrosis in MSC-treated animals. These results were corroborated by reduced vimentin, type I collagen, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Smad3 mRNA expression and alpha smooth muscle actin and FSP-1 protein expression. Renal interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased after MSC treatment, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 expression levels were increased. All serum cytokine expression levels were decreased in MSC-treated animals. Taken together, these results suggested that MSC therapy can indeed modulate the inflammatory response that follows the initial phase of a chronic renal injury. The immunosuppressive and remodeling properties of MSCs may be involved in the decreased fibrosis in the kidney. STEM CELLS 2009;27:3063-3073

Keratinocyte growth factor: a new mesothelial targeted therapy to reduce postoperative pericardial adhesions

Background: Several methods have been utilized to prevent pericardial and retrosternal adhesions, but none of them evaluated the mesothelial regenerative hypothesis. There are evidences that the mesothelial trauma reduces pericardial fibrinolytic capability and induces an adhesion process. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) has proven to improve mesothelial cells proliferation. This study investigated the influence of keratinocyte growth factor in reducing post-surgical adhesions. Methods: Twelve pigs were operated and an adhesion protocol was employed. Following a stratified randomization, the animals received a topical application of KGF or saline. At 8 weeks, intrapericardial adhesions were evaluated and a severity score was established. The time spent to dissect the adhesions and the amount of sharp dissection used, were recorded. Histological sections were stained with sirius red and morphometric analyses were assessed with a computer-assisted image analysis system. Results: The severity score was lower in the KGF group than in the control group (11.5 vs 17, p = 0.005). The dissection time was lower in the KGF group (9.2 +/- 1.4 min vs 33.9 +/- 9.2 min, p = 0.004) and presented a significant correlation with the severity score (r = 0.83, p = 0.001). A significantly less sharp dissection was also required in the KGF group. Also, adhesion area and adhesion collagen were significantly tower in the KGF group than in the control group. Conclusion: The simulation of pericardial cells with KGF reduced the intensity of postoperative adhesions and facilitated the re-operation. This study suggests that the mesothelial regeneration is the new horizon in anti-adhesion therapies. (C) 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synergism Between Keratinocyte Growth Factor and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Reduces Pericardial Adhesions

Background. Mesothelial injury is the pivot in the development of adhesions. An increase in the proliferation of mesothelial cells was verified by in vitro studies with the use of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). This study investigated the influence of KGF associated with thermo-sterilized carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCCts) in the reduction of pericardial adhesions. Methods. An induction model of pericardial adhesion was carried out in 24 pigs. Animals were randomly allocated to receive topical application of KGF, KGF + NOCCts, NOCCts, or saline (control). At 8 weeks, intra-pericardial adhesions were evaluated and a severity score was established. The time spent to dissect the adhesions and the amount of sharp dissection used, were recorded. Histologic sections were stained with sirius red for a morphometric evaluation using a computer-assisted image analysis system. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining were employed to identify mesothelial cells. Results. The severity score expressed in median (minimum to maximum), in relation to the control group (17 [15 to 18]), was lower in the KGF + NOCCts group (7 [6 to 9], p < 0.01) followed by the KGF group (11.5 [9 to 12], 0.01 < p < 0.05) and the NOCCts group (12 [9 to 14], p > 0.05). The dissection time was significantly lower in the KGF + NOCCts group (7.1 +/- 0.6 vs 33.9 +/- 9.2 minutes, p < 0.001). A significantly less sharp dissection was also required in the KGF + NOCCts group. In the adhesion segment, a decreased collagen proportion was found in the KGF + NOCCts group (p < 0.05). Mesothelial cells were present more extensively in groups in which KGF was delivered (p = 0.01). Conclusions. The use of KGF associated with NOCCts resulted in a synergic action that decreases postoperative pericardial adhesions in a highly significant way. (Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90: 566-72) (C) 2010 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Estudo do efeito inibidor do solicato de sódio na corrosão de uma liga de ali-mg-si, em meio de diferentes concentrações de cloreto

No presente trabalho, estudou-se o efeito inibidor do silicato de sódio na corrosão de uma liga de AI-Mg-Si em meio arejado e desarejado, contendo quantidades variadas de Ion cloreto no pW = 10,O . Nos diferentes tipos de ensaios realizados, tais como, traçado de curvas de polarização, ensaios galvanostáticos e com par galvânico, utilizou-se corpos de prova anodizados ou polidos. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que 1 g/l de silicato de sódio neutro de composição Na2O : 3.3 SiO2, demonstrou total efeito inibidor da corrosão da liga de A1-Mg-Si, em solução contendo até 60 p.p.m. de NaC1. Em concentrações de 1060 p.p,m. e maiores de NaC1, o silicato mostrou apenas efeito retardador da corrosão, com diminuição da incidência de pites. A análise dos produtos de corrosão, formadas sobre a superficie dos pites, feita usando-se raio-X e espectroscopia de infravermelho, mostrou que esses produtos têm estrutura amorfa e contêm silicato e grupos hidroxila. Finalmente, medidas de capacitância da dupla camada, confirmaram a existência de uma película que se forma sobre a superfície da liga de alumínio, quando em solução de silicato.

Contribuição ao estudo da inibição da corrosão do aço comum por borato, em soluções diluídas

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ação inibidora do íon borato na corrosão do aço-carbono, em soluções aquosas aproximadamente neutras, arejadas e desarejadas, na presença ou não de ions cloreto, à temperatura ambiente. Através do traçado de curvas de polarização potenciostáticas, de experimentos cronopotenciométricos e cronogalvanométricos, com ou sem riscagem do corpo de prova, e do comportamento do aço comum em ensaios de imersão a longo prazo, concluiu-se que o ion borato possui uma ação inibidora sobre a corrosão do aço, desde que o potencial não seja muito elevado. Observou-se também que o aço sofre corrosão por pites em soluções de borato, mesmo na ausência de íons agressivos e que os pites ocorrem em potenciais tanto mais baixos quanto mais diluídas forem as soluções de borato. Para soluções contendo 1000 ppm de bórax ou mais, o potencial de pite, determinado por técnicas cronopotenciométricas, está acima do potencial de corrosão. Para soluções com concentrações iguais ou superiores a 5000 ppm de bórax, não foi detectada corrosão por pites na faixa de potencial estudada, isto é, desde o potencial de evolução de H2 até o potencial de evolução de 02. A adição de 100 ppm de NaCl à solução contendo 2500 ppm de bórax reduz o potencial de pite de aço comum, em relação ao seu valor na ausência de íon cloreto.

Instituições fiscais e desempenho fiscal : uma resenha

O estudo parte de duas constatações. A primeira é que países submetidos a choques econômicos similares apresentam resultados fiscais completamente distintos. A segunda é que o orçamento público tende a ser visto como um recurso comum em democracias representativas, e, sendo assim, acaba sendo superutilizado. A proposta do trabalho é analisar se o arcabouço institucional dos países pode explicar suas diferentes performances fiscais ao serem submetidos a choques econômicos similares. Para tanto, separamos as chamadas instituições fiscais (tratadas como regras do jogo) em dois grupos: (1) instituições políticas, e (2) instituições orçamentárias. O primeiro grupo trata dos impactos fiscais do sistema federalista, fragmentação política e polarização e instabilidade política. O segundo grupo trata dos impactos das regras de elaboração, aprovação e implementação do orçamento público. Os resultados indicam que o arranjo institucional dos países pode influenciar no seu desempenho fiscal. O grau de influência das instituições varia bastante. Dentre as que mais se destacam estão a estrutura federalista e o grau de transparência do orçamento.

Síntese, análise e caracterização do filme polimérico da eletrorredução do furfural sobre platina em acetonitrila

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sistemático para obter um filme polimérico a partir da eletrooxidação e eletrorredução do furfural. O filme foi crescido sobre a superfície do eletrodo usando-se três técnicas eletroquímicas: voltametria cíclica (VC); a cronoamperometria e a cronopotenciometria. Estas técnicas foram usadas em ambos os processos. Inicialmente foi testada a eletrooxidação e polimerização do furfural sobre o eletrodo de platina brilhante em solução aquosa de ácido sulfúrico 0,50 mol L-1. A influência de algumas variáveis como a concentração de furfural e o tempo de polarização foram estudadas. Os resultados confirmam a formação de um filme fino sobre a superfície do eletrodo, entretanto com uma aderência ruim. Este efeito foi atribuído à solubilidade do filme em meio aquoso. Devido a isto, realizou-se experimentos em meio não aquoso, usando acetonitrila como solvente. O eletrodo de trabalho usado neste caso foi a platina platinizada, este foi usado com o objetivo de se aumentar a superfície ativa do eletrodo e o eletrólito suporte usado foi o cloreto de tetrametilamônio 0,1 mol L-1. Neste caso a polarização anódica foi realizada pelas três técnicas com objetivo de melhorar a aderência do filme sobre a superfície do eletrodo. Entretanto a qualidade do filme diminui com o aumento da concentração de água presente no meio. Uma nova estratégia foi adotada, entretanto, envolvendo a formação de um filme por eletrorredução do furfural, sobre a superfície do eletrodo de platina, em acetonitrila e cloreto de lítio como eletrólito suporte. Os resultados confirmam um filme polimérico poroso e espesso, sobre a superfície do eletrodo usando as técnicas eletroquímicas. A aderência deste filme foi melhor se comparada com a do filme obtido anteriormente. O filme foi caracterizado por medidas eletroquímicas, por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, por espectroscopia de Ultra-violeta, por espectroscopia de Infra-vermelho, Cromatografia de permeação em gel e, por DSC. Os dados obtidos permitiram estabelecer uma proposta de mecanismo que inclui a presença da acetonitrila na formação do filme polimérico obtido sobre a superfície do eletrodo de platina.

Governos municipais : desempenho institucional e capital social

O presente trabalho trata do desempenho institucional através da comparação das prioridades apontadas pelos administradores públicos e sua adequação às expectativas da população. Avalia ainda a história das localidades e o “associativismo”, aspecto do “capital social” que evidencia a existência de regras de reciprocidade e de sistemas de participação, verificando então as possíveis correlações entre desempenho institucional e grau de associativismo. Em um recorte de doze anos, a partir de 1988, o estudo analisa três municípios do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, representativos de realidades intraregionais distintas. Representantes dos executivos e dos legislativos, além das lideranças populares responderam a questões referentes a polarização esquerda-direita e a cultura política, desvendando pensamento e práticas políticas. A análise do desempenho institucional se faz através da comparação entre entrevistas realizadas com estes mesmos representantes, avaliando o quanto às expectativas dos líderes comunitários corresponde à visão das lideranças políticas. O trabalho permite um esboço da realidade sócio-política, do imaginário e da relação que cada comunidade estabelece com as administrações municipais, e, apesar de apresentar apenas parte das inúmeras correlações possíveis entre os diferentes dados coletados, conclui identificando, conforme Putnam (2001), estruturas sociais definidas e distintas entre si quanto ao capital e a tolerância social.