422 resultados para Penicillium sclerotiorum


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是革兰氏阳性细菌研究的模式菌株,为重要的生防菌剂。本论文以枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC6051作对照,首次对新型菌株KB-1111和KB-1122进行了生物学特性、生防潜力以及与水稻稻瘟病致病菌互作的蛋白质组学研究。 形态学观察表明,菌株KB-1111和KB-1122在细胞形态、芽孢的大小、运动性、菌落褶皱和色素的生成等方面与菌株ATCC6051相似,具有枯草芽孢杆菌的典型特征。生理生化测定以及对多种碳源的利用结果显示,三个菌株大部分指标检测结果相同,只在几个方面等存在差异。 体外平板对峙抑菌试验说明,枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC6051、KB-1111和KB-1122对8种作物、果蔬代表性病害致病真菌具有明显的拮抗效果。其中,菌株KB-1122的广谱抗真菌活性优于KB-1111,而KB-1111又强于对照菌株ATCC6051,尤其是对稻瘟病(M. grisea P131)和蔬菜菌核病(S. sclerotiorum)显现出强烈的抑制作用,具备生防拮抗菌的优秀性能。 比较蛋白质组学分析结果表明,液体悬浮培养枯草芽孢杆菌KB-1111、KB-1122二维蛋白质组表达谱至少有11个胞内蛋白和10个胞外蛋白出现丰度差异。其中,菌株KB-1122中胁迫或逆境反应相关ATP酶、顺乌头酸水合酶和alpha-淀粉酶前体在细胞内蛋白质组,以及分泌型蛋白―内切葡聚糖酶在胞外蛋白质组中的高丰度表达可能与菌株KB-1122的优势拮抗能力相关。 将对数生长期的枯草芽孢杆菌KB-1122与菌丝丰富期的稻瘟病菌P131悬浮混合共培养发现,在24小时的共培养过程中,稻瘟病菌P131菌丝体及芽管经历了致变、破裂、细胞质溢出直至菌丝体崩溃等一系列变化,枯草芽孢杆菌KB-1122表现出强烈的拮抗效应。差异显示蛋白质组学研究表明,共培养菌体蛋白质组至少有39个蛋白点丰度发生显著变化,其中33个蛋白点得到成功鉴定,包括12个上调蛋白和21个下调蛋白。根据鉴定结果分析,这些上调的蛋白质全部来源于枯草芽孢杆菌,而下调的蛋白全部属于稻瘟病菌。共培养过程中的培养液蛋白质组至少有20个蛋白点丰度发生显著变化,其中18个蛋白点得到成功鉴定。根据以上分析结果初步认为,3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶、丝氨酸蛋白激酶和内切葡聚糖酶在枯草芽孢杆菌KB-1122与稻瘟病菌P131相互作用的过程中可能是B. subtilis KB-1122发挥抗真菌活性的关键性蛋白。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

针对辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水,利用传统培养方法和PCR-DGGE诊断技术,对稠油废水处理过程中优势微生物种群组成和多样性进行全面系统的研究。结果表明,微生物对稠油废水生物处理的作用为细菌>真菌>放线菌。细菌数量、基因多样性指数与废水中TPH、CODCr均正相关,可以作为稠油废水水质评价的生物指标。 对影响稠油废水生物降解的主要因子进行优化表明,当30℃,pH值7.5,HRT为216h,添加N、P营养盐使N:P比为5.63:1时,CODCr去除率最高,去除后CODCr值满足污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996)。利用GC-MS技术分析降解前后稠油废水中主要有机成分表明,微生物对饱和烃类化合物降解率最高,其次是低分子量芳香烃,而高分子量芳香烃、胶质和沥青质最低。 以稠油为唯一碳源,对筛选出的菌株进行摇瓶实验表明,各菌株对稠油均具有一定的降解能力,其中F0504除油能力最强,56d去除率可达63.3%;动力学方程拟合表明稠油生物降解过程符合一级动力学方程。降解后残油组分分析表明,B0505和F0501对烷烃、B0510、F0505和F0507对芳香烃、B0501和F0504对胶质、沥青质的去除率均较高,去除率都在30c%之间。 经鉴定,优势菌株B0501和B0505分别为液化金杆菌(Aureobaterium liquefaciens)和弗氏丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium freuclenreichii),主要真菌有青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、木霉(Trichoderma)和交链孢霉(Alternaria)。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

杉木是我国重要的速生丰产树种,分布在北纬21°41′到33°41′,东经102°到122°的广大地区,杉木人工林面积约占我国人工林总面积的1/4,随着连栽代数的增加,土壤中毒和生产力下降程度日趋严重。 本论文以分离自与红树林、珍珠贝、海兔子、海绵、软珊瑚等与海洋动、植物共栖或共生存的106株海洋微生物(54株放线菌,52株细菌)为资源,以杉木连栽致害真菌尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)菌株SF2为靶菌,通过平板对峙试验和土壤原位定殖试验,筛选到一株分离自红树林木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhizo)根际土壤的海洋细菌3728菌株;该菌对SF2具有很强抑菌活性,能够高密度在杉木根际土壤中定殖,对杉木幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用。采用传统的细菌学和分子生物学的鉴定方法对其进行了菌种鉴定,为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。 通过对抗菌谱的研究,发现海洋细菌3728除了对杉木连栽主要致害真菌尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型菌株SF2有很强的抑菌活性外,对大豆连作致害菌 (Penicillium purpurogenum),棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum),棉花立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani),大豆根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)以及小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminerum)等也有较强的抑制作用。室内模拟试验还表明,在土壤中接种海洋细菌3728后,能够明显增加土壤中氨化细菌和氨化真菌的数量,能够增加土壤中功能性微生物——纤维素分解细菌和纤维素分解真菌的数量和种类,增强了纤维素分解能力。再添加C/N比较低的白三叶草凋落物,土壤中氨化细菌、氨化真菌的数量继续增加,土壤纤维素分解能力更显著提高。这为进一步开展对杉木连栽障碍的生物调控试验,提供了一定的科学依据。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

植物源杀菌剂的开发应用以及从植物中寻找杀菌活性物质作为先导化合物,是目前杀菌研究领域的热点之一。本文以蓼科植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.) 为材料,研究了虎杖提取物的杀菌活性和作用机理,确定了虎杖中的有效杀菌活性成分,并以此为先导化合物进行了衍生物合成与结构活性关系的研究。 不同溶剂提取物制备与杀菌活性测定结果表明,乙醇适合作为虎杖植物杀菌剂的提取溶剂,提取率高,对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的杀菌和抑菌活性,除对黄瓜白粉病(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)表现出很好的防治效果外,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)、葡萄炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoconia solani)等也具有很好的抑制作用。虎杖回流提取物对黄瓜白粉病的杀菌作用以保护作用为主,兼具一定的治疗作用,并且具有一定的内吸活性,持效期约为4-7 d。温室试验结果表明,虎杖乙醇回流提取物10%可溶性液剂对黄瓜白粉病的EC90值为172.83 mg/L,田间小区试验表明该制剂在800-1600 mg/L的浓度下,对黄瓜白粉病的防效达到76.3-93.4%,具有较好的应用前景。 对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用机理表明,虎杖乙醇提取物对该病原菌有明显的抑制作用,能够抑制蛋白质、葡萄糖等菌体细胞内物质的合成,从而使病菌代谢速度减慢,抑制其生长。虎杖提取物还能够使几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶这两种细胞壁相关水解酶的活性升高,降解细胞壁而破坏菌体结构,使菌体自溶。 过测定虎杖乙醇回流提取物对黄瓜体内等一些防御酶和病程相关蛋白活性的影响,表明在40 mg/L和400 mg/L浓度下,虎杖乙醇提取物能够使黄瓜叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶等不同程度的升高,从而在一定程度上提高植物对病原真菌的抗病能力。 通过生物活性跟踪测定以及pH梯度提取法确定了虎杖中的主要杀菌活性成分为蒽醌类化合物大黄素(emodin)和大黄素甲醚(physcion),结构通过了HPLC-MS和1H NMR确认,并且通过HPLC确定了虎杖乙醇回流提取物中二者的含量分别为3.28%和1.11%。 以虎杖中的有效成份之一的大黄素为原料,通过羟基的甲基化反应合成了包括已知物大黄素甲醚在内的11个大黄素衍生物,其中5个化合物为首次报道,并进行了初步结构活性关系研究。结果表明通过对大黄素3-OH位置以短直链烷基取代,其衍生物对黄瓜白粉病的活性大大提高,其中以甲基取代的衍生物大黄素甲醚的活性为母体大黄素的16.7倍,而以取代苄基修饰的衍生物的活性没有明显提高。一些目标化合物的活性明显优于三唑酮。研究中还意外发现大黄素的甲基化衍生物三甲氧基大黄素在4000 mg/L时能够明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食与生长发育,而大黄素和大黄素甲醚则无此作用。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

捷安肽素是一种由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)ZK 产生的抗真菌多肽。本文以柑桔青霉菌(Penicillium italicum)和绿霉菌(Penicillium digitaum)为供试真菌,研究了捷安肽素的抑菌性能及作用机理,为捷安肽素开发为有效的生物杀菌剂提供理论依据。全文共分两部分:第一部分:捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌和绿霉菌抑制效果研究。采用琼脂扩散法测定捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌和绿霉菌的抑菌活性。53.9 µg/mL 捷安肽素对绿霉菌和青霉菌的抑菌圈直径分别为26.7mm 和24.1mm。结果表明捷安肽素能够抑制柑桔青绿霉菌的生长,柑桔绿霉菌比青霉菌对捷安肽素敏感。在柑桔果实上,研究了不同浓度、不同接入时间的捷安肽素对柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的防治效果,并与常用化学杀菌剂抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵作比较。53.9 µg/mL捷安肽素处理柑桔果实,柑桔青霉病和绿霉病发病率分别为5.0 %和5.3 %,比对照低95.0 %和94.7 %;柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的病情指数分别为1.87 和2.18,比对照低73.73 和97.82。结果表明,捷安肽素能够有效地防治柑桔青绿霉病。与对照相比,捷安肽素先于或后于柑桔青绿霉菌接入时,对柑桔青绿霉菌均有抑制作用,但抑制效果随接入间隔时间的增长而降低。第二部分:捷安肽素对绿霉菌作用机理研究。首先在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察捷安肽素处理后绿霉菌菌丝表面形态结构与菌丝体内超微结构的变化。形态观察发现,捷安肽素处理24h以内,绿霉菌菌丝结构无变化。捷安肽素作用36h后,绿霉菌菌丝不规则缢缩和膨大。48h后,在绿霉菌菌丝顶端、中部、末端的多处细胞均可发生畸形的球状结构,这种畸变结构随处理的延长而增加,致使细胞成为捻珠状。处理72 h后,畸变球形细胞开始断裂离解。处理96h后,镜下几乎无完整菌丝,成单个的球状细胞,部分细胞出现破裂。而对照菌丝表面光滑,结构完整。通过透射电镜观察发现,与对照相比,捷安肽素处理后,绿霉菌细胞壁、细胞膜轮廓模糊不清,细胞质外泄。推测捷安肽素能够使绿霉菌细胞膜通透性发生改变。进一步实验利用紫外-可见分光光度计检测捷安肽素作用后绿霉菌胞外液紫外吸光度的变化,表明捷安肽素作用于绿霉菌菌丝后,细胞内蛋白质、核酸缓慢泄漏。通过Atomscan Advantage单道扫描等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)测定捷安肽素作用后菌丝体内K+浓度的改变,结果表明捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌1h内,菌丝体内K+含量迅速下降,为对照绿霉菌K+含量的37.53 %,1 h后菌丝体内K+含量变化趋于平缓。K+的迅速泄漏,以及蛋白质、核酸的泄漏表明捷安肽素通过迅速改变绿霉菌细胞膜通透性,使绿霉菌菌丝生长受到抑制。Jiean-peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis ZK has broad-spectrumresistance to plant pathogens. In this study, we investigated the antifungal propertyand the possible antifungal mechanism of jiean-peptide against two commonphytopathogenic fungi of citrus fruits: blue molds (P. italicum) and green molds (P.digitatum).The paper involved two parts:Part 1 is the study of the antifungal property of jiean-peptide against blue moldsand green molds of citrus fruits. The in vitro inhibition effect of jiean-peptide againstblue molds and green molds was detected by agar diffusion method. The diameters ofinhibition zones of green molds and blue molds are 26.7mm and 24.1mm respectivelyby treating with 53.9 µg/mL jiean-peptide. It shows that jiean-peptide effectivelyinhibits the both phytopathogenic fungi, and it is more effective for inhibiting greenmolds than blue molds. The effectiveness of jiean-peptde to inhibit green molds andblue molds in vivo was investigated compared with four conventional fungicides thatare imazalil, prochloraz, carbendazin and methylthiophanate. The result is that the incidences of the blue mold disease and green mold disease are 5.0 % and 5.3 %, thedisease severities are 1.87 and 2.18 respectively when citrus are inoculated with 53.9µg/ml jiean-peptide. The decay incidences and disease severities were significantlyreduced by treating with jiean-peptide compared with the control. The results indicateJiean-peptide is effective for controlling blue molds and green molds on citrus. Theoptimized inoculation time was also investigated. When inoculated with jiean-peptideat 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h before or after pathogens’ inoculation, Jiean-peptidecan suppress the occurrence of blue molds and green molds compared with the control, but the effect of later inoculation decreases compared with the inoculation at the sametime.In Part 2, we investigated the possible antifungal mechanism against greenmolds of citrus. At first, we observed the exterior morphological changes andultrastructural changes of blue molds under light microscopy (LM) and transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM). Compared with untreated control cells which aregenerally uniform in shape, the appearances of treated hyphae change obviously. Itshows that some cells of hyphae irregularly shrink or enlarge when cultured for 36h.When the treating time of jiean-peptide increases, the aberrance of the hyphaebecomes more obvious, and hyphae exhibit the moniliform appearances. Finally, thereis no intact hypha leaved except only single cells, and some of which appear fractured.By transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, we find that the outline ofthe cell wall and the cell membrane of hyphae are blurry, and the cytoplasma oozesout. The observation result under LM and TEM suggests that jiean-peptide mightchange the permeability of the cell membrane. So we conducted further experiment todetect the change of permeability when the cells of blue molds were treated withjiean-peptide. And the effect of jiean-peptide on non-growing cells of blue molds wastested. By the spectrophotometer measurement, we found that compounds with lightabsorption at 260 nm and 280 nm were released and amounts increased within 12 hcompared with the control. Moreover, by the ICP measurement, the leakage of K+occurred immediately in the presence of jiean-peptide within 1 h, but with nearly nofurther change after 1 h. All these results indicate that jiean-peptide could change themembrane permeability of blue molds immediately and result in leaking nucleotides,proteins and K+ from cells.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文主要研究了泸州老窖古酿酒作坊内外环境空气真菌和空气细菌的群落结构和分布特征。结果如下: 作坊内外环境空气微生物浓度差别显著,并随季节变换而变化,春、夏季微生物浓度较高,秋、冬季较低,空气真菌在夏季达到最高,细菌在春季最高。 古作坊内外环境检测到的真菌均为16 属,但优势菌属不同,作坊外的优势菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、无孢菌(non-sporing)、枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)和链格孢属(Alternaria);而作坊内优势菌属为曲霉属、青霉属、酵母菌(Yeast)、无孢菌,作坊内还含有较高浓度的根霉属(Rhizopus)、毛霉属(Mucor)、短梗霉属(Aureobasidiu),枝孢霉属和链格孢属等,曲霉属、酵母菌、根霉属、毛霉属为古酿酒作坊重要的酿酒真菌,青霉属、链格孢属为酿酒不利菌群。对古作坊内曲霉属进行了初步鉴定,主要是小冠曲霉(A.cristatellus)、米曲霉(A.oryzae)、黑曲霉(A.niger)和白曲霉(A.cadidus)。 空气细菌10 属21 种,作坊内外环境的优势菌属均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonad),其中芽孢杆菌属在作坊内占有绝对的优势,浓度比在40℅以上,是古酿酒作坊重要的酿酒细菌,另外还检测到较高浓度的乳酸杆菌(lactobucillus),这类菌容易使酒味发涩发苦,为酿酒不利菌。 作坊内外环境空气微生物表现出明显的交流现象。作坊内,青霉属、枝孢霉属、链格孢属、葡萄球菌属等杂菌占有一定比例;而在作坊外,芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属、根霉属(Rhizopus)、酵母菌等处于相对较高水平,绿化环境较好的营沟头作坊内的短梗霉属,枝孢霉属和链格孢属等杂菌含量低于什字头和新街子作坊。 The community structure and distribution characteristic of airborne microbes was investigated in ancient brewage workshops of luzhoulaojiao. The results are as follows: The concentration of airborne microbes was different in interior and exterior environment of ancient workshops, and also varied by seasons. microbial concentration was higher in spring and summer, and lower in fall and winner. The highest levels of airborne bacteria was in spring, but the fungal’s in summer. The identified genus of fungi were 16 in interior and exterior environment of the ancient workshops. But the dominant genus were different , The advantage genus in the interior were Aspergillus, Yeasts, Penicillum and Nonsporing and in the exterior were Penicillum, Nonsporing, Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Aureobasidiu. Rhizopus ,mucor, Aureobasidiu, Cladosporium, Alternaria and all also were at a higher level. Among these, Aspergillus, Yeasts, Rhizopus ,mucor are important vintage flora . Penicillum, Alternaria do harm to vintage. Aspergillus of ancient workshops was identified , the preponderant aspergillus species were A.cristatellus, A.oryzae, A.niger and A.cadidus in ancient brewage workshops. 10 genus 21 species bacteria were identified, the advantage genuses among the interior and exterior of the three workshops were bacillus, microccus, Staphylococcus Pseudomonas. Bacillus, which account for beyond 40℅ of the total bacteria concentration in all sampling pots, was the most dominant genus. Lactobacillus was identified at a high level in ancient workshops, it makes spirit taste bitter and astringent. So it is not a kind of good bacterium for vintage. The fungus in the interior and exterior atmosphere characterized intercommunion phenomenon. Obviously, the concentration of profitless fungus such as Penicillum, Cladosporium, Alternaria appeared in the interior, and the fungus such as Bacillus, Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Yeasts in the exterior were at a relatively high level. the harmfull fungus in yinggoutou workshops such as Aureobasidiu, Cladosporium, Alternaria and all were lower than shenzitou and xinjiezi workshops.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用微生物菌落计数方法和Pearson相关性分析,以辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水为对象,研究了不同季节稠油废水中优势微生物的种群组成及其变化规律。结果表明,在稠油废水处理过程中微生物种群组成及其作用均以细菌为主,真菌次之,放线菌最小;细菌菌落形态多样性指数(H′)与均匀度指数(E)均能较准确地反映废水中的细菌多样性,但不能反映水质状况,不宜作为该水质评价的生物指标;细菌数量与总石油烃(TPH)和COD均呈强正相关,统计学上关系显著,适宜作为废水水质评价的生物指标;经鉴定,废水中的优势菌株为液化金杆菌(Aureobateriumliquefaciens)和弗氏丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium freudenreichii),主要真菌为青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、木霉属(Trichoderma)和交链孢霉属(Alternaria)。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过对江苏省云台山地区7种不同野生中草药植物烟台百里香(T.quinquecostatusCelak.)、掌叶半夏(P.pedatisectaSchott.)、何首乌(P.multiflorumThunb.)、海洲香薷(E.splendensNakai ex F.)、野葛[P.lobata(Willd)Ohwi]、紫金牛(A.japonicaBl.)和菝葜(S.sieboldiiMiq.)根区土壤真菌进行分离鉴定,共分离出真菌16属126种。多样性分析结果表明,7种野生中草药植物根区土壤真菌种群多样性丰富,其中青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Asper-gillus)和木霉属(Trichoderma)是中草药植物根区土壤中的优势种群,镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、交链孢属(Alternaria)、腐霉属(Pythium)、毛霉属(Mucor)真菌分布丰度也较高。结果也表明根区土壤真菌群落在一定程度上受到中草药植物的影响,大部分野生中草药植物根区土壤的真菌群落的均匀度指数低于裸地非根区土壤,而丰富度指数却高于裸地非根区土壤。不同野生中草药植物根区土壤真菌区系的结构和组成存在一定的差异性,紫金牛根区土壤中真菌种类最多,达到14属,而野葛根区土壤中真菌种类最少,只有8属。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

从不同来源的活性污泥中分离筛选出一株可降解聚β -羟基丁酸酯(PHB)的真菌 ,初步鉴定为青霉 (Penicillium .sp) ,编号DS 971 3 .降解特性研究表明 ,DS 971 3菌株对PHB膜的降解可分为两个阶段 ,即迟缓阶段和等速降解阶段 .PHB的非晶部分易于被降解 .该菌降解PHB膜的最适温度为 3 0℃ ,最适pH值为 6 0~ 6 8.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

微生物与矿物间的相互作用是自然界中广泛发生的一种地质作用,微生物直接参与了自然界的物质循环,微生物对矿物风化作用的过程和机理与矿物种类、菌种及环境条件密切相关。目前还缺乏对矿物风化微观过程及风化过程中微生物生理生化特征的研究资料,随着分子生物学理论与技术的快速发展,用地球化学结合微生物学与分子生物学的理论和方法来综合研究微生物的矿物风化过程已成为可能。从分子水平和微观作用过程研究其风化过程与机理,理解微生物与矿物界面之间的相互作用及其反馈机制,是表生作用过程中生物地球化学的重要研究内容。 选用胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和青霉(Penicillium sp.),以磷矿石和方解石为例,探讨实验条件下微生物对矿物的风化作用过程与机理。微生物对矿物风化作用具有能耗低、污染小和流程短等特点,充分利用这些特点是解决土壤中无效磷的有效利用、磷矿资源的开发以及减少环境污染等问题的有效途径,对矿产资源的可持续利用和建立健康的生态环境具有十分重要的意义。采用离子色谱、ICP-OES、XRD、TEM、EDS、2-DE、电子探针和MC-ICP-MS等分析测试手段,研究微生物对矿物的风化过程与机理,得到如下结果: (1) 在黑曲霉对磷矿石风化过程中,由黑曲霉生长引发的生物机械破坏作用和生物化学降解作用是对磷矿石风化的主要趋动力,包括菌丝生长对矿物的穿插作用以及机械剥蚀作用;此外,菌体及生物大分子形成生物膜覆盖在矿物表面形成易于发生生化降解的微环境,有机酸络合Ca生成次生矿物草酸钙促进了磷矿石的风化。磷矿石直接与菌体接触所发生的风化作用强于磷矿石装入透析袋中的间接风化作用。 (2) 在胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿石的风化过程中,菌体及其胞外多糖类物质在矿粉表面形成生物膜、菌体生长、代谢产物及有机物的机械剥蚀破碎作用等是造成矿物风化的重要原因;磷矿石直接与菌体接触进行的风化作用强于磷矿石装入透析袋中的间接风化作用。 (3) 黑曲霉对磷矿石的风化作用强于胶质芽孢杆菌,两者对磷矿石进行风化时,生物物理风化作用是导致矿物风化的主要因素;胶质芽孢杆菌风化磷矿石的过程中没有草酸钙的产生。 (4) 胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿石的风化过程中,菌体蛋白质的表达发生变化,蛋白质的量与质的变化与磷矿石的风化密切有关。磷矿石的加入导致菌体生理代谢途径改变以适应环境的变化,并分泌相关的蛋白质导致矿物的风化。 (5) 采用Sr同位素示踪研究黑曲霉与青霉对磷灰石和方解石混合物的风化差异。黑曲霉作用混合矿物的初期,培养液pH值相对较低,对其中方解石有风化作用;中后期由于pH值升高,对磷灰石有较强的风化作用,对磷灰石的风化是由黑曲霉产生的大分子有机物对磷灰石中Ca络合的结果。青霉与混合矿物发生相互作用时,在最初的很短时间内青霉对磷灰石有风化作用,但对方解石的风化作用却表现在整个风化作用时间段,相比而言,青霉对磷灰石的风化作用不明显。这种风化差异与真菌的生物学特性有关,并表现为微生物对矿物风化的选择性。 本项研究对进一步认识土壤植被生态系统中的磷循环规律和循环过程中微生物所起的作用,以及用微生物风化作用的方式促进磷矿资源开发利用具有重要理论和实际意义。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

铊是一种有毒有害的重金属元素,已经引起了广泛的关注。本论文通过对黔西南铊矿区土壤和沉积物样品的菌株分离、铊高耐受性菌株的筛选、胞外吸附、富集、亚细胞水平区系分布、絮凝实验及ITS序列等实验研究分析,并结合铊的地球化学相关研究,较系统地阐述了真菌--铊的生物地球化学过程机理,得出以下结论: 1、与环境背景区相比,黔西南滥木厂铊矿区内的河流、土壤中铊的已有不同程度的积累,直接导致了当地微生物生物量在很大程度上的降低,微生物生物量与铊含量间有显著的负相关关系。研究区内的沉积物、土壤中的微生物区系结构和数量发生了明显变化,细菌、真菌及放线菌数量均出现显著降低,而且三大微生物对重金属污染的敏感性大小也不一样,即放线菌>细菌>真菌。从土壤样品中分离到的主要菌群仍为常见种属,如青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、拟青霉(Paecilomyces)等。 2、经过初筛菌株的铊耐受性实验,在1000 mg/L水平筛选得到九株高耐受性菌株。吸附实验表明:微生物菌株对铊的吸附效率在4.63~16.89%,且随着环境中铊浓度的上升而降低,这可能是因为铊浓度的升高加大了对微生物生长的抑制作用,所形成的菌丝体(或菌丝球)减少,表面积也相应减少,从而导致了吸附效率的下降。各种常量元素和铊的关系呈显著相关性,钙、钾和钠等常量元素也是微生物赖以维持生存的因子,可能由于微生物细胞对钙、钾的吸附方式与对铊的吸附方式类似。因此,随着铊处理浓度的上升,钙和钾的吸附量也随之减少,而钠则呈现相反的趋势。 3、富集实验表明,九株菌株对铊的富集量随着铊处理浓度上升而降低,其影响趋势与对生物量的影响趋势基本一致,最高可达到7189 mg/kg,最大富集系数为7.2。九株菌株对常量元素的富集与对铊的富集并无明显的相关性,但在考察铊处理浓度对常量元素的富集影响时发现,铊处理浓度的上升与对钙的富集量表现出较强的正相关;而对钾、钠、镁的富集影响并不明显。 4、亚细胞水平上的铊分布研究表明,铊的富集优先顺序为:细胞质>细胞壁>细胞器。亚细胞水平的区隔化作用是微生物对铊的主要耐受机制,细胞质是赋存铊的主要场所(53.83~79.45 %)。结合各亚细胞组分中常量元素与铊之间的相关性,并联系前人的研究,Tl+主要是通过细胞壁的Na+ -K+ ATPase和K+ -电位门通道进入细胞内的从而影响细胞的正常代谢的,而Ca2+的活化更有助于这一过程。 5、絮凝实验表明,培养三天后的发酵液对矿区废水中铊的去除率最高可达到70.49 %,最佳影响因子组合为:pH=8,温度为16℃,搅拌时间为4分钟。菌株的絮凝活性最高可达到57.32%,最佳影响因子组合为:pH=8,温度为14℃,搅拌时间为4分钟。 6、通过对九株铊高耐受性菌株的ITS序列分析及其在Gene Bank中的BLAST比对结果表明,五株菌株同属于木霉属(Trichoderma),两株菌株同属于青霉属(Penicillium)。这表明这两类真菌对铊的适应性较强,为以后寻找铊高耐受性菌株及其资源化利用提供了理论基础。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A madeira é o material mais utilizado para embalagem de hortaliças noBrasil, principalmente devido ao seu baixo custo e alta resistênciamecânica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a absorção e a perdaprogressiva de água de ripas de madeira de Pinus utilizadas namontagem de caixas do tipo "K" em três condições de umidade relativae determinar o crescimento de fungos em sua superfície. O experimentofoi conduzido no Laboratório de Pós-Colheita da Embrapa Hortaliças, emBrasília-DF, em 2003. Trinta ripas novas de madeira de Pinus (52 x 6 x0,6cm) foram pesadas individualmente, imersas em água durante 1h epesadas novamente para avaliar a absorção de água. Em outroexperimento, dez ripas foram incubadas ao acaso em cada uma das trêscâmaras úmidas (61%, 86% e 94% UR) mantidas a 25oC (±2oC). A perda progressiva de água foi avaliada por pesagens diárias das ripasindividualmente e o desenvolvimento de fungos na madeira foi avaliadocom uma escala de notas (0-3) durante oito dias. A madeira nova dePinus pode absorver até 38% de seu peso em água, e permanecerúmida durante vários dias de acordo com a condição dearmazenamento. A umidade relativa do ambiente afetou a taxa de perdade água diária da madeira, estimada em 4,7%, 2,5% e 1,0%respectivamente a 61% UR, 86% UR e 94% UR, e ao final de oito diasalcançou 37,5%, 19,9% e 7,9%, respectivamente. Os fungospredominantes foram Trichoderma harzianum e Rhizopus stolonifer, mastambém observou-se crescimento de Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a eficiência de produtos alternativos aos fungicidas, como: microrganismos antagônicos, extratos de plantas, aditivos de alimentos, produtos alimentares e resíduos da produção de alimentos no controle do bolor verde (Penicillium digitatum Sacc.) em pós-colheita de frutos de laranja 'Pêra'.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

No município de Guaíra, SP identificou-se a necessidade de realizar uma pesquisa interdisciplinar para avaliar o efeito das práticas de manejo em sistemas de produção. Dessa forma, em áreas irrigadas de agricultores desse município e do município de Suzano, SP, foi realizado um estudo metodológico, comparando-se dois tratamentos: um sistema de manejo alternativo (SA) e outro convencional(SC), utilizado pelo produtor, em sistema de preparo convencional do solo (PC) ou em sistema de plantio direto (PD), tendo a mata nativa(M) como um sistema referência auto-sustentável. Para avaliação, foram selecionados diversos parâmetros: físicos e químicos (compactação do solo, velocidade de infiltração básica da água, agregação de partículas do solo, pH, V%, CTC e teor de matéria orgânica), biológicos/bioquímicos (incidência de patógenos e pragas, grupos de microrganismos, atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, polissacarídeos e biomassa microbiana e de produtividade). Após três anos de aplicação dessa metodologia em Guaíra, os resultados mostraram que o PD reduziu em 50% a incidência de patógenos produtores de escleródios (Sclerotium rolfsii e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Também, melhoria das propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, verificadas pela maior quantidade de matéria orgânica incorporada, maior atividade microbiana e agregação de partículas do solo avaliadas pela quantificação de polissacarídeos, desidrogenase e biomassa em C e, por conseguinte, menor incidência dos patógenos. A análise dos custos de produção realizado de 1994- 97, ainda apresentaram vantagens do SC em relação ao SA em Guaíra, diferentemente de Suzano, que, após 6 anos, já mantém um sistema de produção equilibrado. No controle biológico, a bactéria Bacillus subtilis proporcionou uma redução de 50% de Fusarium solani, agente da podridão radicular do feijoeiro, um aumento de emergência de 20% em relação ao controle químico.