A genetic algorithm for crop rotation

In the last few years, crop rotation has gained attention due to its economic, environmental and social importance which explains why it can be highly beneficial for farmers. This paper presents a mathematical model for the Crop Rotation Problem (CRP) that was adapted from literature for this highly complex combinatorial problem. The CRP is devised to find a vegetable planting program that takes into account green fertilization restrictions, the set-aside period, planting restrictions for neighboring lots and for crop sequencing, demand constraints, while, at the same time, maximizing the profitability of the planted area. The main aim of this study is to develop a genetic algorithm and test it in a real context. The genetic algorithm involves a constructive heuristic to build the initial population and the operators of crossover, mutation, migration and elitism. The computational experiment was performed for a medium dimension real planting area with 16 lots, considering 29 crops of 10 different botanical families and a two-year planting rotation. Results showed that the algorithm determined feasible solutions in a reasonable computational time, thus proving its efficacy for dealing with this practical application.

Análise da variabilidade termo-pluviométrica e sua relação com o uso do solo no sudoeste do Paraná: 1970 a 1999

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Observatório da Igualdade de Gênero da América Latina e Caribe. Relatório anual 2012: O bonus na mira. Aporte e carga para as mulheres

Incluye bibliografía

Valores, crenças e comportamentos nas ações e atitudes dos indivíduos de caráter ambiental no município de Lavras -MG

The concept of environment involves social, political and economic aspects, in addition to natural elements. The acknowledgement that the environmental issue is complex highlights the importance of understanding the dynamics of relations that guide the individuals in their interactions with the environment. In this sense, studies have shown the relation between values, beliefs and behaviors. The theory on values developed by Schwartz (1992) identifies the complexity of the relations between values and behavior, organizing the field of human motivation into ten motivational types. Studies conducted by Pato (2004) on environmental beliefs are capable of indicating how the individuals relate to the environment, and its predisposition in acting or not in an ecological manner, allowing an understanding of ecological behavior and its forms of manifestation. Therefore, the objective of this study consisted of analyzing the value perception over environmental beliefs and ecological behavior of the individuals inserted into the environmental theme of the municipality of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The research was conducted using a sample of 82 participants, comprised in its majority of male (62.2%), married (54.9%) individuals, and those with age from 31 to 40 years (35.4%). A survey of four segments was conducted: Ecological Behavior Scale (EBS), Environmental Beliefs Scale (EBeS), Schwatz Value Profile (SVP-40) and sociodemographic variables. The participants assumed, first, a value orientation directed to the universalism motivational type, which involves an important set of values for understanding the behaviors in relation to the environment. Furthermore, the results showed that the behaviors related to urban cleaning and economy of water and energy are more easily assimilated, while behaviors oriented to activism/consumerism and recycling were not yet incorporated in a satisfactory manner. On the other hand, the fact of belonging to an institution of which mission is to care for the environment seems to induce the participants to show a greater predisposition to pro-environmental behaviors. The environmental issue, urgent and moved by not always confluent debates, points to the need for reorganizing daily life, which necessarily involves change in values and behaviors. Thus, this study is relevant given that the interaction between the constructs can contribute with the research and the proposition of strategies that promote a reduction of behaviors damaging to the environment, as well as the strengthening of those that contribute for its preservation, sensitizing the actors involved to reorder their roles for benefiting the environment.

Equivalência de estímulos com procedimentos combinados e consciência fonológica na aquisição da leitura generalizada

A formação de classes de equivalência entre figuras, palavras ditadas e palavras impressas promove a leitura com compreensão, mas não estabelece o controle discriminativo por todos as unidades da palavra (letras e sílabas). A aplicação de procedimentos especiais combinados (cópia, ditado e oralização fluente e escandida) durante o ensino das relações condicionais entre palavras ditadas e palavras impressas (AC) favorece o estabelecimento de controle discriminativo por unidades menores que a palavra, e a leitura textual e com compreensão das palavras formadas por recombinações daquelas unidades. O treino explícito de discriminações silábicas tem sido adotado como um dos procedimentos nos estudos sobre consciência fonológica, com resultados satisfatórios em testes de leitura. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito dos dois procedimentos sobre a aquisição da leitura recombinativa em pré-escolares. Três crianças foram expostas ao procedimento de equivalência e procedimento especiais combinados durante o ensino das relações AC (com as palavras MALA, PATO e BOCA), e quatro ao treino explícito de discriminações silábicas em tarefas de rima, aliteração, adição e subtração de sílabas e correspondência grafosilábica. Após um Pré-teste, os participantes do primeiro grupo foram submetidos ao teste / ensino das relações AB (palavras ditadas-figuras), e em seguida ao ensino das relações AC com procedimentos combinados e aos testes BC (figuras-palavras impressas) e CB. Posteriormente à emergência das relações de equivalência (BC/CB), as crianças participavam de testes de leitura textual das sílabas, das palavras de ensino e de generalização (formadas pela recombinação das sílabas das palavras de ensino). Quando os participantes atingiam o mínimo de 90% de acertos no teste de leitura generalizada eram conduzidos ao Pós-teste. Caso contrário, participavam antes da mesma seqüência anterior, porém, com três palavras de generalização (BOLA, LAMA e CAPA). Já as quatro crianças do segundo grupo inicialmente foram submetidas a tarefas de reconhecimento silábico e posteriormente a tarefas de correspondência grafosilábica, rima, aliteração, subtração e adição silábica com as sílabas MA, LA, PA, TO, BO e CA. O participante só era exposto ao treino de uma outra sílaba se obtivesse 100% de acertos na tarefa de correspondência grafosilábica e acertasse todos os itens experimentais das demais atividades. Ao final do programa os participantes eram expostos ao Pós-teste: os três participantes do grupo de equivalência de estímulos e um do grupo de consciência fonológica apresentaram a leitura recombinativa de algumas palavras, mas nenhum deles apresentou leitura recombinativa generalizada. Sugere-se que outras variáveis podem interferir no desempenho dos participantes, como: a história pré e extraexperimental, a aquisição do conceito de impressos (e.g. leitura da esquerda para a direita) e a quantidade de tentativas de ensino. Supõe-se ainda que no caso do ensino de leitura do português o uso conjunto de procedimentos de equivalência de estímulos e de discriminação/correspondência silábica seja um método eficiente no ensino da leitura recombinativa. Propõe-se que novos estudos avaliem os efeitos da combinação destes procedimentos no ensino de tal repertório.

Leitura recombinativa generalizada após procedimentos de correção com fading em pessoas com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo

Estudos têm investigado a aplicação de procedimentos de correção, como o ensino de cópia, ditado e oralização na promoção da leitura recombinativa em pessoas com e sem atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo. A utilização de técnicas de apoio, como o fading, ainda não foram testadas nesses procedimentos como mais uma variável que poderia estar favorecendo de forma imediata, a leitura recombinativa generalizada. A presente pesquisa relata dois estudos. O estudo 1 com duas etapas, tendo como participantes dois alunos com atraso do desenvolvimento cognitivo. Na Etapa A, os alunos foram submetidos ao ensino das relações entre palavras ditadas e palavras impressas (AC) e em seguida, aos testes de equivalência entre figuras e palavras impressas (BC) e palavras impressas e figuras (CB). Após estes testes, foram aplicados os testes de leitura das palavras de ensino (MALA, PATO e BOCA) e das palavras de generalização (formadas a partir da recombinação entre as sílabas das palavras de ensino). Os participantes apresentaram apenas a leitura das palavras de ensino, após ter sido documentado a formação de classes de equivalência entre figuras, palavras ditadas e palavras impressas. Em seguida, foram aplicadas as sondas de controle pelas unidades silábicas, e após essas sondas, aplicou-se um procedimento de correção com destaque das sílabas específicas (sílabas identificadas após a aplicação das sondas de controle pelas unidades silábicas) durante o ensino de combinado de cópia, ditado e oralização. Após quatro exposições ao procedimento de correção, os participantes continuaram a apresentar somente a leitura das palavras de ensino. Na Etapa B, introduziu-se, no procedimento de correção, um fading in nas sílabas específicas. O participante MAR apresentou a leitura correta de todas as palavras de generalização após a segunda aplicação do procedimento de correção e o participante CLA após a terceira aplicação. Os participantes apresentaram a transferência de função para as novas formas verbais AB, AC, BC, CB, AB, AC, BC e CB. Estes resultados indicaram a necessidade de avaliar os dois procedimentos de correção de forma isolada. No Estudo 2, foram selecionados dois participantes com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo. Foi aplicado o mesmo delineamento experimental do Estudo 1, sendo que um participante foi submetido ao procedimento de correção e um outro, ao procedimento de correção com fading in. O participante FER foi submetido a procedimento de correção com fading in e o participante JOS ao procedimento de correção com destaque das silabas. Os dois participantes apresentaram a leitura recombinativa generalizada após a condução do procedimento de correção com fading in. Apresentaram ainda a transferência de função para as novas formas verbais AB, AC, BC, CB, AB, AC, BC e CB. Os resultados sugerem que o procedimento com fading in favorece de forma imediata a leitura recombinativa generalizada em pessoas com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo.

Caracterização do mecanismo fotossintético e aspectos relacionados à floração de Artemisia annua L

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A bi-objective genetic approach for the selection of sugarcane varieties to comply with environmental and economic requirements

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evidence for dark matter in the inner Milky Way

The ubiquitous presence of dark matter in the Universe is today a central tenet in modern cosmology and astrophysics(1). Throughout the Universe, the evidence for dark matter is compelling in dwarfs, spiral galaxies, galaxy clusters as well as at cosmological scales. However, it has been historically difficult to pin down the dark matter contribution to the total mass density in the Milky Way, particularly in the innermost regions of the Galaxy and in the solar neighbourhood(2). Here we present an up-to-date compilation of Milky Way rotation curve measurements(3-13), and compare it with state-of-the-art baryonic mass distribution models(14-26). We show that current data strongly disfavour baryons as the sole contribution to the Galactic mass budget, even inside the solar circle. Our findings demonstrate the existence of dark matter in the inner Galaxy without making any assumptions about its distribution. We anticipate that this result will compel new model-independent constraints on the dark matter local density and profile, thus reducing uncertainties on direct and indirect dark matter searches, and will help reveal the structure and evolution of the Galaxy.

The dark matter profile of the Milky Way: a non-parametric reconstruction

We present the results of a new, non-parametric method to reconstruct the Galactic dark matter profile directly from observations. Using the latest kinematic data to track the total gravitational potential and the observed distribution of stars and gas to set the baryonic component, we infer the dark matter contribution to the circular velocity across the Galaxy. The radial derivative of this dynamical contribution is then estimated to extract the dark matter profile. The innovative feature of our approach is that it makes no assumption on the functional form or shape of the profile, thus allowing for a clean determination with no theoretical bias. We illustrate the power of the method by constraining the spherical dark matter profile between 2.5 and 25 kpc away from the Galactic center. The results show that the proposed method, free of widely used assumptions, can already be applied to pinpoint the dark matter distribution in the Milky Way with competitive accuracy, and paves the way for future developments.

Chemical and biological characterisation of Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld: absence of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity and possible chemopreventive potential

Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld (M.hirtum) is a plant known as 'jacarandá-bico-de-pato' whose bark is commonly used against diarrhea, cough and cancer. The aim of this study was to phytochemically characterise the hydroethanolic extract of this plant, investigate its antimutagenic activities using the Ames test and evaluate its effects on cell viability, genomic instability, gene expression and cell protection in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Antimutagenic activity was assessed by simultaneous pre- and post-treatment with direct and indirect mutagens, such as 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), mitomycin C (MMC), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), using the Ames test, cytokinesis blocking micronucleus and apoptosis assays. Only 3 of the 10 concentrations evaluated in the MTT assay were cytotoxic in HepG2 cells. Micronucleated or apoptotic cells were not observed with any of the tested concentrations, and there were no mutagenic effects in the bacterial system. However, the Nuclear Division Index and flow cytometry data showed a decrease in cell proliferation. The extract showed an inhibitory effect against direct (NPD) and indirect mutagens (B[a]P and AFB1). Furthermore, pre- and post-treated cells showed significant reduction in the number of apoptotic and micronucleated cells. This effect is not likely to be associated with the modulation of antioxidant genes, as shown by the RT-qPCR results. Six known flavonoids were identified in the hydroethanolic extract of Machaerium hirtum leaves, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and spectrophotometric methods. The presence of the antioxidants apigenin and luteolin may explain these protective effects, because these components can inhibit the formation of reactive species and prevent apoptosis and DNA damage. In conclusion, the M.hirtum extract showed chemopreventive potential and was not hazardous at the tested concentrations in the experiments presented here. Moreover, this extract should be investigated further as a chemopreventive agent.

Papel de cepas de Streptococcus mutans e Bifidobacterium spp. na etiologia ou proteção contra doenças bucais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de aspectos técnicos e anatômicos nos índices de fertilidade baseado no desempenho da inseminação artificial

The aim of this work was to examine both the influence of anatomical and technical aspects on fertility rate of sheep based on the performance of transcervical artificial insemination (TCAI). Transcervical artificial insemination was performed with traction of the cervix in 122 ewes using frozen semen from 11 rams, both Santa Ines breed. The data collected were: type of external cervical opening (CO) (P - papilla; FL - flap; DB - duckbill, S - spiral; RO - rosette), duration of cervical manipulation (2-3, 4-5 and 6-7 minutes), degree of difficulty in cervical transposition (low, moderate, high) and presumed semen deposition site (SC - superficial cervical; DC - deep cervical; IU - intrauterine). The influence of these variables on pregnancy rate was evaluated. Cervical opening type and duration of cervical manipulation had no influence (p>0.05) on fertility. The degree of difficulty in cervical manipulation influenced (p<0.05) pregnancy rate, since insemination classified as low grade had 52% of pregnancy, while those classified as high recorded only 20%. The presumed site of semen deposition influenced significantly (p<0.05) fertility. Pregnancy rates of deposition at each site were: UI – 45.8%, DC – 25.7%; SC – 15.4%. As expected, deeper depositions resulted in higher fertility. In conclusion, the performance of TCAI did not depend on the anatomical classification of external cervical opening of ewe and the duration of cervical manipulation within the range tested (2-7 minutes). The TCAI may have higher fertility rates if difficulties in the application were reduced and the semen deposition was deeper.

Metaheuristics for a crop rotation problem

This paper presents a mathematical model adapted from literature for the crop rotation problem with demand constraints (CRP-D). The main aim of the present work is to study metaheuristics and their performance in a real context. The proposed algorithms for solution of the CRP-D are a genetic algorithm, a simulated annealing and hybrid approaches: a genetic algorithm with simulated annealing and a genetic algorithm with local search algorithm. A new constructive heuristic was also developed to provide initial solutions for the metaheuristics. Computational experiments were performed using a real planting area and semi-randomly generated instances created by varying the number, positions and dimensions of the lots. The computational results showed that these algorithms determined good feasible solutions in a short computing time as compared with the time spent to get optimal solutions, thus proving their efficacy for dealing with this practical application of the CRP-D.

Structure of trajectories of complex-matrix eigenvalues in the Hermitian-non-Hermitian transition

The statistical properties of trajectories of eigenvalues of Gaussian complex matrices whose Hermitian condition is progressively broken are investigated. It is shown how the ordering on the real axis of the real eigenvalues is reflected in the structure of the trajectories and also in the final distribution of the eigenvalues in the complex plane.