Distribution of 25 semi-volatile organic compounds of two urban lakes in Wuhan, China

In this study, the levels of 25 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were measured in samples of water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment from two urban lakes in Wuhan, China. The total concentrations of 25 SVOCs varied from 529.4 to 2168.9 ng/L, 120.7 to 22543.7 ng/g dry weight and 1577.3 to 61579.6 ng/g dry wt. in water, SPM and sediment, respectively. The concentration of SVOCs in SPM was 9-10 times higher than that in water, and the concentration of SVOCs in sediment 1.5-2 times higher than that in SPM. The level of total SVOC25 in the samples from Moshuihu Lake was higher than that in Yuehu Lake. Among the 25 SVOCs, phthalate compounds were on the highest level in all observed samples ranging between 441.9-1831.2 ng/L, 116.3-17566.8 ng/g, dry wt. and 6432.8-48177.6 ng/g dry wt. in water, SPM and sediment, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the predominant component of the analyzed pollutants, was in the range from 246.7 to 537.5 ng/l, 51.2 to 15540.0 ng/g dry wt. and 468.2 to 45010.3 ng/g dry wt. in water, SPM and sediment, respectively. The content of PAHs, dinitrotoluene and isophoton in sediment was higher than that in water and SPM at most of the locations. The possible sources of the pollutants and their inter-relation with human activities were discussed.

Cultured gill epithelial cells from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a new in vitro assay for toxicants

A culture gill epithelium from seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was developed for testing PAHs and dioxin-like contaminants in seawater. The epithelia consists two to three layers of epithelial cells incorporating both pavement cells and mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs). Polarity and a stable transepithelial resistance (TER) were maintained. and closely resembled those in fish gills in vivo. The tightness (integrity) of the epithelia remained unchanged upon exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB#126), while a concentration-dependent response of EROD activity in the epithelia was induced within 18-24 h when the apical side was exposed to these toxicants. The 24 h EC50 of EROD activity was 2.77 x 10(-7) M for PCB#126, 1.85 x 10(-7) M for B[a]P and 7.38 x 10(-10) M for TCDD. showing: that the preparation was not only sensitive to PAHs and dioxin-like compounds, but also able to produce inductive potency of AhR agonists that generally agreed with those derived from other established in vitro and in vivo systems. The results suggest, that the cultured gill epithelia from seawater-adapted tilapia may serve as a simple. rapid and cost-effective tool for assessing exposure and potential effects of toxicants in marine waters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differing estrogen activities in the organic phase of air particulate matter collected during sunny and foggy weather in a Chinese city detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

Total air suspended particles (PM 100) collected from an urban location near a traffic line in Wuhan, China, were examined for estrogen using a recombinant yeast bioassay. Wuhan, located at the central part of China, is the fourth biggest city in China with 7 million populations. Today, Wuhan has developed into the biggest city and the largest traveling center of central China, becoming one of the important bases of industry, education and research. Wuhan is right at the confluent point of Yangzi River, the third longest river in the world, and its largest distributary Hanjiang, with mountains and more than 100 takes in downtown area. Therefore, by its unique landscape, Wuhan has formed clear four seasons with relatively long winter and summer and short spring and autumn. Foggy weather usually happen in early spring. The yeast line used in this assay stably expresses human estrogen receptor-alpha. Weak but clear estrogenic activities were detected in the organic phase of crude extracts of air particle materials (APM) in both sunny and foggy weather by 0.19-0.79 mug E2/gPM(100) which were statistically significantly elevated relative to the blank control responding from 20% to 50% of the maximum E2 response, and the estrogenic activity was much higher in foggy weather than in sunny weather. The estrogenic activities in the sub-fractions from chromatographic separation of APM sampled in foggy days were also determined. The results indicated that the responses of the fractions were obviously higher than the crude extracts. Since there is no other large pollution source nearby, the estrogenic material was most likely from vehicle emissions, house heating sources and oil fumes of house cooking. The GC/MS analysis of the PM100 collected under foggy weather showed that there were many phenol derivatives, oxy-PAHs and resin acids which have been reported as environmental estrogens. These results of the analysis of estrogenic potency in sunny and foggy weather in a subtropical city of China indicate that further studies are required to investigate the actual risks for the associated health and atmospheric system. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Presence of estrogenic activity from emission of fossil fuel combustion as detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

Estrogenic activities of emission samples generated by fossil fuel combustion were investigated with human estrogen receptor (ER) recombinant yeast bioassay. The results showed that there were weak but clear estrogenic activities in combustion emissions of fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and diesel. The estrogenic relative potency (RP) of fossil fuel combustion was the highest in petroleum-fired car, followed by coal-fired stove, diesel-fired agrimotor, coal-fired electric power station. On the other hand, the estrogenic relative inductive efficiency (RIE) was the highest in coal-fired stove and coal-fired electric power station, followed by petroleum-fired car and diesel-fired agrimotor. The estrogenic activities in the sub-fractions from chromatographic separation of emitted materials were also determined. The results indicated that different chemical fractions in these complex systems have different estrogenic potencies. The GC/MS analysis of the emission showed that there were many aromatic carbonyls, big molecular alcohol, PAHs and derivatives, and substituted phenolic compounds and derivatives which have been reported as environmental estrogens. The existence of estrogenic substances in fossil fuel combustion demands further investigation of their potential adverse effects on human and on the ecosystem. The magnitude of pollution due to global usage of fossil fuels makes it imperative to understand the issue of fossil fuel-derived endocrine activities and the associated health risks, particularly the aggregated risks stemmed from exposure to toxicants of multiple sources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estrogenic effects from household stoves

With the application of a genetically modified yeast, estrogen receptor-activating compounds were detected in the soot and emission gas of a wood-burning household stove. The EC50 value of 17beta-estradiol was divided by the EC50 value of soot, and the obtained relative estrogenic value for raw soot was 2.37E-5, indicating that soot was about 100,000 times less estrogenic than 17beta-estradiol. Chemical analysis revealed that alkyl phenol, benzonic acid, and PAHs represented the major constituents in the most potent fractions of the soot. Along with PAHs, other constituents might also contribute to the estrogenicity of soot. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

Relationship between tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA adducts in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis)

Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a site in Hong Kong which is relatively free from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination, and maintained in situ at this and three other sites with different degrees of PAH contamination. The transplanted mussels were retrieved after a 30-day field exposure. DNA adducts in the gill tissues were quantified, and tissue concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene as well as total PAHs (with potential carcinogenicity) determined for individual mussels. Results indicate that (1) tissue concentration of PAHs and adduct levels in mussels collected from a single site can be highly variable; and (2) adduct levels were related to tissue concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene as well as total PAHs of individual animals.

石油污染土壤生物修复中矿物油和多环芳烃降解的生态过程研究

采用实验室培养和室外盆栽试验相结合的方法，对石油污染土壤生物修复中存在的微生物适应性、矿物油和难降解污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的生物修复生态过程和修复过程中的次生污染问题进行研究，旨在探讨微生物强化降解的影响因素和次生污染物的生成机制，为石油污染土壤的快速、完全生物修复提供实验依据和理论基础。 首先，通过人工调控的实验室摇床培养试验(周期为100天)和室外盆栽试验(周期为150天)研究了外源微生物的强化降解作用及土著微生物的适应性，结果表明，在石油污染土壤的生物修复中，外源专性细菌和真菌对矿物油和PAHs的降解在接种初期(<20d)具有优势；土著微生物对石油污染物的降解需要一个短期的适应过程，之后则表现出较强的降解优势，并很快抵消外源降解菌形成的早期优势。 其次，通过长期室外盆栽试验，分别采用L9(34)的正交设计(周期为5年)和两因素对比试验设计(周期为3年)，探讨石油污染土壤生物修复中矿物油和PAHs降解的生态过程，以及有机肥添加、有无植物等因素对污染物生物降解的影响。结果表明，土壤中的矿物油随生物修复时间的延长，降解速度减慢，矿物油的降解主要发生在前2年内(降解率为88.5~95.1%)。经过植物修复，土壤中原始柴油组分发生很大变化，烷烃、环烷烃等低分子量的组分几乎完全降解，同时生成了一些次生代谢产物。土壤中可利用N、P等营养物质的匮乏是矿物油降解的限制性因子。污染物浓度水平决定对有机肥的需求，对污染程度较高的石油污染土壤，有机肥的添加显著促进矿物油和PAHs的降解。 最后，利用陆地生态系统食物链不同级别的代表性生物体(小麦和蚯蚓)的敏感指标(生长和生理生化指标)，对经过修复处理的石油污染土壤的健康质量进行生态毒理学评价，结果表明，修复后的土壤对小麦和蚯蚓仍有一定的残留毒性，小麦根部指标和生理生化指标及蚯蚓分子毒理学指标对土壤污染状况的指示作用更敏感。

多环芳烃胁迫下农田土壤微生物特征及高效芘降解菌筛选

本文通过传统和现代微生物生态学方法，从土壤微生物数量、土壤底物诱导呼吸强度和微生物群落多样性角度，评价了长期污灌所致PAHs污染对土壤微生物特征的影响。结果发现沈抚灌区农田PAHs总量在表层为612.3-6362.81μg•kg-1干土，在亚表层为319.5-4318.51μg•kg-1干土。土壤微生物主要类群、功能群数量、微生物生物量碳和代谢商与土壤PAHs污染程度无明显相关性，土壤底物诱导呼吸强度和所试土壤酶与PAHs含量呈显著正相关，微生物商与PAHs含量呈显著负相关，可以作为土壤PAHs污染评价的敏感生化指标之一。污染稻田土壤细菌群落中优势菌群为β-和γ-变形细菌亚纲的成员，中度PAHs土壤的分支杆菌多样性指数较重度和轻度的略高，PAHs污染使一种或几种分支杆菌得到富集。长期污水灌溉造成土壤固氮细菌种群多样性降低，清水灌溉一段时间后，固氮细菌种群结构得到不同程度的恢复，但是，即使清灌不能使其种群结构得到完全恢复。 通过富集得到一株高效降解芘的细菌N12，经鉴定确认为分支杆菌。经10天培养菌株可将100mg•l-1芘降解97.84%。还可降解菲、苊、芴，不能降解萘、蒽和苯并[a]芘。污染土壤修复实验表明，单一接种菌剂对芘的降解率为57.42%，含N12的混合接种菌剂对芘的降解率为61.11%。

微生物固定化方法修复多环芳烃污染土壤

针对传统游离微生物修复技术的缺点和弊端，提出了采用固定化微生物技术修复受多环芳烃污染的非流体介质的新课题。本文筛选出2株高效降解菌，并进行了固定化载体筛选，优化并确定了3种固定化工艺。通过实验室模拟实验，考察了固定化菌对PAHs污染非流体介质的修复能力，最后通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析，对固定化微环境强化修复机制进行了初步探讨。 细菌芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.，SB02）和真菌毛霉（Mucor sp.，SF06）对土壤中的Pyr、BaP降解率高，降解速率快，为高效降解微生物。 碱化后的泥炭土适宜作为细菌固定化载体；玉米芯适宜作为真菌固定化载体；改性后蛭石适宜作为混合菌固定化载体。这些载体来源广泛，成本低廉，工艺简单，安全无毒。 将固定化菌应用于Pyr、BaP污染土壤的修复，考察了初始接种量、环境温度、土壤含水量对固定化菌降解Pyr、BaP的影响，固定化菌对不同系列浓度Pyr、BaP的降解，以及固定化菌在不灭菌土壤中对Pyr、BaP的降解，表明固定化菌对土壤中Pyr和BaP的降解率均高出游离菌20%，固定化混和菌降解效果最好，其次是固定化真菌，再次是固定化细菌。 SEM分析了固定化颗粒的微观结构和微生物在颗粒内部的形态变化，结果表明颗粒内部丰富的疏松多孔结构和巨大的比表面积为微生物提供了适宜的生存空间，使吸附固定化成为可能。 固定化菌对沈抚灌区PAHs污染土壤修复效果非常理想，经过6个月，土壤中总PAHs的去除率达70.3%，高于游离菌。

辽河干流底质微生物群落结构及芘降解菌研究

辽宁省是以石油化工、煤炭化工和钢铁工业为主的重工业基地。辽河流域近年来经济发展迅速，城市化水平不断提高，但由于产业结构的不合理和污染治理水平的相对滞后，致使辽河流域水体污染严重。对辽河流域水体污染状况、污染物化学与生物学的相互作用、微生物群落结构与功能的关系开展调查研究，对开展污染水体的生物生态修复具有重要的指导意义。 本论文选取辽河流域干流8个水文监测站点的不同时期（丰水期和平水期）底质为研究对象，调查了有机污染物（总油TPHs）和有毒污染物（多环芳烃PAHs）污染程度以及主要来源；采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）两种分析方法，对其微生物群落结构及多样性进行了分析；并以13C标记的菲和芘为代谢底物，以PLFA为生物标记物，采用气相色谱-稳定同位素比率质谱（GC-c-IRMS）分析技术，鉴定了底质样品中参与菲和芘代谢的主要微生物类群；并利用不同的吸附性载体进行了芘降解菌的富集和筛选。 研究结果表明： 1）平水期总石油烃污染比丰水期严重，TPH 含量分别在276.1～560.6mg/kg（平水期）和157.9～462.2mg/kg（丰水期）之间，辽河入海口TPH污染最重；PAHs含量分别在124.1～270.4ug/kg（平水期）和93.5～209.1ug/kg（丰水期）之间；主要来源于石油类污染物和化石燃料的热解，汽车尾气的污染等。 2) 采用DGGE和PLFA两种方法分析微生物群落结构得到基本一致的结果。微生物多样性与总石油烃含量、总多环芳烃含量无显著相关性，多样性指数是多种污染物和环境因子综合影响的结果。 3) 稳定同位素代谢示踪实验表明，底质中存在菲和芘的降解菌群；参与菲和芘降解的微生物均以G-细菌为主，真菌次之；G+细菌和放线菌也参与代谢；参与菲和芘代谢的菌群有一定的相似性。 4) 利用不同吸附性载体从污染底质样品中筛选到6株降解菌。

细菌对芘的降解特性及其降解性质粒研究

本研究通过富集培养，从沈抚灌区石油污染土壤中分离到两株以芘为惟一碳源和能源生长的细菌，分别命名为ZHL-4和B61。经过形态观察、生理生化实验与16S rDNA序列分析鉴定，ZHL-4和B61分别为苍白杆菌属（Ochrobactrum）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）。 ZHL-4和B61均对芘具有较强的降解能力，在不添加任何其它碳源的情况下，分别在7d内将10mg•L-1芘降解了71.8%和67.4%，各加入500mg•L-1的葡萄糖和酵母膏作为共代谢底物后，7d内对芘的降解率分别提高到86.8%和89.9%。 经电泳检测，菌株ZHL-4和B61均存在内生质粒。质粒消除实验表明，消除质粒后的菌株ZHL-4和B61不能利用芘进行生长；将质粒转化入大肠杆菌中后，转化子获得了在芘固体培养基上生长的能力，初步证明两株细菌的内生质粒是与芘代谢有关的降解性质粒，其降解芘的基因位于质粒上，这与其它高分子量PAHs降解菌的降解基因位于染色体上不同。 通过设计引物、PCR扩增，菌株ZHL-4和B61并不具有已报道的芘降解基因nidA，这表明ZHL-4和B61具有可能不同于nidA基因的新的芘降解基因，有待于进一步研究。

植物与微生物联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤及机理研究

本文以多环芳烃污染土壤为研究对象，以菲（Phe）、芘（Pyr）和苯并[a]芘（BaP）为目标污染物，以建立生态、经济、高效污染土壤修复技术为目标，在研究植物与微生物联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤效果的基础上，重点研究了植物与微生物联合修复污染土壤过程中多环芳烃的去除机制。 研究结果表明：种植苜蓿和黑麦草能够促进土壤中多环芳烃的去除，提高土壤中多环芳烃的去除率。植物根际土壤中多环芳烃的去除速度快于于非根际土壤。在植物与高效降解菌联合作用过程中，植物的存在强化了菌剂对土壤中多环芳烃的去除作用。苜蓿和黑麦草与高效降解菌的联合作用使菲、芘和苯并[a]芘去除率分别比对照土壤提高了26.64%、30.41%、32.04%和26.93%、27.43%、30.15%。 植物根和茎叶中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的含量与土壤污染物浓度正相关，但其吸收积累作用对土壤中多环芳烃去除的贡献率小于0.34%。植物对土壤多环芳烃污染的修复作用主要源于植物生长显著提高了根际微生物的降解活性。 植物根际微生物的数量和土壤酶活性显著高于非根际土壤。植物根系的存在提高了土壤中微生物的数量和酶活性，从而提高了土壤中PAHs的去除率。这是根际土壤中多环芳烃去除的主要机制。 模拟根际修复，研究了添加根系分泌物对土壤中芘降解的影响。添加20mg/kg根系分泌物土壤中细菌数量为未添加根系分泌物土壤的19.43-36.29倍，真菌为3.05-6.60倍，土壤中芘的半衰期比未添加根系分泌物处理减少10.91天。植物根系分泌物是影响根际修复的一个重要原因。

土壤中苯并（a）芘、壬基酚的生态毒理效应

仅以污染物浓度定义土壤污染并评价其潜在风险，缺乏对其生态毒性效应的综合考虑，不能反映土壤污染对生物及人体健康的潜在危害。传统的生态毒理研究仅局限于依据宏观生理指标，如半致死剂量，产茧量等，这些指标对环境浓度（亚致死浓度）土壤污染的响应较差甚至不响应，无法应用于环境浓度的污染土壤诊断。土壤生物微观生理、生化指标，作为一种较为敏感的土壤生态毒理效应及毒性诊断手段，近几年来成为研究热点。 本文以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）为供试生物，草甸棕壤为供试土壤，以国际标准组织（International Standard Organization-ISO）方法指南为参考，以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系（超氧化物歧化酶-SOD、过氧化氢酶-CAT和过氧化物酶-POD）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性为指标，进行了的典型多环芳烃污染物-苯并（a）芘和内泌干扰物-壬基酚在土壤中暴露的动态量效关系研究，试验浓度范围为0.1-2 mg•kg -1。 研究结果如下：1）苯并（a）芘与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。总体上，诱导效应明显，诱导时间对P450活性影响显著（P<0.05）；2）在试验浓度范围（0.1-2 mg•kg-1）内， GST对试验浓度的BaP未产生生态毒性响应；3）CAT 和POD酶活性对低浓度的BaP暴露响应具有延时性（即第7d开始响应）和阶段性（即第7d前无明显响应、第7d后响应消失）特征；4） 在BaP胁迫下，蚯蚓体内SOD产生明显响应，苯并（a）芘暴露1~3d，SOD酶活性整体升高，最大升幅30%，与对照差异显著。苯并（a）芘暴露的第7d和14d， 除0.1 mg•kg -1外，0.5~2 mg•kg-1 BaP处理组中SOD酶活性均显著降低（P<0.05），这表明BaP造成了抗氧化防御酶系的损伤。以上结果表明： 5项指标中, 代谢解毒酶系指标P450和抗氧化酶系指标SOD对BaP暴露响应较为敏感，CAT，POD以及GST的敏感性较差。各指标敏感性总体为：P450>SOD>CAT，POD>GST。综合本试验及其他相关实验结果初步确认，苯并（a）芘生态毒性>芘>菲。 低浓度（0.1~2.0 mg•kg-1）壬基酚（NP）土壤暴露动态关系研究结果表明：1）壬基酚（NP）与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。1、7、14d时，P450整体表现为低浓度下抑制，而高浓度下诱导的趋势。随着诱导时间的延长P450含量表现出显著的升高趋势；SOD活性在较高浓度3d暴露后降低，而第7、14d时显著升高。NP诱导与P450含量与SOD酶活性两种指标的响应趋势与BaP诱导下的响应趋势大体吻合。CAT的响应较前两者差，随着诱导时间的延长，在第7、14d个别浓度下CAT表现出升高趋势。GST与POD对试验浓度下的NP诱导未产生明显和快速的毒性响应。NP诱导第3dGST出现升高趋势。NP诱导的第14d POD （2 mg•kg-1）有显著降低。总体上，各指标对NP诱导的敏感性顺序依次为：P450，SOD>CAT>GST, POD。 继前期的“蚯蚓P450对土壤菲、芘暴露生态毒理研究”以及“土壤低浓度PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓差异表达基因筛选研究”之后，本论文中所进行的“土壤BaP暴露生态毒性响应研究”作为上述整体研究内容的组成部分，从两个方面获得研究进展：第一，进一步证实P450指标对低剂量多环芳烃污染响应的相对敏感性。第二，从代谢解毒酶系的角度发现苯并（a）芘生态毒性>芘>菲。这一结果与基因水平上论证的细胞色素P450（类似Cyp2R1）对 PAHs胁迫下的研究结果一致。 本论文中进行的土壤NP暴露生态毒性响应研究，首次将内分泌干扰物纳入土壤毒理研究中，丰富了土壤生态毒理学的研究内容。研究进一步证实蚯蚓细胞色素P450指标对多种污染物低剂量暴露诊断的广谱适应性。研究也为内分泌干扰物的生态毒性评价提供了基础依据。

植物修复镉-多环芳烃污染土壤强化措施研究

本论文以镉超富集植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)为材料，研究化学强化剂对龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染的作用，并对筛选出的强化剂在不同浓度水平镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的适用性进行研究，以期为镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的植物修复强化技术提供理论指导。 （1）采用室内盆栽试验的方法，研究外源半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸及其复合处理对超富集植物龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的影响。试验表明，各浓度水平的单因素处理对植物株高及地上部干重并没有显著影响（p>0.05），而复合处理则具有显著的促进作用(p<0.05)。各处理能够显著增强龙葵对镉的吸收和富集能力，其中半胱氨酸处理使重金属提取率分别达到1.80%及1.83%，与对照相比提高1.80及1.83倍。研究发现甘氨酸、谷氨酸及半胱氨酸复合处理能够促进镉及多环芳烃在土壤环境中的去除作用，且0.3mmol•kg-1甘氨酸+0.3mmol•kg-1谷氨酸+0.3mmol•kg-1半胱氨酸处理效果最佳，与对照相比龙葵地上部Cd含量增加2.26倍，土壤多环芳烃总量的去除率提高5.46倍。 （2）采用室内盆栽试验的方法，研究EDTA、水杨酸、TW80及其复合处理对超富集植物龙葵修复镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤的影响。研究发现，单因素EDTA处理对龙葵具有很强的植物毒性作用，显著降低了龙葵地上部干重(p<0.05)。水杨酸及TW80处理促进了土壤中多环芳烃的生物降解作用，其中以0.9mmol•kg-1水杨酸处理效果最佳，芴、苯并(a)蒽、 、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘及苯并(g,h,i) 的降解率分别达到52.3、35.1、60.7、54.5、69.3及68.8％。此外，研究结果显示水杨酸对龙葵地上部提取镉总量具有很好的促进作用，即水杨酸处理能够促进污染物镉和多环芳烃的在土壤环境中的去除作用。 同样，复合处理0.1mmol•kg-1EDTA+0.5mmol•kg-1TW80和0.5mmol•kg-1EDTA+0.3mmol•kg-1水杨酸对以上两种污染物的去除均有很好的促进作用，表明在化学强化剂的协助条件下利用超富集植物修复重金属和有机复合污染土壤是可行的。 （3）采用室外盆栽试验的方法，研究化学强化剂0.1mmol•kg-1EDTA、0.9mmol•kg-1半胱氨酸、0.9mmol•kg-1水杨酸、0.3mmol•kg-1TW80及其复合处理对不同类型的镉和苯并(a)芘土壤修复适用性进行研究。研究发现，高浓度镉和苯并(a)芘对其在土壤环境中的去除产生抑制作用，其抑制强度随浓度的升高而增强。研究结果显示，不同类型的污染土壤对化学强化剂的需求不同，当土壤投加5mg•kg-1Cd时，EDTA+半胱氨酸及EDTA处理对龙葵吸收镉具有显著的促进作用，而土壤镉投加浓度为15mg•kg-1Cd时，仅EDTA+半胱氨酸处理的促进效果最佳；当土壤投加1mg•kg-1Bap时，水杨酸+TW80处理能够显著增强Bap的降解作用，而土壤投加2mg•kg-1Bap时，TW80处理的强化效果最佳；当土壤投加5mg•kg-1Cd和1mg•kg-1Bap时，水杨酸+TW80+EDTA处理对土壤中两种污染物去除均有很好的促进作用，而土壤投加15mg•kg-1Cd和2mg•kg-1Bap时，半胱氨酸+TW80处理效果最佳。