Why Do Some Water Utilities Recycle More than Others? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis in New South Wales, Australia

Although the recycling of municipal wastewater can play an important role in water supply security and ecosystem protection, the percentage of wastewater recycled is generally low and strikingly variable. Previous research has employed detailed case studies to examine the factors that contribute to recycling success but usually lacks a comparative perspective across cases. In this study, 25 water utilities in New South Wales, Australia, were compared using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). This research method applies binary logic and set theory to identify the minimal combinations of conditions that are necessary and/or sufficient for an outcome to occur within the set of cases analyzed. The influence of six factors (rainfall, population density, coastal or inland location, proximity to users; cost recovery and revenue for water supply services) was examined for two outcomes, agricultural use and "heavy" (i.e., commercial/municipal/industrial) use. Each outcome was explained by two different pathways, illustrating that different combinations of conditions are associated with the same outcome. Generally, while economic factors are crucial for heavy use, factors relating to water stress and geographical proximity matter most for agricultural reuse. These results suggest that policies to promote wastewater reuse may be most effective if they target uses that are most feasible for utilities and correspond to the local context. This work also makes a methodological contribution through illustrating the potential utility of fsQCA for understanding the complex drivers of performance in water recycling.

The signors of the night; the story of Frá Giovanni, the soldier-monk of Venice; and of others in the "Silent city",

Mode of access: Internet.

Resource and land information for south Dade County, Florida. Contributions from: Geological Survey [and others.

Bibliography: p. 65-66.

Why some farms earn so much more than others /

Cover title.

The teacher in literature as portrayed in the writings of Ascham, Moliere, Rousseau, Shenstone, Fuller, Pestalozzi, Cowper, Goethe, Irving, Mitford, Bronte, Thompson, Thackeray, Hughes, Dickens, Eliot and others. Including a biographical sketch and characterization of each author.

Mode of access: Internet.

An eighteenth century miscellany; the classics of the eighteenth century which typify and reveal an era: Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay...[and others]

Swift, Jonathan. The Drapier's letters.--Pope, Alexander. The Dunciad.--Gay, John. The beggar's opera.--Chesterfield, Earl of. Selected letters to his son.-- Sterne, Laurence. A sentimental journey through France and Italy.--Walpole, Horace. The castle of Otranto.--Sheridan, R. B. The school for scandal.--Gibbon, Edward. Memoirs of my life and writings.--Blake, William. Songs of innocence and songs of experience.

The law of charitable uses : argument of Wm. Curtis Noyes, before the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, in the case of Beekman, administrator, &c., against the people, &c., and others, in behalf of Thomas Beekman, one of the respondents, with an appendix containing the will.

W. Barthrop's will and codicils: p. 93-102.