Influence of socio-economic and cultural factors in rice varietal diversity management on-farm in Nepal

A questionnaire survey of 408 households explored the role of socio-economic and cultural factors in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varietal diversity management on-farm in two contrasting eco-sites in Nepal. Multiple regression outputs suggest that number of parcels of land, livestock number, number of rice ecosystems, agro-ecology (altitude), and use of chemical fertilizer have a significant positive influence on landrace diversity on-farm, while membership in farmers' groups linked to extension services has significant but negative influence on landrace diversity. Factors with significant positive influence on diversity of modern varieties on-farm were number of parcels of land and of rice ecosystems, access to irrigation, membership in farmers' groups, and use of insecticide. Within communities, resource-endowed households maintain significantly higher varietal diversity on-farm than resource-poor households and play a significant role in conserving landraces that are vulnerable to genetic erosion and those with socio-cultural and market-preferred traits. Resource-poor households also contribute to local diversity conservation but at lower richness and area coverage levels than resource-endowed households. Households where a female had assumed the role of head of household due to death or migrant work of her husband had less diversity due to lower labor availability. Landraces with socio-cultural and market-preferred traits are few in number but have potential to be conserved on-farm.

Genetic analysis of heat tolerance at anthesis in rice

Genetic analysis of heat tolerance will help breeders produce rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties adapted to future climates. An F6 population of 181 recombinant inbred lines of Bala (tolerant) × Azucena (susceptible) was screened for heat tolerance at anthesis by measuring spikelet fertility at 30°C (control) and 38°C (high temperature) in experiments conducted in the Philippines and the United Kingdom. The parents varied significantly for absolute spikelet fertility under control (79–87%) and at high temperature (2.9–47.1%), and for relative spikelet fertility (high temperature/control) at high temperature (3.7–54.9%). There was no correlation between spikelet fertility in control and high-temperature conditions and no common quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified. Two QTLs for spikelet fertility under control conditions were identified on chromosomes 2 and 4. Eight QTLs for spikelet fertility under high-temperature conditions were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, and 11. The most significant heat-responsive QTL, contributed by Bala and explaining up to 18% of the phenotypic variation, was identified on chromosome 1 (38.35 mega base pairs on the rice physical genome map). This QTL was also found to influence plant height, explaining 36.6% of the phenotypic variation. A comparison with other studies of abiotic (drought, cold, salinity) stresses showed QTLs at similar positions on chromosomes 1, 3, 8, and 10, suggesting common underlying stress-responsive regions of the genome.

Rice seed quality development and temperature during late development and maturation

The potential longevity of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica) seed is particularly sensitive to high temperature – and thus climate change – during development and maturation. Cultivar Taipei 309 was grown at 28/208C (12 h/12 h) and then from 19 DAA (days after 50% anthesis), when seeds were just over half filled, at 28/208C, 30/228C, 32/248C or 34/268C (12 h/12 h). Whereas ability to germinate ex planta had been achieved in almost all seeds by 24 DAA, only half the population were desiccation tolerant. Desiccation tolerance continued to increase over the subsequent 28 d, similarly at all four temperatures. Subsequent longevity, assessed by p50 (period in days to reduce viability to 50% in hermetic storage at 408C with c. 15% moisture content), increased progressively at 28/208C until 38 DAA, and remained constant until the final harvest (52 DAA). The three warmer temperature regimes provided similar longevity to 28/208C at any one harvest, except at 38 DAA where the warmest (34/268C) was poorer. That temperature regime also provided greater seed-to-seed variability within each survival curve. The results confirm that appreciable improvement in seed quality occurs during seed development and also subsequent maturation in japonica rice, but that increase in temperature from 28/208C to 34/268C during late seed filling onwards has comparatively little effect thereon. Comparison with previous investigations suggests that seed quality development may be less sensitive to high temperatures during late development and maturation than during the early seed development that precedes it.

Farmers' management of rice varietal diversity in the mid-hills of Nepal: implications for on-farm conservation and crop improvement

Season-long monitoring of on-farm rice (Oryza sativa, L.) plots in Nepal explored farmers' decision-making process on the deployment of varieties to agroecosystems, application of production inputs to varieties, agronomic practices and relationship between economic return and area planted per variety. Farmers deploy varieties [landraces (LRs) and modern varieties (MVs)] to agroecosystems based on their understanding of characteristics of varieties and agroecosystems, and the interaction between them. In marginal growing conditions, LRs can compete with MVs. Within an agroecosystem, economic return and area planted to varieties have positive relationship, but this is not so between agroecosystems. LRs are very diverse on agronomic and economic traits; therefore, they cannot be rejected a priori as inferior materials without proper evaluation. LRs have to be evaluated for useful traits and utilized in breeding programmes to generate farmer-preferred materials for marginal environments and for their conservation on-farm.

On-farm management of rice genetic diversity: understanding farmers' knowledge on rice ecosystems and varietal development

The paper highlights the methodological development of identifying and characterizing rice (Oryza sativa L.) ecosystems and the varietal deployment process through participatory approaches. Farmers have intricate knowledge of their rice ecosystems. Evidence from Begnas (mid-hill) and Kachorwa (plain) sites in Nepal suggests that farmers distinguish ecosystems for rice primarily on the basis of moisture and fertility of soils. Farmers also differentiate the number, relative size and specific characteristics of each ecosystem within a given geographic area. They allocate individual varieties to each ecosystem, based on the principle of ‘best fit’ between ecosystem characteristics and varietal traits, indicating that competition between varieties mainly occurs within the ecosystems. Land use and ecosystems determine rice genetic diversity, with marginal land having fewer options for varieties than more productive areas. Modern varieties are mostly confined to productive land, whereas landraces are adapted to marginal ecosystems. Researchers need to understand the ecosystems and varietal distribution within ecosystems better in order to plan and execute programmes on agrobiodiversity conservation on-farm, diversity deployment, repatriation of landraces and monitoring varietal diversity. Simple and practical ways to elicit information on rice ecosystems and associated varieties through farmers’ group discussion at village level are suggested.

Temporal sensitivity of rice seed development from spikelet fertility to viable mature seed to extreme-temperature

Extreme temperature during reproductive development affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and seed quality. A controlled-environment reciprocal-transfer experiment was designed where plants from two japonica cultivars were grown at 28/24 ⁰C and moved to 18/14 ⁰C and vice versa, or from 28/24 to 38/34 ⁰C and vice versa, for 7-d periods to determine the respective temporal pattern of sensitivity of spikelet fertility, yield, and seed viability to each temperature extreme. Spikelet fertility and seed yield per panicle were severely reduced by extreme temperature in the 14 d period prior to anthesis; and both cultivars were affected at 38/34 ⁰C while only cv. Gleva was affected at 18/14 ºC. The damage was greater the earlier the panicles were stressed within this period. Later-exserted panicles compensated only partly for yield loss. Seed viability was significantly reduced by 7-d exposure to 38/34 ⁰C or 18/14 ⁰C at 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 d after anthesis, respectively, in cv. Gleva. Cultivar Taipei 309 was not affected by 7 d exposure at 18/14 ⁰C; and no consistent temporal pattern of sensitivity was evident at 38/34 ⁰C. Hence, brief exposure to low or high temperature was most damaging to spikelet fertility and yield 14 to 7 d before anthesis, coinciding with microsporogenesis; and it was almost as damaging around anthesis. Seed viability was most vulnerable to low or high temperature in the 7 or 14 d after anthesis, when histodifferentiation occurs.

The effect of simulated flooding post-anthesis on pre-harvest sprouting and subsequent seed longevity in contrasting rice cultivars

Unpredictable flooding is a major constraint to rice production. It can occur at any growth stage. The effect of simulated flooding post-anthesis on yield and subsequent seed quality of pot-grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants was investigated in glasshouses and controlled-environment growth cabinets. Submergence post-anthesis (9-40 DAA) for 3 or 5 days reduced seed weight of japonica rice cv. Gleva, with considerable pre-harvest sprouting (up to 53%). The latter was greater the later in seed development and maturation that flooding occurred. Sprouted seed had poor ability to survive desiccation or germinate normally upon rehydration, whereas the effects of flooding on the subsequent air-dry seed storage longevity (p50) of the non-sprouted seed fraction was negligible. The indica rice cvs IR64 and IR64Sub1 (introgression of submergence tolerance gene Submergence1A-1) were both far more tolerant to flooding post-anthesis than cv. Gleva: four days’ submergence of these two near-isogenic cultivars at 10-40 DAA resulted less than 1% sprouted seeds. The presence of the Sub1A-1 allele in cv. IR64Sub1 was verified by gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. It had no harmful effect on loss in seed viability during storage compared with IR64 in both control and flooded environments. Moreover, the germinability and changes in dormancy during seed development and maturation were very similar to IR64. The efficiency of using chemical spray to increase seed dormancy was investigated in the pre-harvest sprouting susceptible rice cv. Gleva. Foliar application of molybdenum at 100 mg L-1 reduced sprouted seeds by 15-21% following 4 days’ submergence at 20-30 DAA. Analyses confirmed that the treatment did result in molybdenum uptake by the plants, and also tended to increase seed abscisic acid concentration. The latter was reduced by submergence and declined exponentially during grain ripening. The selection of submergence-tolerant varieties was more successful than application of molybdenum in reducing pre-harvest sprouting.

Avaliação da irrigação por sulcos em solos com camada de impedimento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de analisar o movimento da água no perfil de solos hidromórficos, do tipo glei, com camada de impedimento, quando irrigados por sulcos. Esses solos têm vocação para o cultivo do arroz irrigado por inundação, sendo considerados marginais para outros cultivos. A monocultura, decorrente dessas características, traz consigo o surgimento de limitações ao cultivo, destacando-se entre elas o surgimento de invasoras como arroz vermelho e preto, (Oryza sativa L.) que, por serem da mesma espécie da planta cultivada, não podem ser erradicadas por meio de controle químico com aplicação de herbicidas. A introdução de cultivos alternativos ao de arroz é limitada, entre outros fatores, pela pequena capacidade de armazenamento de água desses solos, o que torna a irrigação prática imprescindível nesses casos. A pequena profundidade da camada impermeável, entretanto, constitui um impedimento à penetração tanto do sistema radicular como da água. Considerando que, neste método a profundidade de umedecimento não é a mesma, em conseqüência de o tempo de permanência da l��mina sobre a superfície também não ser o mesmo, para que a profundidade mínima de irrigação seja igual à profundidade do sistema radicular, haverá sempre um excesso que irá percolar al��m dessa profundidade. Como a profundidade destes solos está em torno de 0,40m, o excesso de água ao ter sua percolação impedida, tende a saturar o perfil de maneira ascendente, a partir da camada de impedimento. Buscando uma contribuição para a solução da problemática, procurou-se acompanhar o movimento da água de irrigação no perfil desse tipo de solo, quando irrigado pelo método de sulcos. Para tal, foi implantado um cultivo de sorgo granífero (Sorghun bicolor L.), irrigado por sulcos retil��neos com 200m de comprimento e espaçamento de 0,95m. O movimento da água no interior do solo foi monitorado por meio das variações de umidade, com a utilização da prática da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR). As variações do conteúdo de água do solo, durante e após 24 horas cessada a irrigação, indicaram que a distribuição da água no perfil do solo foi bastante boa, não restando pontos com deficiência de umidade e não alcançando, a saturação, uma altura muito significativa, que pudesse comprometer o desenvolvimento de cultivos mesofíticos. A eficiência de aplicação calculada foi de 84%, considerada muito alta para esse método de irrigação. Foi aplicado, utilizando-se os dados do experimento, um modelo de simulação de irrigação superficial, desenvolvido pelo U. S. Water Conervation Laboratory, do U. S. Department of Agriculture, Simulation Irrigation Model SRFR. A simulação realizada pelo modelo não representou o movimento da água no solo, da mesma forma como este foi observado no campo.

Desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de fusão gênica visando à localização de proteínas em plantas

Uma significativa quantidade de proteínas vegetais apresenta-se compartimentalizada nas diversas estruturas celulares. A sua localização pode conduzir à elucidação do funcionamento dos processos biossintéticos e catabólicos e auxiliar na identificação de genes importantes. A fim de localizar produtos gênicos relacionados à resistência, foi utilizada a fusão de cDNAs de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) ao gene da proteína verde fluorescente (GFP). Os cDNAs foram obtidos a partir de uma biblioteca supressiva subtrativa de genes de arroz durante uma interação incompatível com o fungo Magnaporthe grisea. Estes cDNAs foram fusionados a uma versão intensificada de gfp e usados para transformar 500 plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana. Outras 50 plantas foram transformadas com o mesmo vetor, porém sem a fusão (vetor vazio). Foram obtidas aproximadamente 25.500 sementes oriundas das plantas transformadas com as fusões EGFP::cDNAs e 35.000 sementes das transformadas com o vetor vazio, produzindo, respectivamente, 750 e 800 plantas tolerantes ao herbicida glufosinato de amônio. Após a seleção, segmentos foliares das plantas foram analisados por microscopia de fluorescência, visando o estabelecimento do padrão de localização de EGFP. Foram observadas 18 plantas transformadas com a fusão EGFP::cDNAs e 16 plantas transformadas com o vetor vazio apresentando expressão detectável de GFP. Uma planta transformada com uma fusão EGFP::cDNA apresentou localização diferenciada da fluorescência, notadamente nas células guarda dos estômatos e nos tricomas. Após seqüenciamento do cDNA fusionado, foi verificado que esta planta apresentava uma inserção similar a uma seqüência codificante de uma quinase, uma classe de enzimas envolvidas na transdução de sinais em resposta à infecção por patógenos.

Cadmium availability and accumulation by lettuce and rice

Among the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox. Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl2), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg(-1), based on the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts. Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation. on the other hand, lettuce Cd concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.

Adubação nitrogenada em cultivares de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) sobre as características agronômicas de diferentes cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó, Primavera, Confiança, IAC 202 e Carisma) sob irrigação por aspersão durante os anos agrícolas 2003/04 e 2004/05, em área experimental da FCAV - UNESP - Jaboticabal (SP). Os cultivares Caiapó, IAC 202 e Carisma são os de maior produtividade, com o Primavera não respondendo ao incremento da adubação nitrogenada; o IAC 202 e Carisma são possuidores de índice de colheita mais elevado e responsivos ao nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, sugerindo-se indicá-los para sistemas produtivos mais evoluídos; o cultivar Caiapó demonstra ser mais eficiente em absorver e utilizar o N contido no solo, sugerindo sua indicação para sistemas produtivos de menor aporte de tecnologia.

Características agronômicas de arroz de terras altas sob plantio direto e adubação nitrogenada e potássica

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e potássica em cobertura na cultura de arroz de terras altas, utilizando um delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com 15 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, representados por cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg ha-1) e três doses de potássio (0, 25, 50 kg ha-1), com três repetições. Os resultados mostraram que diversas características produtivas foram influenciadas positivamente pela adubação nitroggenada e potássica. A melhor combinação de doses estaria em torno de 65 kg ha-1 de N e 20 kg ha-1 de K2O, resultando em maiores valores de produtividade e proteína bruta por hectare.

Características físico-químicas do grão de cultivares de arroz em função da adubação nitrogenada

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) stands out as a staple food of the world population due to important nutritional properties. However, rice physico-chemical parameters vary according to genotype and management, for example, the use of nitrogen fertilizer. The aim of this work was to evaluate physico-chemical parameters of grains from thirteen cultivars of upland rice under supplemental sprinkler irrigation and fertilized with different nitrogen rates by topdressing (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha(-1)). Parameters such as milling efficiency, commercial grade, gelatinization temperature, as well as total nitrogen and crude protein contents of grains were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilization positively influences the whole grain yield, especially IAC 25 and BRS Colosso. BRS Aroma, IAC 202, IAC 500, BEST 2000, Curinga and Baldo have a high percentage of broken grains. The cultivars Baldo and Carnaroli (appropriate for Italian cuisine), IAC 25 and Caiapo are classified as long grain and the others, as long-thin. The cultivars, except CIRAD 141, displayed grain gelatinization temperature between intermediate and low, providing quick cooking. The grain content protein varies among cultivars, and it can be increased with nitrogen fertilization.

Resposta de pl��ntulas de arroz cv. brs-soberana à aplicação de zinco via semente

A cultura do arroz constitui um dos principais cereais que apresenta alta resposta à aplicação de zinco, constituindo um dos principais cereais em que isso ocorre. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar a aplicação de zinco em sementes, a partir de duas fontes, sobre a nutrição e o crescimento inicial da cultura do arroz cultivar BRS-Soberana. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em três repetições. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0g de Zn por kg de semente, das fontes sulfato e óxido, al��m da testemunha. Após 30 dias da semeadura, avaliou-se a matéria seca (parte aérea e raiz) e o teor e acúmulo de zinco nas plantas. O sulfato de zinco não diferenciou ao óxido para produção de matéria seca total nas pl��ntulas de arroz, entretanto, proporcionou maior absorção de Zn. A aplicação de zinco na forma de sulfato e óxido, na dose de 8g Zn.kg-1 de semente proporcionou maior produção de matéria seca atingindo teor do nutriente, na parte aérea de 281 e 163 mg.kg-1, respectivamente.

Modos de aplicação de zinco na nutrição e no crescimento inicial da cultura do arroz

The present research had he objective to evaluate rice response to zinc application forms on the nutrition, growth and dry matter production, in vase conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (leaf Zn, incorporated Zn, located Zn, Zn saw seed and witness - whitout zinc), in four repetitions during two cycles of cultivation with 42 days of duration each. Plastic vase of 7L, were filled with Red Distrofic Latosol (Zn = 0.3 mg dm(-3) in DTPA). The application of Zn saw soil in both culture of the rice improved its level in the soil, being distinguished it from located form. In the first cycle, the application of Zn saw leaf promoted greater absorption of the nutrient for the rice plants, while in the second cycle leaf application was followed by the saw soil incorporated. The biggest dry matter production occurred with application of leaf saw in the first cycle and saw soil (incorporated and located) in the second rice cultivation.