Expression of MUC1 splice variants in benign and malignant ovarian tumours

MUC1 is expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. Nine different splice variants of MUC1 have been described, but no study has reported on the expression of MUC1 iso-forms in human ovarian cancer. Our study compares patterns of expression of MUC1 splice variants of malignant and benign ovarian tumours. Ovarian tissue samples were taken from patients with benign ovarian tumours (n = 34) and from patients who had surgery for primary (n = 47) or recurrent (n = 8) ovarian cancer. RT-PCR for MUC1 splice variants A, B, C, D, X, Y, Z, REP and SEC was performed and their expression compared to clinical and histopathologic parameters. Variants A, D, X, Y and Z were more frequently expressed in malignant than in benign tumours. All primary ovarian cancer cases were positive for variant REP but negative for variant SEC. No significant association of the expression of MUC1 splice variants with the response to chemotherapy or patient survival could be demonstrated. Expression of MUC1 splice variants A, D, X, Y, Z and REP is associated with the presence of malignancy, whereas expression of MUC1/SEC is associated with the absence of malignancy. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Reduction in diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic hypertensive patients. A reanalysis of the HOT study

OBJECTIVE: To use published Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study data to evaluate changes in cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic hypertensive patients according to the degree of reduction in their diastolic blood pressure. METHODS: In the HOT Study, 18,700 patients from various centers were allocated at random to groups having different objectives of for diastolic blood pressure: <=90 (n=6264); <=85 (n=6264); <=80mmHg (n=6262). Felodipine was the basic drug used. Other antihypertensive drugs were administered in a sequential manner, aiming at the objectives of diastolic blood pressure reduction. RESULTS: The group of nondiabetic hypertensive subjects with diastolic pressure<=80mmHg had a cardiovascular mortality ratio of 4.1/1000 patients/year, 35.5% higher than the group with diastolic pressure <=90mmHg (cardiovascular mortality ratio, 3.1/1000 patients/year). In contrast, diabetic patients allocated to the diastolic pressure objective group of <=80mmHg had a 66.7% reduction in cardiovascular mortality (3.7/1000 patients/year) when compared with the diastolic pressure group of <=90mmHg (cardiovascular mortality ratio, 11.1/1000 patients/year). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that in hypertensive diabetic patients reduction in diastolic blood pressure to levels <=80mmHg decreases the risk of fatal cardiovascular events. It remains necessary to define the level of diastolic blood pressure <=90mmHg at which maximal reduction in cardiovascular mortality is obtained for nondiabetics.

Childhood history of abuse and child abuse potential: the role of parent’s gender and timing of childhood abuse

It has been suggested that being physically abused leads to someone becoming a perpetrator of abuse which could be associated to parents' gender, timing of the physical abuse and specific socio-demographic variables. This study aims to investigate the role the parents' gender, timing of childhood abuse and socio-demographic variables on the relationship between parents' history of childhood physical abuse and current risk for children. The sample consisted of 920 parents (414 fathers, 506 mothers) from the Portuguese National Representative Study of Psychosocial Context of Child Abuse and Neglect who completed the Childhood History Questionnaire and the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. The results showed that fathers had lower current potential risk of becoming physical abuse perpetrators with their children than mothers although they did not differed in their physical victimization history. Moreover, the risk was higher in parents (both genders) with continuous history of victimization than in parents without victimization. Prediction models showed that for fathers and mothers separately similar socio-demographic variables (family income, number of children at home, employment status and marital status) predicted the potential risk of becoming physical abuses perpetrators. Nevertheless, the timing of victimization was different for fathers (before 13 years old) and mothers (after 13 years old). Then our study targets specific variables (timing of physical abuse, parents' gender and specific socio-demographic variables), which may enable professionals to select groups of parents at greater need of participating in abuse prevention programs.

Hemodynamic Effect of Laser Therapy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is considered to be the greatest risk factor for the development of neuro-cardiovascular pathologies, thus constituting a severe Public Health issue in the world. The Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), or laser therapy, activates components of the cellular structure, therefore converting luminous energy into photochemical energy and leading to biophysical and biochemical reactions in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The LLLT promotes cellular and tissue photobiomodulation by means of changes in metabolism, leading to molecular, cellular and systemic changes. The objective of this study was to analyze the action of low-level laser in the hemodynamic modulation of spontaneously hypertensive rats, in the long term. Animals (n = 16) were randomly divided into the Laser Group (n = 8), which received three weekly LLLT irradiations for seven weeks, and into the Sham Group (n = 8), which received three weekly simulations of laser for seven weeks, accounting for 21 applications in each group. After seven weeks, animals were cannulated by the implantation of a catheter in the left carotid artery. On the following day, the systemic arterial pressure was recorded. The Laser Group showed reduced levels of mean blood pressure, with statistically significant reduction (169 ± 4 mmHg* vs. 182 ± 4 mmHg from the Sham Group) and reduced levels of diastolic pressure (143 ± 4 mmHg* vs. 157 ± 3 mmHg from the Sham Group), revealing a 13 and 14 mmHg decrease, respectively. Besides, there was a concomitant important decline in heart rate (312 ± 14 bpm vs. 361 ± 13 bpm from the Sham Group). Therefore, laser therapy was able to produce hemodynamic changes, thus reducing pressure levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Blood pressure change and outcome in acute ischemic stroke: the impact of baseline values, previous hypertensive disease and previous antihypertensive treatment.

BACKGROUND: Management of blood pressure (BP) in acute ischemic stroke is controversial. The present study aims to explore the association between baseline BP levels and BP change and outcome in the overall stroke population and in specific subgroups with regard to the presence of arterial hypertensive disease and prior antihypertensive treatment. METHODS: All patients registered in the Acute STroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) between 2003 and 2009 were analyzed. Unfavorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin score more than 2. A local polynomial surface algorithm was used to assess the effect of BP values on outcome in the overall population and in predefined subgroups. RESULTS: Up to a certain point, as initial BP was increasing, optimal outcome was seen with a progressively more substantial BP decrease over the next 24-48 h. Patients without hypertensive disease and an initially low BP seemed to benefit from an increase of BP. In patients with hypertensive disease, initial BP and its subsequent changes seemed to have less influence on clinical outcome. Patients who were previously treated with antihypertensives did not tolerate initially low BPs well. CONCLUSION: Optimal outcome in acute ischemic stroke may be determined not only by initial BP levels but also by the direction and magnitude of associated BP change over the first 24-48 h.

Oxygen consumption in offspring tawny owls Strix aluco is associated with colour morph of foster mother

In several colour polymorphic species, morphs differ in thermoregulation either because dark and pale surfaces absorb solar radiation to a different extent and/or because morphs differ in key metabolic processes. Morph-specific thermoregulation may potentially account for the observation that differently coloured individuals are frequently not randomly distributed among habitats, and differ in many respects, including behaviour, morphology, survival and reproductive success. In a wild population of the colour polymorphic tawny owl Strix aluco, a recent cross-fostering experiment showed that offspring raised and born from red mothers were heavier than those from grey mothers. In the present study, we tested in the same individuals whether these morph-specific offspring growth patterns were associated with a difference in metabolic rate between offspring of red and grey mothers. For this purpose, we measured nestling oxygen consumption under two different temperatures (laboratory measurements: 4 and 20 degrees C), and examined the relationships between these data sets and the colour morph of foster and biological mothers. After controlling for nestling body mass, oxygen consumption at 20 degrees C was greater in foster offspring raised by grey foster mothers. No relationship was found between nestling oxygen consumption and coloration of their biological mother. Therefore, our study indicates that in our experiment offspring raised by grey foster mothers showed not only a lower body mass than offspring raised by red foster mothers, but also consumed more oxygen under warm temperature. This further indicates that rearing conditions in nests of grey mothers were more stressful than in nests of red mothers.

Changes in the vascular reactivity of the isolated tail arteries of spontaneous and renovascular hypertensive rats to endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline.

We have investigated the changes in the responses to noradrenaline of isolated tail arteries of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and renovascular hypertensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto: two-kidney, one-clip model, WKY:2K1C) compared with normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY) rats. Renovascular hypertension was induced by 4 weeks' unilateral renal artery clipping. Arteries were vasoconstricted with exogenous noradrenaline, electrical field stimulation or high potassium. The effects of the latter two stimuli were abolished by reserpine and so were presumably dependent on the presence of endogenous noradrenaline. In the SHR the maximal vasoconstriction produced by all three stimuli was greater than in WKY. Dose-response curves were steeper and there was no change in threshold. Vascular mass was greater. We interpret these results as showing an increase in vascular reactivity in the SHR caused by structural adaptation. The WKY:2K1C responses to noradrenaline could also be explained in terms of structural adaptation but there was no increase in vascular mass. Sensitivity to potassium and electrical stimulation was decreased, suggesting a defect in vascular neurotransmission. This was supported by the observations of a decreased arterial noradrenaline content and of decreased sensitivity to cocaine.

"I hadn't a penny": A review of State Income Supports Available to Young Parents

As Minister for Children, I am pleased to publish this paper which provides an overview of the income supports available for young parents. This paper has been commissioned as part of the evaluation of the Teenage Parents Support Initiative (TPSI) funded by the Department of Health and Children.The objective of this paper is to discuss the degree to which existing provision within the Irish welfare system meets the financial support needs of teenage parents, in particular, the level to which it meets the needs of different subgroups within the overall population of teenage parents. Download document here

Metabolic effects of fructose in humans

Abstract : Fructose is a simple sugar, whose consumption has increased over the past decades. In rodents, a high-fructose diet (HFrD) induces several features of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the studies included in this thesis was to investigate the metabolic effects of a HFrD in humans, with a focus on insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat deposition. Moreover, we addressed the question whether these effects may differ between individuals according to gender and the genetic background. The first study was designed to evaluate the impact of a 4-week HFrD on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in 7 healthy men. Insulin sensitivity, intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) contents were measured before and after 1 and 4 weeks of HFrD (1.5 g fructose/kg body weight/day). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by a 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. IHCL and IMCL were measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Fructose caused significant (P<0.05) increases in fasting plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG) (+36%), VLDL-TG (+72%) and glucose (+6%) without any change in body weight, IHCL, IMCL, and insulin sensitivity. In the second study, muscle biopsies were taken from five of these healthy male subjects before and after 4 weeks of HFrD. mRNA concentrations of 18 genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. We found that a 4-week HFrD increased the expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis, while it decreased those involved in insulin sensitivity and lipid oxidation; these molecular changes maybe early markers of insulin resistance and altered lipid metabolism. The third study aimed at delineating whether male and females equally respond to a HFrD. For this purpose, higher doses of fructose (twice the dose of the previous study) were provided to 8 healthy young males and 8 healthy young females over 6 days. HFrD significantly increased fasting TG in males (+71 %), whereas this increase was markedly blunted in females (+16%). Males also developed hepatic insulin resistance, characterized by increased hepatic glucose output (+12%), and showed higher alanine aminotransferase concentration (+38%), but none of these effect was observed in females. This study suggests that short-term HFrD leads to hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance in men, but premenopausal women seem protected against these effects. Finally, the fourth study investigated whether healthy offspring of type 2 diabetic patients (OffT2D), a subgroup of individuals prone to metabolic disorders due to their genetic background, may have exacerbated response to HFrD. Eight healthy males (Ctrl) and 16 OffT2D received a HFrD and isocaloric diet in a randomized order. In both groups, HFrD significantly increased IHCL (Ctrl: +76%; OffT2D: +79%) and fasting plasma VLDL-TG (Ctrl: +51 %; OffT2D: +110%). In absolute values, these increments were significantly higher in OffT2D, suggesting that these individuals may be more prone to developing metabolic disorders when challenged by high fructose intake. In order to better delineate the specific effects of fructose vs the hypercaloric energy content, we repeated the complete metabolic investigations after an isocaloric high glucose diet in four of the eight Ctrl volunteers. After a high glucose diet, TG and IHCL concentrations remained similar to the control values, in contrast to the marked increases observed after the HFrD. In conclusion, the studies included in this thesis provided novel insights into the metabolic effects of fructose in humans. They showed that fructose may rapidly increase fasting VLDL-TG, IHCL and lead to hepatic insulin resistance; these effects seem specific to fructose, and potential mechanisms may involve both stimulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and decreased lipid oxidation. Moreover, the results suggest that women seem protected against such deleterious effects, while OffT2D displayed exacerbated response. Résumé : Le fructose est un sucre simple, dont la consommation a augmenté durant les dernières décennies. Dans les modèles animaux, un régime riche en fructose (RRFru) peut induire plusieurs composantes du syndrome métabolique. Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier les effets d'un régime riche en fructose sur la sensibilité à l'insuline et la déposition de lipides ectopiques chez l'humain, et si ces effets variaient selon le genre ou le background génétique. La première étude avait pour but d'évaluer l'effet d'un RRFru d'une durée de 4 semaines sur la sensibilité à l'insuline et le métabolisme des lipides chez des hommes sains. La sensibilité à l'insuline, les lipides intrahépatiques (IHCL) et intramusculaires (IMCL) ont été mesurés avant, et après 1 et 4 semaines du RRFru (1.5 g fructose/kg/jour). La sensibilité à l'insuline a été déterminée par un clamp hyperinsulinémique euglycémique, et les IHCL/IMCL par spectroscopie à résonnance magnétique. Le fructose a augmenté les concentrations plasmatiques à jeun des VLDL- triglycérides (TG) (+72%) et de glucose (+6%), sans induire de changement au niveau de la sensibilité à l'insuline, IHCL ou IMCL. Dans la deuxième étude, des biopsies de muscle squelettique ont été prélevées chez cinq de ces volontaires avant et après les 4 semaines de RRFru. Les concentrations de mRNA de 18 gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des lipides et des hydrates de carbone ont été mesurées par RT-PCR quantitative. Le RRFru a augmenté l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de lipides, et diminué celles de gènes impliqués dans la sensibilité à l'insuline et l'oxydation de lipides. Ces changements pourraient constituer des altérations précoces de la sensibilité à l'insuline et du métabolisme lipidique en réponse au fructose. La troisième étude avait pour but de définir si les réponses au RRFru étaient semblables entre les hommes et les femmes. Pour ceci, des doses plus élevées de fructose ont été administrées à 8 jeunes hommes et 8 jeunes femmes durant 6 jours. Le RRFru a augmenté les TG chez les hommes (+71 %), et de manière nettement plus modeste chez les femmes (+16%). Les hommes ont développé une résistance hépatique à l'insuline, ainsi qu'une augmentation des concentrations d'alanine aminotransférase (+38%), mais aucun de ces effets n'a été observé chez les femmes. Cette étude suggère qu'à court terme, un RRFru mène à une hypertriglycéridémie et résistance hépatique à l'insuline chez l'homme, tandis que les femmes semblent en être protégées. Finalement, la 4ème étude a investigué si des personnes apparentées à des patients diabétiques de type 2 (AppDT2), qui constituent un groupe d'individus à risque de développer des maladies métaboliques en raison de leur background génétique, avaient des réponses plus marquées au RRFru. Huit hommes sains (Ctrl) et 16 AppDT2 on reçu dans un ordre randomisé un RRFru et une diète isocalorique durant 6 jours. Dans les deux groupes, le RRFru a augmenté significativement les IHCL (Ctrl: +76%; AppDT2: +79%) et les VLDL-TG plasmatiques à jeun (Ctrl: +51%; AppDT2: +110%). En valeurs absolues, ces deux augmentations étaient plus importantes dans le groupe des AppDT2, suggérant que ces individus sont plus à risque de développer des problèmes métaboliques suite à un apport de fructose. Afin de définir les effets spécifiques du fructose, quatre des huit sujets Ctrl ont été soumis à un régime riche en glucose. Après le régime riche en glucose, les concentrations de TG et d'IHCL étaient semblables aux valeurs obtenues après une diète isocalorique, contrairement aux nombreux effets observés après le RRFru. En conclusion, ces différentes études ont démontré que chez l'humain, le fructose peut rapidement induire une augmentation des VLDL-TG à jeun, des IHCL et une résistance hépatique à l'insuline ; ces effets semblent être spécifiques au fructose. De plus, les différents résultats obtenus montrent que les femmes développent des effets moindres en réponse au fructose, contrairement aux AppDT2, chez qui les effets du fructose semblent plus marqués. Résumé grand public : Le fructose est un sucre simple, présent naturellement et en faibles quantités dans les fruits, mais également constituant du sucrose - appelé aussi sucre de table. Depuis les années 1970, la consommation de fructose a augmenté dans les pays industrialisés et émergents, principalement par le biais d'une hausse de consommation de boissons sucrées de type soda. Dans des modèles animaux tels que les rongeurs, un régime riche en fructose mène au développement de plusieurs facteurs de risques étroitement liés aux maladies cardiovasculaires, à l'obésité et au diabète de type 2; ceux-ci sont caractérisés par une augmentation des concentrations de glucose et de lipides sanguins, ainsi qu'une accumulation de lipides dits « ectopiques », à savoir dans le foie et les muscles. Le but de cette thèse était de définir les effets d'un régime riche en fructose chez l'être humain. De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à savoir si ces effets étaient semblables entre différents groupes d'individus, à savoir des personnes de sexe masculin / féminin, ou des personnes dont au moins un des parents est diabétique de type 2. Pour ceci, différents groupes de volontaires (hommes, femmes, avec histoire familiale de diabète de type 2) âgés de 18-30 ans se sont soumis à une alimentation enrichie en fructose, d'une durée allant de 6 à 28 jours, suivant l'étude à laquelle ils participaient. La quantité de fructose consommée en plus de l'alimentation normale durant ces périodes équivalait au contenu en fructose de 2-4 litres de boissons sucrées par jour. Des prises de sang ont été effectuées au terme de chacun de ces différents régimes, ainsi que des mesures de sensibilité à l'insuline et de concentrations de lipides dans le foie et le muscle par résonnance magnétique nucléaire, en collaboration avec l'Hôpital de l'Ile de Berne. Les résultats montrent qu'après 6 jours de régime riche en fructose, les volontaires sains de sexe masculin ont presque doublé leurs concentrations de lipides sanguins et hépatiques. De plus, le foie de ces volontaires réagissait moins bien à l'insuline, ce qui pourrait mener à long terme à des maladies métaboliques comme le diabète de type 2. Un des mécanismes postulés est que le fructose pourrait stimuler la formation de lipides dans le foie, contribuant ainsi à un dysfonctionnement de cet organe. De manière surprenante, des femmes d'âge et d'IMC (Indice de Masse Corporelle) comparables aux hommes étudiés n'ont pas développé ces différents effets en réponse au régime riche en fructose. Il semblerait donc qu'elles possèdent certaines propriétés pouvant les «protéger », du moins à court terme, des problèmes métaboliques induits par le fructose. De tels mécanismes sont pour l'heure inconnus, mais il est possible que des différences hormonales, ou de répartition de la masse graisseuse dans le corps, puissent jouer un rôle. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que chez certaines personnes ayant au moins un parent (père ou mère) diabétique de type 2, les augmentations de lipides sanguins et hépatiques induits par le fructose étaient plus marquées que chez des volontaires sans parents diabétiques. Ceci est néanmoins à tempérer par le fait que nous avons observé une grande hétérogénéité des réponses parmi ces individus, découlant certainement d'interactions complexes entre différents facteurs tels que la génétique, le mode de vie, l'alimentation et l'activité physique. Ces différents résultats donnent lieu à une meilleure compréhension du rôle de facteurs alimentaires dans le développement de problèmes métaboliques tels que le diabète de type 2. Ils vont également permettre de tester différentes approches thérapeutiques. Bien qu'ayant été obtenus avec des doses de fructose importantes, ces études soulignent l'effet potentiellement dangereux pour la santé d'une alimentation riche en sucres.

Attention, memory and verbal learning and their relation to schizotypal traits in unaffected parents of schizophrenic patients

The main objective of this ex post facto study is to compare the differencesin cognitive functions and their relation to schizotypal personality traits between agroup of unaffected parents of schizophrenic patients and a control group. A total of 52unaffected biological parents of schizophrenic patients and 52 unaffected parents ofunaffected subjects were assessed in measures of attention (Continuous PerformanceTest- Identical Pairs Version, CPT-IP), memory and verbal learning (California VerbalLearning Test, CVLT) as well as schizotypal personality traits (Oxford-Liverpool Inventoryof Feelings and Experiences, O-LIFE). The parents of the patients with schizophreniadiffer from the parents of the control group in omission errors on the ContinuousPerformance Test- Identical Pairs, on a measure of recall and on two contrast measuresof the California Verbal Learning Test. The associations between neuropsychologicalvariables and schizotpyal traits are of a low magnitude. There is no defined pattern ofthe relationship between cognitive measures and schizotypal traits

Molecular testing for fragile X: analysis of 5062 tests from 1105 fragile X families--performed in 12 clinical laboratories in Spain.

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability. Here we report on a study based on a collaborative registry, involving 12 Spanish centres, of molecular diagnostic tests in 1105 fragile X families comprising 5062 individuals, of whom, 1655 carried a full mutation or were mosaic, three cases had deletions, 1840 had a premutation, and 102 had intermediate alleles. Two patients with the full mutation also had Klinefelter syndrome. We have used this registry to assess the risk of expansion from parents to children. From mothers with premutation, the overall rate of allele expansion to full mutation is 52.5%, and we found that this rate is higher for male than female offspring (63.6% versus 45.6%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, in mothers with intermediate alleles (45-54 repeats), there were 10 cases of expansion to a premutation allele, and for the smallest premutation alleles (55-59 repeats), there was a 6.4% risk of expansion to a full mutation, with 56 repeats being the smallest allele that expanded to a full mutation allele in a single meiosis. Hence, in our series the risk for alleles of <59 repeats is somewhat higher than in other published series. These findings are important for genetic counselling.

Effectiveness of a pediatric palliative home care team as experienced by parents and health care professionals.

OBJECTIVES: Little data are available on palliative home care for children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a specialized pediatric palliative home care team (PPHCT) as experienced by parents and health care professionals (HCPs). METHODS: Parents and HCPs involved in the care of terminally ill children who died and whom the PPHCT was in charge of were surveyed with questionnaires focusing on satisfaction with the PPHCT, satisfaction with the course of the dying phase, and the development of anxiety, depression, and prolonged grief disorder. RESULTS: Forty-three parent dyads participated (return rate, 88%). Satisfaction with the PPHCT scored a median of 10 (numeric rating scale, 0-10). The child's death was predominantly experienced as very peaceful (median, 9); 71% died at home. According to parents, involvement of the PPHCT led to highly significant (p<0.001) improvements in the children's symptoms and quality of life, as well as in aspects of communication and administrative barrier reduction. Anxiety was detected in 25% of parents, depression in 19%, and prolonged grief disorder in 13%. HCPs (return rate, 83%) evaluated all investigated care domains (particularly cooperation/communication/family support) as being significantly improved (p<0.001). Thirty-five percent of HCPs felt uncertain concerning pediatric palliative care; 79% would welcome specific training opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: Involvement of a PPHCT is experienced as a substantial improvement of care by parents and HCPs. Coordination of palliative care during the last phase of life appears to be an important quality factor for the home care of dying children and their families.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin-releasing pituitary tumor: possible malignant transformation of the LH cell line.

A pituitary tumor was diagnosed in a prepubertal 13-yr-old girl, who had elevated plasma LH (58 mIU/ml) and PRL (93 ng/ml) levels; decreased GH, ACTH, and FSH secretion; and diabetes insipidus. After surgery, plasma LH and PRL declined, but not to normal levels. Conventional external radiotherapy to the pituitary was immediately followed by a decrease in LH to prepubertal values (0.7 mIU/ml), while PRL levels became normal only after a long course of bromocriptine therapy. The pituitary tumor was composed of two distinct cell types: small polygonal cells, which were PRL positive by immunohistochemistry, and clusters of pleomorphic large frequently mitotic polynucleated cells, which were LH positive, some of them also being positive for the alpha-subunit or beta LH but not for beta FSH. Four years after surgery and radiotherapy, the patient deteriorated neurologically. Computed tomographic scan showed widespread frontal and periventricular tumor, which had the histological features of a poorly differentiated carcinoma. No PRL, LH, or alpha- or beta-subunits were detectable on immunocytochemistry. While the PRL-positive cells of the pituitary tumor displayed the histological and clinical features of PRL adenomas, the morphological characteristics of LH cells and the sharp decline of plasma LH levels after radiotherapy were suggestive of malignant transformation. In this context, the later brain tumor could have been the result of subependymal spread of the pituitary tumor after it lost its hormone-secreting capacity.

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid population pharmacokinetics of temozolomide in malignant glioma patients

RESUME : Objectif: Le glioblastome multiforme (GBM) est la tumeur cérébrale maligne la plus agressive qui conduit au décès de la majorité des patients moins d'une année après le diagnostic. La plupart des agents chimiothérapeutiques actuellement disponibles ne traversent pas la barrière hémato¬encéphalique et ne peuvent par conséquent pas être utilisés pour ce type de tumeur. Le Temozolomide (TMZ) est un nouvel agent alkylant récemment développé pour le traitement des gliomes malins. A ce jour, très peu d'informations sont disponibles sur la pénétration intra-cérébrale de cet agent. Au cours d'une étude pilote de phase II menée auprès de 64 patients atteints de GBM, l'administration précoce de TMZ combinée à une radiothérapie standard (RT) afin d'intervenir au plus tôt dans l'évolution de la maladie, a permis de prolonger la survie de ces patients, résultat qui pu être confirmé par la suite lors de l'étude randomisée de phase III. L'objectif de cette étude a été de déterminer les paramètres pharmacocinétique du TMZ dans le plasma et le liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR), d'évaluer l'influence de certains facteurs individuels (âge, sexe, surface corporelle, fonction rénale/hépatique, co-médications, RT concomitante) sur ces différents paramètres, et enfin d'explorer la relation existant entre l'exposition au TMZ et certains marqueurs cliniques d'efficacité et de toxicité. Matériel et Méthode: Les concentrations de TMZ ont été mesurées par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC) dans le plasma et le LCR de 35 patients atteints de GBM nouvellement diagnostiqués (étude pilote) ou de gliomes malins en récidive (étude récidive). L'analyse pharmacocinétique de population a été réalisée à l'aide du programme NONMEM. L'exposition systémique et cérébrale, définie par les AUC (Area Under the time-concentration Curve) dans le plasma et le LCR, a été estimée pour chaque patient et corrélée à la toxicité, la survie ainsi que la survie sans progression tumorale. Résultats: Un modèle à 1 compartiment avec une cinétique d'absorption et de transfert Kplasma -> LCR de ordre a été retenu afin de décrire le profil pharmacocinétique du TMZ. Les valeurs moyennes de population ont été de 10 L/h pour la clairance, de 30.3 L pour le volume de distribution, de 2.1 h pour la 1/2 vie d'élimination, de 5.78 hE-1 pour la constante d'absorption, de 7.2 10E4 hE-1 pour Kplasma->LCR et de 0.76 hE-1 pour KLCR plasma. La surface corporelle a montré une influence significative sur la clairance et le volume de distribution, alors que le sexe influence la clairance uniquement. L'AUC mesurée dans le LCR représente ~20% de celle du plasma et une augmentation de 15% de Kplasma->LCR a été observée lors du traitement concomitant de radiochimiothérapie. Conclusions: Cette étude est la première analyse pharmacocinétique effectuée chez l'homme permettant de quantifier la pénétration intra-cérébrale du TMZ. Le rapport AUC LCR/AUC Plasma a été de 20%. Le degré d'exposition systémique et cérébral au TMZ ne semble pas être un meilleur facteur prédictif de la survie ou de la tolérance au produit que ne l'est la dose cumulée seule. ABSTRACT Purpose: Scarce information is available on the brain penetration of temozolomide (TMZ), although this novel methylating agent is mainly used for the treatment of ma¬lignant brain tumors. The purpose was to assess TNIZ phar¬macokinetics in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) along with its inter-individual variability, to characterize covari¬ates and to explore relationships between systemic or cere¬bral drug exposure and clinical outcomes. Experimental Design: TMZ levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma and CSF samples from 35 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent malignant gliomas. The population pharmacoki¬netic analysis was performed with nonlinear mixed-effect modeling software. Drug exposure, defined by the area un¬der the concentration-time curve (AUC) in plasma and CSF, was estimated for each patient and correlated with toxicity, survival, and progression-free survival. Results: A three-compartment model with first-order absorption and transfer rates between plasma and CSF described the data appropriately. Oral clearance was 10 liter/h; volume of distribution (VD), 30.3 liters; absorption constant rate, 5.8 hE-1; elimination half-time, 2.1 h; transfer rate from plasma to CSF (Kplasma->CSF), 7.2 x 10E-4hE-1 and the backwards rate, 0.76hE-1. Body surface area signifi¬cantly influenced both clearance and VD, and clearance was sex dependent. The AU CSF corresponded to 20% of the AUCplasma. A trend toward an increased K plasma->CSF of 15% was observed in case of concomitant radiochemo-therapy. No significant correlations between AUC in plasma or CSF and toxicity, survival, or progression-free survival were apparent after deduction of dose-effect. Conclusions: This is the first human pharmacokinetic study on TMZ to quantify CSF penetration. The AUC CSF/ AUC plasma ratio was 20%. Systemic or cerebral exposures are not better predictors than the cumulative dose alone for both efficacy and safety.

Induction of transendothelial migration in normal and malignant human T lymphocytes.

Activated CD 3+ enriched human peripheral blood T cells exhibited potent capacity for transendothelial migration through HUVEC layers in the absence of T cell ***. In contrast, malignant human T cell lines *** no or negligible ability of transendothelial migration in the absence of chemoattractants. Time lapse studies of transendothelial migration of activated CD 3+ enriched peripheral blood T cells through a HUVEC layer showed that the first T cells were detected in the lower compartment of a tissue culture insert after 1 hour and that migration increased to reach a maximum of 25 x 10(4) T cells/hr after 24 hours. Adhesion assays of human T cell lines demonstrated that all T cell lines were capable of adhesion to HUVEC and that adhesion of T cells to HUVECs was primarily mediated by CD11a/CD18 and ICAM-1 interactions. Furthermore, transendothelial migration of CD 3+ enriched human peripheral blood T cells was inhibited by pretreating the T cells with anti-CD 18 monoclonal antibodies. The inability of malignant T cells to migrate through HUVEC layers in the absence of chemoattractants was not due to poor motility per se, since both normal and malignant T cells migrated well on extracellular matrix components as determined by using Boyden chambers. Crosslinking of alpha 1 beta 2 and alpha 4 beta 1 with immobilized monoclonal antibodies induced motile behaviour in activated CD 3 enriched human peripheral blood T cells but not in malignant T cell lines. In conclusion, the differences in the ability of transendothelial migration between normal and malignant human T cells in the absence of chemoattractants is primarily due to the differences in the capacity of alpha 1 beta 2 and alpha 4 beta 1 to trigger motile behaviour in the separate cell types.