Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation and stress on passive avoidance behavior

Previous studies have shown that several types of stress can induce memory impairment. However, the memory effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD), a stressor in itself, are unclear. We therefore compared passive avoidance behavior of rats undergoing PSD and PSD stress yoked-control (PSC) using the "reversed flowerpot method." When rats were kept isolated on a PSC platform for 24 It immediately after criterion training, retention trials showed impaired aversive memory storage. When delayed for 24 h after criterion training, PSC stress did not disrupt retention performance. In rats subjected to PSD, either immediately or 24 It after criterion training, there was no disruption of aversive memory consolidation. These results suggest that, during stress, paradoxical sleep plays a role in erasing aversive memory traces, in line with the theory that we "dream in order to forget." (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ketamine affects memory consolidation: Differential effects in T-maze and passive avoidance paradigms in mice

The effects of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, on memory in animals have been limited to the sub-anesthetic dose given prior to training in previous studies. We evaluated the effects of post-training anesthetic doses of ketamine to se

Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a 50-Hz Magnetic Field on One-Trial Passive Avoidance Learning in 1-Day-Old Chicks

We investigated memory impairment in newly hatched chicks following in ovo exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT (60 min/day) on embryonic days 12-18. Isolated and paired chicks were used to test the effect of stress during training, and memory retention was tested at 10, 30, and 120 min, following exposure to a bitter-tasting bead (100% methylanthranilate). Results showed that memory was intact at 10 min in both isolated and paired chicks with or without MF exposure. However, while isolated chicks had good memory retention levels at 30 and 120 min, those exposed to MF did not. The results suggest a potential disruption of memory formation following in ovo exposure to MF, with this effect only evident in the more stressed, isolated chicks. Bioelectromagnetics 31:150-155, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss. Inc.

Reversible disconnection of the hippocampal-prelimbic cortical circuit impairs spatial learning but not passive avoidance learning in rats

Wistar rats, treated with the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol, were used to investigate the role of the hippocampal-prelimbic cortical (Hip-PLC) circuit in spatial learning in the Morris water maze task, and in passive avoidance learning in the step-thr

一种7DOF冗余手臂构形的运动学与动力学特性研究

冗余度机构具有高度的灵活性和避障能力,利用冗余自由度可以改善仿人机器人手臂的运动性能。以实现人体手臂的运动特性和操作灵活性为目标,研制了一种7DOF冗余仿人机器人手臂,根据冗余手臂的机构学特点,研究了手臂的运动学和动力学性能,并在工作空间、肘部关节的自运动能力以及手臂自重引起的关节重力矩等方面与其它两种典型的冗余手臂构形进行了比较分析。

基于规则的移动机器人实时运动规划

研究移动机器人在动态环境中的导航与避障问题。为提高规划的实时性,提出了基于规则的规划方法,将多移动障碍环境机器人的运动规划分解为相对简单的单移动障碍运动规划,利用最优控制来实现单障碍的最优避障,并用智能搜索方法解决了移动机器人在多移动障碍环境中的实时运动规划问题。仿真实例表明了该方法的有效性。

基于修正的最小均方误差分类算法的移动机器人运动规划

研究了不确定性环境下移动机器人躲避运动轨迹未知的移动障碍物的一种新方法．通过实时最小均方误差估计算法预测每个障碍物的位置及运动轨迹，并利用模式识别中最小均方误差分类器的修正模型计算出机器人的局部避障路径，再运用船舶导航中使用的操纵盘技术来确定每个导航周期中移动机器人的速．度仿真结果表明了该方法的可行性

7自由度机器人的图谱问题

本文在分析、归纳、综合的基础上作出了7自由度机械臂的图谱.包括位置空间、奇异空间、回避障碍和回避奇异等问题.给出了一种普遍适用的方法.并介绍了该方法的使用,对7自由度机器人的结构设计和选型有一定的参考价值.

Yield drag in a two-dimensional foam flow around a circular obstacle: Effect of liquid fraction

Raufaste, C., Dollet, B., Cox, S., Jiang, Y. and Graner, F. (2007). Yield drag in a two-dimensional foam flow around a circular obstacle: Effect of liquid fraction. European Physical Journal E, 23 (2), 217?228 Sponsorship: Y.J. is supported by US DOE under contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396. S.C. is supported by EPSRC (EP/D071127/1)

Decoding an olfactory mechanism of kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate.

BACKGROUND: Like other vertebrates, primates recognize their relatives, primarily to minimize inbreeding, but also to facilitate nepotism. Although associative, social learning is typically credited for discrimination of familiar kin, discrimination of unfamiliar kin remains unexplained. As sex-biased dispersal in long-lived species cannot consistently prevent encounters between unfamiliar kin, inbreeding remains a threat and mechanisms to avoid it beg explanation. Using a molecular approach that combined analyses of biochemical and microsatellite markers in 17 female and 19 male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), we describe odor-gene covariance to establish the feasibility of olfactory-mediated kin recognition. RESULTS: Despite derivation from different genital glands, labial and scrotal secretions shared about 170 of their respective 338 and 203 semiochemicals. In addition, these semiochemicals encoded information about genetic relatedness within and between the sexes. Although the sexes showed opposite seasonal patterns in signal complexity, the odor profiles of related individuals (whether same-sex or mixed-sex dyads) converged most strongly in the competitive breeding season. Thus, a strong, mutual olfactory signal of genetic relatedness appeared specifically when such information would be crucial for preventing inbreeding. That weaker signals of genetic relatedness might exist year round could provide a mechanism to explain nepotism between unfamiliar kin. CONCLUSION: We suggest that signal convergence between the sexes may reflect strong selective pressures on kin recognition, whereas signal convergence within the sexes may arise as its by-product or function independently to prevent competition between unfamiliar relatives. The link between an individual's genome and its olfactory signals could be mediated by biosynthetic pathways producing polymorphic semiochemicals or by carrier proteins modifying the individual bouquet of olfactory cues. In conclusion, we unveil a possible olfactory mechanism of kin recognition that has specific relevance to understanding inbreeding avoidance and nepotistic behavior observed in free-ranging primates, and broader relevance to understanding the mechanisms of vertebrate olfactory communication.

The empirical analysis of cigarette tax avoidance and illicit trade in Vietnam, 1998-2010.

Illicit trade carries the potential to magnify existing tobacco-related health care costs through increased availability of untaxed and inexpensive cigarettes. What is known with respect to the magnitude of illicit trade for Vietnam is produced primarily by the industry, and methodologies are typically opaque. Independent assessment of the illicit cigarette trade in Vietnam is vital to tobacco control policy. This paper measures the magnitude of illicit cigarette trade for Vietnam between 1998 and 2010 using two methods, discrepancies between legitimate domestic cigarette sales and domestic tobacco consumption estimated from surveys, and trade discrepancies as recorded by Vietnam and trade partners. The results indicate that Vietnam likely experienced net smuggling in during the period studied. With the inclusion of adjustments for survey respondent under-reporting, inward illicit trade likely occurred in three of the four years for which surveys were available. Discrepancies in trade records indicate that the value of smuggled cigarettes into Vietnam ranges from $100 million to $300 million between 2000 and 2010 and that these cigarettes primarily originate in Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Malaysia, and Australia. Notable differences in trends over time exist between the two methods, but by comparison, the industry estimates consistently place the magnitude of illicit trade at the upper bounds of what this study shows. The unavailability of annual, survey-based estimates of consumption may obscure the true, annual trend over time. Second, as surveys changed over time, estimates relying on them may be inconsistent with one another. Finally, these two methods measure different components of illicit trade, specifically consumption of illicit cigarettes regardless of origin and smuggling of cigarettes into a particular market. However, absent a gold standard, comparisons of different approaches to illicit trade measurement serve efforts to refine and improve measurement approaches and estimates.