Mercury in Florida Bay fish: spatial distribution of elevated concentrations and possible linkages to Everglades restoration

Health advisories are now posted in northern Florida Bay, adjacent to the Everglades, warning of high mercury concentrations in some species of gamefish. Highest concentrations of mercury in both forage fish and gamefish have been measured in the northeastern corner of Florida Bay, adjacent to the dominant freshwater inflows from the Everglades. Thirty percent of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus Cuvier, 1830) analyzed exceeded Florida’s no consumption level of 1.5 μg g−1 mercury in this area. We hypothesized that freshwater draining the Everglades served as the major source of methylmercury entering the food web supporting gamefish. A lack of correlation between mercury concentrations and salinity did not support this hypothesis, although enhanced bioavailability of methylmercury is possible as freshwater is diluted with estuarine water. Stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur were measured in fish to elucidate the shared pathways of methylmercury and nutrient elements through the food web. These data support a benthic source of both methylmercury and nutrient elements to gamefish within the eastern bay, as opposed to a dominant watershed source. Ecological characteristics of the eastern bay, including active redox cycling in near-surface sediments without excessive sulfide production are hypothesized to promote methylmercury formation and bioaccumulation in the benthos. Methylmercury may then accumulate in gamefish through a food web supported by benthic microalgae, detritus, pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum Burkenroad, 1939), and other epibenthic feeders. Uncertainty remains as to the relative importance of watershed imports of methylmercury from the Everglades and in situ production in the bay, an uncertainty that needs resolution if the effects of Everglades restoration on mercury levels in fish are to be modeled and managed.

Trace element concentrations in muscle tissue of the benthopelagic grenadier (Coryphaenoides armatus) from the Iberian deep-sea

11 specimens of Coryphaenoides armatus were collected at former dumping sites for radioactive material in the Iberian deep sea at a depth of 4700 m and their muscle tissue was analysed for four trace elements (copper, zinc, cadmium and lead) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPSAV). Concentrations of zinc were typical for fish muscle in general; copper content was somewhat higher than generally found in fish. The cadmium and lead contents were at a level found in fish from the open sea but the lead content of 2 specimens taken in area East-B was found to be higher.

Study on the biomass yield of Duckweed (Lemna minor) (L.) in hydroponic cultures containing different concentrations of aquaeous extract of chicken manure

The biomass yields of duck week (Lemna minor(L) was monitored in hydroponic media prepared by variously extracting 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00g of dried chicken manure per liter of city water (tap water) supply. The culture media consisting of aqueous extract of the various manure treatments were made up to 12 liters in all cases with tap water as control. Plastic baths of 25 liters capacity with 0.71 super(m2) surface area were used as culture facility. Each bath was stocked at a density of 30g super(m-2) with fresh weed samples (i.e 21.30g/bath). Maximum yields were obtained at all treatment levels and control on day 3 and based on the highest yield of 0.37gm super(-2)d super(-1) (dry matter) obtained at 1.00gL manure treatment which was however not significantly higher (P>0.05) than the 0.36gm super(-2)d super(-1) (dry matter) at 0.05gl super(-1) media manure content, an average manure level of 0.75l super(-1) was selected and used to determine the operational plant density. Thus fresh weights of 30 to 300gm super(-2) was grown in triplicate at 30g intervals for a period of 3 days. A regression equation of Y=2.6720+0.0021x with a corresponding maximum density or operational plant density of 266gm super(-2) and yield of 0.98gm super(-2), d super(-1) (dry matter) were obtained. Further growth trials were carried out at the operational density and manure levels of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 and 2.00gl super(-1) media manure concentration giving a significantly higher yield (P<0.05) of 17gm super(-2), d super(-1) (dry matter). This yield was however doubled to between 2.21 and 2.24gm super(-2) d super(-1) (equivalent to 7.96 to 8.06mt.ha-1, Yr-1 dry matter on extrapolation) if 25% and 75% respectively of the total weed cover were harvested daily within the experimental period. The role of some dissolved plant nutrients (DPN) were also discussed

Release of Sulfur and Chlorine During Cofiring Rdf and Coal In An Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed

An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of chlorine and sulfur during cofiring RDF and coal. The pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (Gasmet DX-3000). In the tests, the concentrations of the species CO, CO2, HCl, and SO2 were measured online. Results indicated when cofiring RDF and char, due to the higher content of chlorine in RDF, the formation of HCl significantly increases. The concentration Of SO2 is relatively low because alkaline metal in the fuel ash can absorb SO2. The concentration of CO emission during firing pure RDF is relatively higher and fluctuates sharply. With the CaO addition, the sulfur absorption by calcium quickly increases, and the desulfuration ratio is bigger than the dechlorination ratio. The chemical equilibrium method is applied to predict the behavior of chlorine. Results show that gaseous HCl emission increases with increasing RDF fraction, and gaseous KCl and NaCl formation might occur.

Seasonal variation of some trace metal concentrations in some fish species on stretch of River Kubanni, Zaria

In a semi-urbanized stretch of river Kubanni, Zaria, seasonal variations of some tree metals (copper, zinc and lead) in fish species (Clarias sp., Tilapia sp and Alestes sp) were investigated over a period of eight months. Water and fish were sampled monthly, pooled separately and seasonal analysis of each trace determined using atomic absorption method. The concentration of each of the elements in water higher in the dry season than during the rainy season. The dry and rainy season concentrations of copper, zinc and lead were 6.85~c10.66 mu gg super(-1)&1.45~c1.10 mu gg super(-1); 2.13~c1.68 mu gg super(-1)&0.1 5~c0.05 mu gg super(-1); and 0.52~c0.50 mu gg super(-1) & 0.31~c0.14 mu gg super(-1) respectively. Similarly, all the three accumulated more zinc and lead in the dry season than during the rainy season. Tilapia species and to some extent, Alestes species being pelagic had a higher concentration of trace metals than Clarias species which is a bottom dwelling fish Tilapia species may therefore be a better indicator species than Clarias species for monitoring trace metals in water bodies. Reasons for the observed variations in the trace metals were discussed

Citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do Listerine em culturas de Escherichia coli e plamídios

A utilização de testes de biocompatibilidade de materiais odontológicos é necessária para avaliar a segurança dos mesmos. Listerine é um enxaguatório comercial usado para a prevenção e tratamento da gengivite. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos citotóxico e genotóxico do Listerine em culturas de Escherichia coli e plasmídios. Na avaliação da citotoxicidade, culturas de E. coli AB1157 e BW9091 foram incubadas com Listerine (10, 50 e 100%) e o crescimento acompanhado pela densidade óptica (DO) em 600nm por 7 horas(h). Para avaliar a sobrevivência, culturas de E. coli AB1157, em fase exponencial, foram centrifugadas, ressuspensas em solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) e incubadas (1h, 37C) com Listerine (10, 50, 100%, 1h, 37 C). Alíquotas foram semeadas em placas de Petri contendo meio nutritivo nos tempos 0, 30 e 60 minutos e armazenadas em estufa bacteriológica (18h, 37 C). As unidades formadoras de colônias contadas e as frações de sobrevivência (FS) calculadas. Como controles, culturas tratadas salina ou etanol (21,6%). Para genotoxicidade, plasmídios pBSK foram incubados com Listerine (10, 50 e 100%) e com etanol (2,16%, 10,8% e 21,6%), associados ou não ao SnCl2(200g/mL, 30 minutos, temperatura ambiente), realizada eletroforese em gel de agarose (0,8%, 8V/cm), observados por transiluminação UV e obtido o percentual da forma superespiralada (%SE). Os resultados indicam que o enxaguatório Listerine foi capaz de inibir o crescimento bacteriano de culturas de E. coli na maior concentração utilizada. O enxaguatório, na maior concentração, diminuiu a sobrevivência das culturas bacterianas testadas. Listerine não modificou o perfil eletroforético do plasmídios, indicando ausência de efeito genotóxico e também foi capaz de proteger os plamídios da ação do SnCl2. Além disso, o etanol, na mesma concentração presente no Listerine, não alterou o perfil eletroforético dos plasmídios, sendo capaz de protegê-lo da ação do SnCl2. Os resultados indicaram que o Listerine apresentou efeito citotóxico em culturas de E. coli e ausência de potencial genotóxico em plamídios, sendo capaz de protegê-los, bem como o etanol, dos efeitos genotóxicos do SnCl2.

I. The rate and mechanism of the vapor-phase reaction between water and parts-per-million concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. II. The rate and mechanism of the air oxidation of parts-per-million concentrations of nitric oxide in the presence of water vapor.

Part I

A study of the thermal reaction of water vapor and parts-per-million concentrations of nitrogen dioxide was carried out at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure. Nitric oxide and nitric acid vapor were the principal products. The initial rate of disappearance of nitrogen dioxide was first order with respect to water vapor and second order with respect to nitrogen dioxide. An initial third-order rate constant of 5.5 (± 0.29) x 10⁴ liter² mole^-2 sec^-1 was found at 25˚C. The rate of reaction decreased with increasing temperature. In the temperature range of 25˚C to 50˚C, an activation energy of -978 (± 20) calories was found.

The reaction did not go to completion. From measurements as the reaction approached equilibrium, the free energy of nitric acid vapor was calculated. This value was -18.58 (± 0.04) kilocalories at 25˚C.

The initial rate of reaction was unaffected by the presence of oxygen and was retarded by the presence of nitric oxide. There were no appreciable effects due to the surface of the reactor. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide were monitored by gas chromatography during the reaction.

Part II

The air oxidation of nitric oxide, and the oxidation of nitric oxide in the presence of water vapor, were studied in a glass reactor at ambient temperatures and at atmospheric pressure. The concentration of nitric oxide was less than 100 parts-per-million. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide was monitored by gas chromatography during the reaction.

For the dry oxidation, the third-order rate constant was 1.46 (± 0.03) x 10⁴ liter² mole^-2 sec^-1 at 25˚C. The activation energy, obtained from measurements between 25˚C and 50˚C, was -1.197 (±0.02) kilocalories.

The presence of water vapor during the oxidation caused the formation of nitrous acid vapor when nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and water vapor combined. By measuring the difference between the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide during the wet and dry oxidations, the rate of formation of nitrous acid vapor was found. The third-order rate constant for the formation of nitrous acid vapor was equal to 1.5 (± 0.5) x 10⁵ liter² mole^-2 sec^-1 at 40˚C. The reaction rate did not change measurably when the temperature was increased to 50˚C. The formation of nitric acid vapor was prevented by keeping the concentration of nitrogen dioxide low.

Surface effects were appreciable for the wet tests. Below 35˚C, the rate of appearance of nitrogen dioxide increased with increasing surface. Above 40˚C, the effect of surface was small.

Studies on the role of histones in the structure and function of chromatin

Studies on the dissociation of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) have shown that histrone II is removed at lowest concentrations of DOC, while slightly higher concentrations remove histones III and IV. Still higher concentrations remove histone I.

The complete separation of chromatin and ¹⁴C-DOC by sucrose sedimentation indicated that the binding of DOC to chromatin is readily and completely reversible.

The dissociation of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of related cholanic acids and some of their conjugated derivatives were studied. The results suggested that the driving force for the interaction between the cholanic acid anion and histones is the lowering of the activity coefficient of the cholanic acid anion which occurs when it is partially removed from solution by interaction with hydrophobic regions of the positively charged histones.

The role of histones in the structure of chromatin has been studied by comparing the effects of selective removal of histones from chromatin by increasing concentrations of DOC with those caused by NaCl (removes histone I at lowest concentrations, while higher concentrations remove histones II, III, and IV). Properties studied included thermal denaturation, sedimentation velocity, flow dichroism, relaxation times of molecules oriented in a flow field, and the irreversible disruption of a 130 S, cross-linked component of sheared chromatin. The data indicated that none of the structural or chemical parameters with which these properties are correlated show a dependence on the presence of one particular histone fraction.

The template activity (ability to prime a 0.2 M KC1 DNA-dependent RNA synthesis system catalyzed by E. coli RNA polymerase) increases from that of native chromatin (approximately 25 per cent of that pure DNA) to that of pure DNA in a fashion which shows a nearly linear relationship to the amount of histone coverage of the template. The precipitability of partially dehistonized chromatin samples in 0.15 M NaCl shows a large dependence on the presence of histone I.

The interactions of basic proteins and DNA

I. ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS

A zone electrophoresis apparatus using ultraviolet optics has been constructed to study nucleic acids at concentrations less than 0.004%. Native DNA has a mobility about 15% higher than denatured DNA over a range of conditions. Otherwise, the electrophoretic mobility is independent of molecular weight, base composition or source. DNA mobilities change in the expected way with pH but the fractional change in mobility is less than the calculated change in charge. A small decrease in mobility accompanies an increase in ionic strength. RNA’s from various sources have mobilities slightly lower than denatured DNA except for s-RNA which travels slightly faster. The important considerations governing the mobility of nucleic acids appear to be the nature of the hydrodynamic segment, and the binding of counterions. The differences between electrophoresis and sedimentation stem from the fact that all random coil polyelectrolytes are fundamentally free draining in electrophoresis.

II. THE CYTOCHROME C/DNA COMPLEX

The basic protein, cytochrome c, has been complexed to DNA. Up to a cytochrome:DNA mass ratio of 2, a single type of complex is formed. Dissociation of this complex occurs between 0.05F and 0.1F NaCl. The complexing of cytochrome to DNA causes a slight increase in the melting temperature of the DNA, and a reduction of the electrophoretic mobility proportional to the decrease in net charge. Above a cytochrome:DNA mass ratio of 2.5, a different type of complex is formed. The results suggest that complexes such as are formed in the Kleinschmidt technique of electron microscopy would not exist in bulk solution and are exclusively film phenomena.

III. STUDIES OF THE ELECTROPHORESIS AND MELTING BEHAVIOUR OF NUCLEOHISTONES

Electrophoresis studies on reconstituted nucleohistones indicate that the electrophoretic mobility for these complexes is a function of the net charge of the complex. The mobility is therefore dependent on the charge density of the histone complexing the DNA, as well as on the histone/DNA ratio. It is found that the different histones affect the transition from native to denatured DNA in different ways. It appears that histone I is exchanging quite rapidly between DNA molecules in 0.01 F salt, while histone II is irreversibly bound. Histone III-IV enhances the capacity of non-strand separated denatured DNA to reanneal. Studies on native nucleoproteins indicate that there are no gene-sized uncomplexed DNA regions in any preparations studied.

IV. THE DISSOCIATION OF HISTONE FROM CALF THYMUS CROMATIN

Calf thymus nucleoprotein was treated with varying concentrations of NaCl. The identity of the histones associated and dissociated from the DNA at each salt concentration was determined by gel electrophoresis. It was found that there is no appreciable histone dissociation below 0.4 F NaCl. The lysine rich histones dissociate between 0.4 and 0.5 F NaCl. Their dissociation is accompanies by a marked increase in the solubility of the chromatin. The moderately lysine rich histones dissociate mainly between 0.8 and 1.1 F NaCl. There are two arginine rich histone components: the first dissociates between 0.8 F and 1.1 F NaCl, but the second class is the very last to be dissociated from the DNA (dissociation beginning at 1.0 F NaCl). By 2.0 F NaCl, essentially all the histones are dissociated.

The properties of the extracted nucleoprotein were studied. The electrophoretic mobility increases and the melting temperature decreases as more histones are dissociated from the DNA. A comparison with the dissociation of histones from DNA in NaClO₄ shows that to dissociate the same class of histones, the concentration of NaCl required is twice that of NaClO₄.

Potencial antiinflamatório do extrato aquoso de Echinodorus macrophyllus e de suas frações em modelo de inflamação aguda

A Echinodorus macrophyllus (Alismataceae), conhecida como chapéu de couro no Brasil, é usada popularmente para tratar doenças reumáticas e inflamatórias. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos antiinflamatórios do extrato aquoso de E. macrophyllus (EAEm) e suas frações etanólicas no modelo murino de air pouch. Para a obtenção das frações, 7 g do EAEm foram aplicadas em uma coluna cromatográfica aberta de sílica gel eluída com diferentes concentrações de etanol. Os cromatogramas do EAEm/frações foram obtidos usando um sistema de HPLC. Foram obtidas quatro frações, duas delas com maior rendimento. Resumidamente, a bolha de ar foi induzida pela injeção de 5 mL de ar estéril (s.c) no dorso de camundongos SW machos (25-35 g). Após 3 dias, mas 3 mL de ar estéril foram injetados para manter a bolha. No sexto dia, cada grupo (n = 4) foi tratado intraperitoneal (ip) ou oralmente (v.o) com EAEm (25 ou 250 mg/kg), Fr20 ou Fr40 (2,5, 25, 50 ou 100 mg/kg) e os controles com indometacina (10 mg/kg, v.o.) ou veículo (salina). Uma hora depois, 1 mL de salina ou de carragenina 1% estéril foi injetada dentro da bolha. Após 4 h, a cavidade foi lavada com NaCl 0,9%, EDTA 2 mM (1 mL), para a determinação do número de leucócitos, volume do exsudato e concentração de proteínas. Células do exsudato foram preparadas em citocentrífuga e coradas pelo método do Panótico para a contagem diferencial dos leucócitos. Cortes histológicos coletados dos diferentes grupos foram fixados com formol tamponado 10% (pH 7,4) por 7 dias, corados com HE e analisados em MO. A análise da expressão da iNOS e da COX-2 foi realizada em células do exsudato por RT-PCR. O acúmulo de nitrito (NO2−) no sobrenadante do cultivo de células RAW 264.7 foi determinado usando um ensaio colorimétrico baseado na reação de Griess. Os resultados foram expressos como média EP e comparados usando ANOVA seguido de teste de Dunnet. Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata. No modelo air pouch, a injeção de carragenina 1% aumentou tanto a migração celular quanto a concentração de proteína no exsudato. Contudo, enquanto o pré-tratamento com a Fr40 aumentou a resposta inflamatória, o pré-tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20, sobretudo por via i.p., inibiu esta resposta quando comparado ao grupo controle tratado apenas com o veículo. Assim, foram observadas as seguintes razões de inibição da migração de células: EAEm, i.p. a 25 mg/kg (66,44%) e a 250 mg/kg (87,27%) e Fr20 a 2,5 mg/kg (26,89%), 25 mg/kg (60,06%), 50 mg/kg (63,13%) e a 100 mg/kg (77,47%). Em relação à contagem diferencial, o EAEm e a Fr20 afetaram principalmente o número de neutrófilos, inibindo sua migração no exsudato. O EAEm e a Fr20 também reduziram a concentração total de proteínas no exsudato principalmente no tratamento i.p.; EAEm a 25 e 250 mg/kg mostrou 3,33 0,55 e 2,05 0,51 mg/mL, respectivamente, quando comparado aos grupos controles (Indometacina 2.88 0.64 mg/mL; Veículo 5.48 0.88 mg/mL). A Fr20 a 2,5, 25, 50 e 100 mg/kg mostrou 4,788 0,444, 1,417 0,519, 2,474 0,529 e 2,215 0, 361 mg/mL. A análise histológica mostrou infiltrado celular, principalmente composto de leucócitos polimorfonucleares ao longo da derme inflamada de animais tratados com veículo. O tratamento com o EAEm ou Fr20 reduziu a infiltração de leucócitos no tecido inflamado. Além disso, o tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20 mostrou atividade supressora sobre a expressão de iNOS e COX-2, e mostrou efeitos inibitórios na produção de NO induzida por LPS. Concluindo, todos estes resultados confirmam o potencial antiinflamatório sugerido para esta planta e fornecem uma base para a compreensão de seus mecanismos moleculares de ação. Contudo, outros estudos devem ser realizados para melhor elucidar as vias pelas quais o EAEm e a Fr20 exercem seus efeitos antiinflamatórios. Além disso, estudos fitoquímicos devem ser realizados para identificar os compostos ativos no EAEm e na Fr20.

The rate and mechanism of the partial oxidation of acetaldehyde by PPM concentrations of nitrogen dioxide

The thermal reaction between nitrogen dioxide and acetaldehyde in the gas phase was investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The initial rate of disappearance of nitrogen dioxide was 1.00 ± 0.03 order with respect to nitrogen dioxide and 1.00 ± 0.07 order with respect to acetaldehyde. An initial second order rate constant of (8.596 ± 0.189) x 10^-3 1.mole^-1 sec^-1 was obtained at 22.0 ± 0.1 °C and a total pressure of one atmosphere. The activation energy of the reaction was 12,900 cal/mole in the temperature range between 22°C and 122°C.

The products of the reaction were nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, methyl nitrite, nitromethane and a trace amount of trans-dimeric nitrosomethane. The addition of nitric oxide increased the rate of formation of nitromethane and decreased the rate of formation of methyl nitrite. There were no measurable surface effects due to the addition of glass wool or glass beads to the reactor.

Reactants and products were analyzed by gas chromatography. A mechanism was proposed incorporating the principal features of the reaction.

Concentrations of major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon, England, 1970-1974 [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 5 stations in the River Duddon between January 1970 and August 1974.

Concentrations of major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon, England, 1972-1974 [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 26 stations in the River Duddon basin between 1972 and 1974.

Concentrations of major ions in 182 tarns in the English Lake District (1953-1978) [Dataset]

This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 182 tarns in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1953 and 1978.