1000 resultados para Mystère des bergers


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Based on the results of an analytical assessment, the Atlantic cod stock off Greenland collapsed already in the late 60s and, since then, reached rarely the 10 % level of its size in 1955. Applying the concept of a self-sustaining stock, the drastic harvesting strategy of the past four decades must be considered inadequate. The stock collapse was therefore found consistent with annual exploitation rates being not adjusted to conservative management options and exceeding the productivity of the stock by far. The results of a multiplicative model explained the following recruitment failure based on significant effects of spawning stock size as well as temperature. Certainly, cold periods have negatively affected the recruitment process and consequently contributed to the stock collapse. However, such ecological effects should not be itemized causal but must be taken into account regarding appropriate stock management. Till today, the spawning stock remained severely depleted causing a low probability of a successful recruitment and a substantial stock recovery.

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Das am 16. November 1994 in Kraft getretene Seerechtsübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) regelt völkerrechtlich alle Nutzungsarten der Meere. Die dort erlassenen Vorschriften beschränken sich auf allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze, seerechtliche Kompetenzregelungen und Staatenverpflichtungen zum Erlaß internationaler und nationaler Regelungen. Das Vertragswerk bezieht den marinen Umweltschutz, einen Kernbereich globaler Umweltpolitik, ausdrücklich mit ein. Wesentlich konkreter in der Umsetzung umweltpolitischer Ziele sind die internationalen Übereinkommen zum Schutz der Meeresumwelt. Für den in Abbildung 1 gezeigten Teil des Nordostatlantiks einschließlich der Nordsee existieren derartige Übereinkommen bereits seit 1972 durch das OSLO und PARIS Übereinkommen und für die gesamte Ostsee seit 1974 durch das HELSINKI Übereinkommen. Im Lichte des heutigen Umweltverständnisses und unter Berücksichtigung des weiterentwickelten Seerechts wurden beide Übereinkommen 1992 neu gefaßt. Die politischen Veränderungen haben insbesondere im Ostseeraum auch zu geographischen Erweiterungen geführt. Die mit der Novellierung der jeweiligen Übereinkommen verbundene Neuorganisation ist weiterhin selbstverständlich von den Erfahrungen aus der zwanzigjährigen Überwachungstätigkeit und dem in dieser Zeit durch die Meeresforschung gewachsenen Wissen geprägt.

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The October meeting of the ACFM of ICES gave advice for a number of North-Atlantic fish stocks. The results of the most important stocks are given here from the perspective of German fishery management. The are chiefly North Sea plaice and sole, for which a reduction of 25 % of the fishing mortality (F) is recommended for 1998, North Sea saithe (minus 20 % in F), while North Sea cod is in the process of recovery and North Sea haddock is inside safe biological limits. The mackerel stock of the North Sea has not yet recovered, while the western mackerel stock as an entity has stabilised at a level of about 2.3 million t.

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A study by K.R. Patterson of the Marine Lab, Aberdeen, Scottland, presented to the EU comission in June 1997, investigated the distribution of Herring in the North Sea, i. e. the zonal attachment of the stock to EU and Norwegian waters, respectively. Evaluation of data from the ICES International Bottom Trawl Surveys and Herring Acoustic Surveys conducted in the last 10 years showed a wide variation in biomass and zonal attachment, depending on the type of survey used and the season sampled. However, a mean share of 16 % was estimated to be attached to the Norwegian waters . In contrast to earlier analyses based on commercial catches there is little support that this proportion increases with increasing stock size. It is expected that this study will give rise to some discussion on the forthcoming EU-Norwegian consultations on North Sea herring.

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Cod in the North Sea is expected to reach „Safe biological limit“ due to a strong 1996 year-class. The cod fry was seen first as 5 cm fingerlings in the catches during a hydroacoustic survey in the southeastern North Sea. Back-calculations of the water drift show with high probability that the respective spawning ground was situated in the southwestern North Sea.

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Aiming at a better knowledge on the distribution and fecundity of hibernating Crangon crangon (L.), the R.V. "Solea" in January is sampling shrimps in the German Bight since 1991. A total of 3.000 shrimps (1.608 females and 1.392 males) have been investigated with regard to total length, to the width of the carapace and to spawning activity.

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Die gegenwärtige Situation der westlichen und östlichen Dorschbestände in der Ostsee wird von den Experten des Internationalen Rates für Meeresforschung, verglichen mit den 80er Jahren, als ungünstig beurteilt. Noch 1994 wurde daher kein Anlaß gesehen, trotz massiver Proteste der Praxis, die Empfehlung für eine moderate Befischung aufzuheben (Anon. 1994).

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(PDF contains 167 pages and 22 plates)

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Investigations on the avoidance reactions of pelagic schooling fish (herring and sprat) released by an approaching fishery vessel were carried out during the 378th cruise of FRC "Solea" from 25 September to 3 October 1995 in the Arkona Sea, southern Baltic. An echosounder system EK 500/BI500 with a 38 kHz transducer mounted on a towed body as weIl as a 120 kHz hull mounted transducer were used. Fish densities were measured synchronously as well as under the ship as at a laterally distances from the ship by the transducer of the towed body. By these means the variation of fish densities up to a certain distance from the ship is possible. The advantage of using an echo integrating system for these measurements is, that it works also for not schooling fish and under conditions where schooling fish disperse (e.g. at night).

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Due to the greenhouse effect,a long term warming of the atmosphere is expected. For most people the last relative mild winters and the previous two hot summers are clear signals for such a climatic change. Changes in species compositions and the sudden arrival of southern species in the North Sea are explained as consequences of the greenhouse effect. Comparing the situation in the last decades an attempt is made in this article to show the natural variability in the occurrence and to give an answer to the above question.