Análisis de perdurabilidad de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Salud (IPS), especializadas en tratamiento de enfermedades de alto costo en el departamento de Antioquia, frente a las políticas de regulación de precios por medio de la Ley 1438 en Colombia

A partir de la reforma al sistema de salud, por medio de la Ley 1438 de 2011, se implementa en Colombia la política de regulación de precios de medicamentos y el ingreso al país de medicamentos biosimilares. Esta investigación analiza la perdurabilidad en las Instituciones de Prestación de Salud (IPS) especializadas en tratamiento de enfermedades del alto costo, como: Medicarte, Clínica Astorga, Clínica Vida, Helpharma, Audifarma, y Medex, para identificar finalmente, la cadena de valor en el departamento de Antioquia, buscando proponer alternativas para la toma de decisiones de tipo estratégico.

Dispositivos Médicos na farmácia comunitária e hospitalar : o contributo e o papel dos farmacêuticos na garantia da utilização segura dos dispositivos

Actualmente, os dispositivos médicos são cada vez mais uma base em que assenta a qualidade de vida na área da saúde, sendo desta forma importante garantir que estes se ajustam à sua função e sejam seguros. Não apresentando qualquer acção a nível farmacológico, metabólico ou imunológico, mecanismo de acção atribuído aos medicamentos, auxiliam directa ou indirectamente o homem no tratamento ou prevenção de doenças e estados de saúde actuando por meios físicos ou mecânicos. Estes podem ser importantes no diagnóstico, prevenção, monitorização, tratamento ou alívio de uma doença ou ferimento; em investigação, substituição, modificação de um processo fisiológico e no controlo da concepção. Tendo um papel tão relevante na saúde dos doentes, é essencial que haja uma supervisão directa por parte dos profissionais de saúde, nomeadamente os farmacêuticos. Hoje em dia, devido ao facto de cada vez mais doentes quererem diagnosticar e controlar as suas próprias condições médicas, o papel do farmacêutico é cada vez mais importante porque está envolvido directamente na sua supervisão e dispensa. Para além disso, o farmacêutico está ligado à aquisição, selecção e fornecimento de numerosos dispositivos médicos que considera mais adequado a cada situação, sendo estes para uso por iniciativa própria ou por outros profissionais de saúde.

Inactivation of the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of silver ions by biologically relevant compounds

There has been a recent surge in the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent in a wide range of domestic and clinical products, intended to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce bacterial colonization of surfaces. It has been reported that the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of silver are affected by the assay conditions, particularly the type of growth media used in vitro. The toxicity of Ag+ to bacterial cells is comparable to that of human cells. We demonstrate that biologically relevant compounds such as glutathione, cysteine and human blood components significantly reduce the toxicity of silver ions to clinically relevant pathogenic bacteria and primary human dermal fibroblasts (skin cells). Bacteria are able to grow normally in the presence of silver nitrate at >20-fold the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) if Ag+ and thiols are added in a 1:1 ratio because the reaction of Ag+ with extracellular thiols prevents silver ions from interacting with cells. Extracellular thiols and human serum also significantly reduce the antimicrobial activity of silver wound dressings Aquacel-Ag (Convatec) and Acticoat (Smith & Nephew) to Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in vitro. These results have important implications for the deployment of silver as an antimicrobial agent in environments exposed to biological tissue or secretions. Significant amounts of money and effort have been directed at the development of silver-coated medical devices (e.g. dressings, catheters, implants). We believe our findings are essential for the effective design and testing of antimicrobial silver coatings.

Cortical hot spots and labyrinths: why cortical neuromodulation for episodic migraine with aura should be personalized

Stimulation protocols for medical devices should be rationally designed. For episodic migraine with aura we outline model-based design strategies toward preventive and acute therapies using stereotactic cortical neuromodulation. To this end, we regard a localized spreading depression (SD) wave segment as a central element in migraine pathophysiology. To describe nucleation and propagation features of the SD wave segment, we define the new concepts of cortical hot spots and labyrinths, respectively. In particular, we firstly focus exclusively on curvature-induced dynamical properties by studying a generic reaction-diffusion model of SD on the folded cortical surface. This surface is described with increasing level of details, including finally personalized simulations using patient's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner readings. At this stage, the only relevant factor that can modulate nucleation and propagation paths is the Gaussian curvature, which has the advantage of being rather readily accessible by MRI. We conclude with discussing further anatomical factors, such as areal, laminar, and cellular heterogeneity, that in addition to and in relation to Gaussian curvature determine the generalized concept of cortical hot spots and labyrinths as target structures for neuromodulation. Our numerical simulations suggest that these target structures are like fingerprints, they are individual features of each migraine sufferer. The goal in the future will be to provide individualized neural tissue simulations. These simulations should predict the clinical data and therefore can also serve as a test bed for exploring stereotactic cortical neuromodulation.

Resting tremor classification and detection in Parkinson's disease patients

Parkinson is a neurodegenerative disease, in which tremor is the main symptom. This paper investigates the use of different classification methods to identify tremors experienced by Parkinsonian patients.Some previous research has focussed tremor analysis on external body signals (e.g., electromyography, accelerometer signals, etc.). Our advantage is that we have access to sub-cortical data, which facilitates the applicability of the obtained results into real medical devices since we are dealing with brain signals directly. Local field potentials (LFP) were recorded in the subthalamic nucleus of 7 Parkinsonian patients through the implanted electrodes of a deep brain stimulation (DBS) device prior to its internalization. Measured LFP signals were preprocessed by means of splinting, down sampling, filtering, normalization and rec-tification. Then, feature extraction was conducted through a multi-level decomposition via a wavelettrans form. Finally, artificial intelligence techniques were applied to feature selection, clustering of tremor types, and tremor detection.The key contribution of this paper is to present initial results which indicate, to a high degree of certainty, that there appear to be two distinct subgroups of patients within the group-1 of patients according to the Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Such results may well lead to different resultant treatments for the patients involved, depending on how their tremor has been classified. Moreover, we propose a new approach for demand driven stimulation, in which tremor detection is also based on the subtype of tremor the patient has. Applying this knowledge to the tremor detection problem, it can be concluded that the results improve when patient clustering is applied prior to detection.

Riskfaktorer och prevention vid trycksårsamt sjuksköterskans roll i omvårdnaden : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva riskfaktorer som påverkade uppkomsten av trycksår samt de vanligaste förekommande preventiva åtgärderna. Vidare var syftet att beskriva sjuksköterskans roll vid förebyggandet samt behandlingen av trycksår. De vetenskapliga artiklar (n=21) som ingick i studien söktes manuellt samt datoriserat via databaserna Blackwell Synergy, CHINAL, Elin@Dalarna och Elsiever. Inklusionskriterierna var att de skulle vara vetenskapliga samt av kvalitativ och kvantitativ design. Även litteraturstudier inkluderades. Artiklarna skulle vara publicerade 1990 eller senare och vara svensk eller engelskspråkiga. Resultatet visade att patienter med lågt nutritionsstatus och låga serum albuminvärden riskerade att utveckla trycksår. En annan stor riskgrupp var patienter i peri- och postoperativa skeden där operationstiden kraftigt inverkade på uppkomsten av sår. Även anestesiformen spelade roll. Trycksåren uppkom vanligen på hälarna och korsbenet. I preventativt syfte var evidensbaserade mätskalor viktiga. Även trycksårsreducerande madrasser visade sig vara betydelsefulla. Vidare framkom att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen visade ett svalt intresse för trycksår och att kvalitetssäkringen var bristfällig. Sjuksköterskan hade främst en informerande roll inom trycksårspreventionen. Såren rengjordes lämpligast med fysiologisk koksaltlösning och omlades med våt omläggning. Resultatet visade även att smärtanalyser i högre grad borde involveras i trycksårsbehandlingen.

Trycksår : Omvårdnadsåtgärder vid trycksårsprevention och sårläkning

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att ta reda på vilka mätinstrument som används för att identifiera patienter med risk att utveckla trycksår samt beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som har betydelse för trycksårsprevention och sårläkning. De vetenskapliga artiklarna (n=16) som ingick i denna studie söktes i databasen Elin@dalarna. Sökorden som användes var pressure ulcer i olika kombinationer med nutrition, activity, skin, Norton, treatment och hydrocolloid. Inklusionskriterierna var att artiklarna skulle vara publicerade mellan åren 1999-2006 och vara i fulltext samt svensk och/eller engelskspråkig. Resultatet visade att patienter borde riskbedömas för trycksår så snart som möjligt efter att de anlänt till vårdinrättningen. Bedömningen kunde göras med ett flertal olika evidensbaserade mätinstrument såsom Norton, modifierad Norton, Braden, modifierad Braden, och RAPS skalorna samt bedömning av BMI, serum albuminvärde och hudtemperatur. Sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder gällande prevention och sårläkning var att snabbt mobilisera patienter. Hos immobiliserade patienter var det viktigt att dessa vändes varannan timme samt att sjuksköterskan använde kuddar, fårskinn eller anti- decubitus madrasser för att tryckavlasta huden i denna patientgrupp. Resultatet visade även att kosttillägg hade stor betydelse för trycksårsprevention och sårläkning. Det var viktigt att sjuksköterskan rengjorde såret med tvål/vatten eller natriumklorid och använde hydrocolloida förband för att få en optimal sårläkning.

Evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder vid trycksår : En systematisk litteraturstudie

I föreliggande systematiska litteraturstudie var syftet att samla information om och belysa sjuksköterskans evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder för att förebygga och bedöma trycksår. Artiklar söktes via Högskolan Dalarnas bibliotek och sökmotorn Electronic Library Information Navigator (ELIN). Sökorden pressure, ulcer och nurs* användes. De vetenskapliga artiklarna (n= 15) kvalitetsbedömdes enligt granskningsmallar som bestod av 28 kvalitetskriterier. Därefter evidensgraderades artiklarna. Resultatet i föreliggande studie visade att sjuksköterskan använde sig av tre evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder i omsorgen om patienter med risk för trycksår. Den första omvårdnadsåtgärden omfattade tryckavlastande omvårdnadsåtgärder, vilka insatser befanns vila på stark vetenskaplig grund. Den andra omvårdnadsåtgärden inbegrep användning av riskbedömningsinstrument och den tredje bestod av klinisk bedömning som båda befanns vila på måttlig vetenskapligt underlag. I resultatet framkom att riskbedömningsinstrument hjälpte sjuksköterskan att reducera uppkomsten av trycksår och därmed minskade ett onödigt lidande för patienten. Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Florence Nightingales omvårdnadsteori, där miljön var en av grundstenarna i omsorgen och att sjuksköterskan hade ansvaret för att anpassa miljön efter patientens behov. Medvetenheten om detta tillsammans med de evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärderna som framkom i föreliggande studie kunde minska risken för trycksår hos patienter och i förlängningen reducera sjukvårds- kostnaderna.

Patienters erfarenheter av trycksår : En litteraturöversikt

Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av trycksår. Frågeställningarna var: Hur påverkas patientens välbefinnande av trycksår samt vilka erfarenheter av trycksår beskrivs av patienterna. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt och artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed samt Cinahl med hjälp av sökorden ”pressure ulcer”, ”quality of life”, ”well being” och pain. Artiklarna skulle fokusera på patienternas perspektiv samt inte vara för medicinskt inriktade. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån två vedertagna mallar, sammanlagt tretton artiklar valdes ut för att användas i resultatet. Materialet lästes igenom flera gånger, analyserades och syntetiserades för att få fram viktiga teman. Resultatet visade att trycksår påverkade patienten både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt, där den största fysiska faktorn var smärta. De flesta patienterna hade trycksår grad två eller tre och dessa var oftast belägna vid korsbenet, hälarna, höften eller sacrum. Smärtan beskrevs som värre av patienter med högre grad på trycksåren. Den ständiga smärtan påverkade det dagliga livet och innebar olika begränsningar för patienten. Många patienter upplevde också att de preventiva åtgärder som personalen satte in förvärrade smärtan och vissa ansåg att dessa orsakade nya trycksår. Livskvaliteten och välbefinnandet hos patienterna påverkades negativt i form av exempelvis depressioner och social isolering. Patienterna beskrev olika grader av bland annat känslomässig stress, humörsvängningar, frustration, ilska, nedstämdhet och depression. Oro för sårläkning förekom ofta hos patienterna. Den sociala påverkan hade flera orsaker, bland annat begränsades patienterna fysiskt av att vara på sjukhus, vara sängliggande eller ha besvärande förband. En del patienter upplevde även en minskad vilja att vara social på grund av bland annat sårlukt eller smärta. Med denna litteraturstudie hoppas vi att inblicken i hur patienter med trycksår ökar så att förståelsen samt omvårdnaden för dessa patienter kan förbättras.

A interação entre sistemas de informação e o trabalho no setor bancário no Brasil: uma análise estruturalista

Esta tese teve como objetivo entender em que condições se dá o processo de interação entre o trabalho e três sistemas de informação (SIs) utilizados em duas instituições bancárias no Brasil. Procurei compreender como os sistemas de informação são reconstruídos por seus usuários, nas práticas do trabalho, e como o trabalho é modificado pela inserção de novos sistemas. Utilizando procedimentos metodológicos baseados no estruturalismo, busquei a estrutura que subjaz às práticas adotadas pelos agentes, associadas aos sistemas e ao trabalho. A coleta de dados para a pesquisa foi realizada com base em 46 entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com gestores de TI e usuários, pela observação do contexto organizacional e pelo exame de documentos referentes aos sistemas. Na análise dos dados, o diagnóstico e o estudo de 11 práticas me permitiram identificar quais as mais relevantes para a interação entre os agentes e os dispositivos, no que se refere a reconstruções de SIs e a modificações sobre o trabalho. Identifiquei, na pesquisa empírica, uma estrutura de arranjo operacional, que assegura a interação entre agentes e sistemas. Esse arranjo tem a forma de uma retícula de sobreposição das práticas, uma rede de relações. As práticas, em isolado, não garantem a interação entre o sistema e o trabalho. Essa interação é assegurada pela composição entre as práticas. Da interpretação desta estrutura manifesta, identifiquei uma estrutura subjacente à interação entre os sistemas e o trabalho. Alcancei-a buscando as explicações para cada prática. Nestas explicações, identifiquei conjuntos de elementos de poder e resistência, de confluência de interesses individuais e organizacionais e de conformismo e conformidade dos agentes com o que foi instituído pela organização. A análise destes conjuntos de elementos me permitiu chegar à tese sustentada por esta pesquisa: a interação entre os sistemas de informação e o trabalho é definida por uma estrutura de conversão recíproca. Esta conversão se dá pela humanização dos sistemas e pela tecnicização do trabalho. O ajustamento continuado, presente entre os sistemas de informação e o trabalho, faz com que a tecnologia se torne mais adequada ao contexto e que as pessoas estejam mais bem preparadas para lidar com a tecnologia. A estrutura de conversão recíproca tem a forma de um oroborus, a serpente que engole ou vomita a própria cauda e simboliza o que se regenera, se recria. Tal como o oroburus, a estrutura de conversão recíproca é uma auto-reconstrução.

Prevenção de úlceras por pressão segundo a perspectiva do enfermeiro intensivista

Analisar a atuação dos enfermeiros de unidade de terapia intensiva na prevenção da úlcera por pressão. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo desenvolvido com 13 enfermeiros da unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL), em Natal-RN. Foi aplicado um questionário, submetido à análise de conteúdo temática. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), sob o CAAE n. 0240.0.051.000-10. Resultados: os enfermeiros reportaram a realização da mudança de decúbito, a avaliação de risco, a discussão com os colegas sobre as medidas adotadas, a higiene e hidratação da pele do paciente através de uso de ácidos graxos essenciais e hidratante corporal, o cuidado com a disposição dos lençóis, de forma a evitar dobras, a utilização de colchão de ar e a aplicação de placas de hidrocoloide nas proeminências ósseas. Conclusão: a prática da prevenção das úlceras por pressão aplicada pelos enfermeiros da unidade de terapia intensiva ocorre sem padronização dos cuidados

Candida parapsilosis complex water isolates from a haemodialysis unit: biofilm production and in vitro evaluation of the use of clinical antifungals

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Assistência de enfermagem e o risco para úlceras de pressão medido pela Escala de Braden em unidade de terapia intensiva

The problem facing the incidence of pressure ulcers (UP) in the hospital environment especially in the intensive care unit (ICU), although it is an old and frequent event in our professional practice, it is not notified in the researches as much as it should be. We observed a tendency to invest in therapeutical and in studies about the production of sophisticated new bandages. Few, however, are the investments in research on preventive measures in order to prevent or at least slow down the development of lesions. In this sense, the study aimed to analyze the correlation between nursing care and the risk of developing UP measured by the Braden scale in ICU patients. This is a descriptive study of longitudinal quantitative approach. The project obtained a favourable opinion from the Ethics Committee of HUOL (no 486/10). Data collection was carried out in the Hospital of Unimed in Natal during six months in 2011. The sample was of 32 patients hospitalized in ICU for over four days. The results were processed in SPSS 15.0 for descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. We identified that, only 9.4% of our sample developed UP, being predominantly male, elderly people aged above 60 years, Caucasian, with diagnostic hypothesis at the time of hospitalization of sepsis, were clinical patients, who presented hemodynamic instability, using orotracheal tube (TOT), enteral probe (SNE), vesical probe delay (SVD) and had values of albumin and hemoglobin levels below normal. In addition, these patients had a longer hospital stay, longer usage of TOT, SNE, SVD, increased use of sedation and drain than those who did not develop UP and were all at risk for developing these injuries second Braden scores. 66.7% of the lesions developed were located in the sacral region, limiting the degree I and all patients that developed were considered serious, 100.0% of them have evolved since the death. Small were the differences between the averages of Braden scores between patients with and without UP, 11,9+2,4 against 12,4+2,6 with p = 0.627. The clinical aspects of the patients in the study were instrumental in the development of UP, once, these findings were statistically significant through the Mann-Whitney test, and appropriateness of nursing conduct was decisive for the prevention of pressure ulcers in critical patients, since many were those classified as at risk (28) and few who have developed lesions (03)

Úlceras de pressão: um estudo com pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva

To characterize patients according to gender, age category, internment time, diagnostical hypothesis and location of the pressure ulcer; to identify the susceptibility conditions, intrinsical and extrinsical factors present on ICU patients and to verify on the existence of association between the susceptibility conditions and the intrinsecal and extrinsecal factors on the occurrence of PU. Methods: It is a descriptive study, of longitudinal design of the panel type, with quantitative approach, performed on two ICU s of a private hospital located in Natal/RN, with 40 patients interned at these units. The data collection was performed on all three shifts through a structured observation and physical exam of the patients' skin form seeking to identify the presence of PU. Results: The greatest occurence of PU was on individuals of the male gender (70%) when compared to the female gender (30%), that difference being statistically significant (p=0,0267), with the male gender presenting 4,3 times greater chance of developing PU than the female; the predominant age category was from 60 years of age on (85%), 60,0% presented 1 to 2 PU s after 7 (seven) days of permanence in the ICU s, the predominant diagnostical hypothesis on the patients with PU were the respiratory diseases (42,3%) and the most frequent locations of PU were the sacral region (40,0%) and heels (36,0%). 25 PU s of stage I were diagnosed on 50,0% of the followed patients, with general incidence of 50,0% on both ICUs. from the 88 variables researched, 75 were identified on the patients from the study, being the predominant conditions (anemia, hypotension, leukocytosis, other diseases hypertension blood pressure, cardiac insuffience, pneumonia - and ansiolythic), the intrinsecal factors (diminished muscular strenght and/or mass, discrete edema, totally compromised mobile coordination and total inability for movement on the bed) and the extrinsecal factors (inadequate mattress type, permanence on a single position for >2 hours, shearing/friction force, bed clothes with folds that leave marks on the body, pressure force) predominated on patients with PU. The male gender variables (p=0,0267,OR=4,3), sedation (p=0,0006,OR=4,1), psychomotive agitation (p=0,0375,OR=5,8) and leukocytosis (p=0,0285,OR=5,0) presented a significant statistical diference when analyzed independently. We verified an association of 17,3%, statistically significant (p=0,0384), between the susceptibility conditions (anemia, leukocytosis and hypotension), the intrinsecal factors (age equal or above 60 years, diminished/absent pain sensibility and smooth, fine or delicate skin) and the extrinsecal factors (inadequate mattress, pressure forces, shearing/friction force, permanence on a single position for more than 2 hours, elevation between 30 to 45 degrees and inadequate bed clothes' conditions), with a chance ratio of 4,6 times the risk of occurrence of PU on the patients that presented the referred association. Conclusion: The incidence of PU detected on the ICU-interned patients was high and we made evident the existence of association between the susceptibility conditions, the intrinsecal and extrinsecal factors on the occurrence of PU s on the ICUinterned patients, and thus we accept the alternative hypothesis proposed on the study

Anticandidal Efficacy of Cinnamon Oil Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)