A aptidão física relacionada com a saúde e a atividade física como preditores da qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em adultos jovens

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: O fisioterapeuta é um profissional que presta serviços de saúde a indivíduos e populações com o objetivo de desenvolver, manter e restaurar o movimento e a capacidade funcional máxima ao longo da vida. Os programas de prevenção primária e secundária têm como principal objetivo a promoção da saúde, devendo centrar-se na consolidação da relação entre a saúde e os componentes fisiológicos da aptidão física relacionada com a saúde (ApFRS). O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo estimar a contribuição das caraterísticas individuais, dos componentes da ApFRS e da atividade física (AF) no estado de saúde de adultos jovens. Foram ainda objetivos do estudo avaliar a contribuição das caraterísticas individuais e de cada componente da ApFRS na ApFRS de adultos jovens e estudar as diferenças significativas entre os diferentes grupos género, tabagismo, hipertensão, dislipidémia, glicémia em jejum alterada, obesidade, sedentarismo, colesterol HDL elevado e estratificação do risco de doença cardiovascular (DCV) relativamente às variáveis correspondentes às caraterísticas individuais, estado de saúde e ApFRS. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 146 adultos jovens (idade 20,1 ± 2,4 anos, peso 61,8 ± 10,5 kg, estatura 165,3 ± 7,4 cm). O protocolo de avaliação incluiu o preenchimento de um questionário de caraterização e dos questionários MOS Short Form Health Survey – 36 Item (SF-36) e o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A bateria de testes para avaliação da ApFRS incluiu a avaliação da composição corporal: rácio cintura/anca (RCA) e percentagem de massa gorda (%MG); aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR): teste do degrau (TD); força muscular: força de preensão manual (FPM); resistência muscular: teste de força de braços (TFB) e teste de força abdominal (TFA) e flexibilidade: teste do sentar e alcançar (TSA). RESULTADOS: Embora a AF seja preditora da qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde (QVRS), só por si não explica muitas das suas dimensões. Os componentes da ApFRS mostram ser melhores preditores do estado de saúde do que o nível de AF. A AF afecta a ApFRS, mas esta é muito mais influenciada pelas caraterísticas individuais e pela inter-relação dos diferentes componentes da ApFRS. O género, dislipidémia, glicémia em jejum alterada sedentarismo, colesterol HDL elevado e estratificação do risco de DCV têm um efeito significativo sobre as caraterísticas individuais, QVRS e ApFRS. CONCLUSÕES: O fisioterapeuta deve individualizar e personalizar cada programa de exercícios em função de cada indivíduo ou população específica, com ou sem patologia associada, uma vez que as caraterísticas individuais, ApFRS e AF interferem no tipo de exercícios indicados para cada indivíduo, e consequentemente nos resultados esperados do plano de exercícios prescrito.

Identificação de alvos moleculares para o diagnóstico quantitativo da resistência a pesticidas organofosforados em populações do carrapato-dos-bovinos.

Os programas de controle direcionados aos parasitas ainda exigem a utilização de produtos químicos para maior estabilidade operacional das ações de controle e o uso de carrapaticidas químicos é a principal ferramenta de controle para as infestações do carrapato-dos-bovinos. A utilização de técnicas fenotípicas de avaliação in vitro da suscetibilidade de carrapatos às bases pesticidas são ainda o método mais prático e mais utilizados para o diagnóstico e mensuração do fator de resistência às bases carrapaticidas. Na atualidade, o desenvolvimento e o aprimoramento de provas diagnósticas moleculares de resistência aos diferentes grupos pesticidas devem ser consideradas como ações prioritárias de pesquisa e desenvolvimento dada a necessidade de disponibilização ao setor produtivo de ferramentas acuradas e de rápida execução que a médio prazo venham a substituir os bioensaios, os quais necessitam de aproximadamente 45 dias para obtenção dos resultados. A partir de uma população de Rhipicephalus microplus reconhecidamente resistente a pesticidas foram realizados os estudos que demonstram a atividade enzimática das estares no processo de detoxicação de organofosforados. Observou-se que na cepa de R. microplus resistente a organofosforados ocorreu o aumento na transcrição dos genes que codificam enzimas metabolizantes, possibilitando identificar os alvos moleculares aptos para serem utilizadas no desenvolvimento do ensaio diagnóstico molecular quantitativo para a resistência aos pesticidas organofosforados em populações do carrapato-dos-bovinos.

Efeito da adição de cargas minerais leves na resistência mecânica de grautes para cimentação de poços offshore

The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing

Avaliação da resistência a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas da água de viveiros de camarão.

A carcinicultura é uma atividade comercial crescente em diversos países tropicais. No Brasil, esta atividade tem se intensificado no litoral do NE. Existem diversas técnicas para a criação de camarão, porém muitas dessas têm causado impactos ambientais nos ecossistemas próximos às fazendas de criação, como exemplo em áreas de manguezal. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade o isolamento e avaliação da resistência de bactérias presentes na água de cultivo de camarão, avaliadas em seis pontos ao longo de um viveiro de criação. A comunidade bacteriana variou em sua densidade entre os pontos amostrados, sendo que dentro do viveiro a densidade bacteriana foi menor. No teste de resistência aos antibióticos, o crescimento de alguns isolados na presença de antibióticos evidenciou que existem populações naturalmente resistentes, que podem sofrer pressão de seleção, gerando um impacto ambiental causado pela aplicação de antibióticos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que podem ocorrer impactos ambientais em decorrência do uso de antibióticos para controle de doenças de camarão, tornando essa metodologia de grande importância e utilidade para estudos de avaliação e monitoramento de impacto ambiental.

Seasonal incidence of Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids on Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. in south-eastern Queensland, Australia

To quantify the role of Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense, in the population dynamics of the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola, patterns of flowering of Johnson grass and infestation by sorghum midge were studied in two different climatic environments in the Lockyer Valley and on the Darling Downs in south-eastern Queensland for 3 years. Parasitism levels of S. sorghicola were also recorded. In the Lockyer Valley, Johnson grass panicles were produced throughout the year but on the Darling Downs none were produced between June and September. In both areas, most panicle production occurred between November and March and infestation by S. sorghicola was the greatest during this period. The parasitism levels were between 20% and 50%. After emergence from winter diapause, one to two generations of S. sorghicola developed on S. halepense before commercial grain sorghum crops were available for infestation. Parasitoids recorded were: Aprostocetus diplosidis, Eupelmus australiensis and two species of Tetrastichus. Relationships between sorghum midge population growth rate and various environmental and population variables were investigated. Population size had a significant negative effect (P < 0.0001) on population growth rate. Mortality due to parasitism showed a significant positive density response (P < 0.0001). Temperature, rainfall, open pan evaporation, degree-days and host availability showed no significant effect on population growth rate. Given the phenology of sorghum production in south-eastern Queensland, Johnson grass provides an important bridging host, sustaining one to two generations of sorghum midge. Critical studies relating population change and build-up in sorghum to sorghum midge populations in Johnson grass are yet to be performed.

Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) pasture in central Queensland. 2. Population dynamics of Heteropogon contortus and Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca.

The dynamics of Heteropogon contortus and Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca populations were studied in a subset of treatments in an extensive grazing study conducted in central Queensland between 1988 and 2001. These treatments were 4 stocking rates in native pasture and 2 of these stocking rates in legume oversown and supplement/spring burning treatments. For the 1999-2000 summer, population data for H. contortus in 5 of these native pasture and supplement/burning treatments were compared with those for an additional burnt treatment. Seasonal rainfall throughout this study was below the long-term mean and mean annual pasture utilisation ranged from 24 to 61%. Increasing stocking rate from 5 to 2 ha/steer in native pasture reduced H. contortus plant density. Increasing stocking rate reduced seedling recruitment as a result of its effect on soil seedbanks. Seedling recruitment was the major determinant of change in plant density, although some individual H. contortus plants did survive throughout the study. Burning in spring 1999, particularly at light stocking rate, promoted seedling recruitment above that in both unburnt native and legume oversown pasture and resulted in increased H. contortus plant density. In the legume oversown treatments, S. scabra cv. Seca density increased rapidly from 15 plants/m2 in 1988 to 140 plants/m2 in 2001 following a lag phase between 1988 and 1993. This increased S. scabra density was associated with an eventual decline in H. contortus plant density through reduced seedling recruitment. It was concluded that H. contortus population density is sustainable at stocking rates of 4 and 5 ha/steer (30% pasture utilisation) and that spring burning at light stocking rate can promote H. contortus populations. Increasing densities of S. scabra need to be managed to prevent its dominance.

Salinity tolerance of twelve hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. Transvaalensis Burtt Davy) genotypes

Salinity is an increasingly important issue in both rural and urban areas throughout much of Australia. The use of recycled/reclaimed water and other sources of poorer quality water to irrigate turf is also increasing. Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davey), together with the parent species C. dactylon, are amongst the most widely used warm-season turf grass groups. Twelve hybrid Bermudagrass genotypes and one accession each of Bermudagrass (C. dactylon), African Bermudagrass (C. transvaalensis) and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) were grown in a glasshouse experiment with six different salinity treatments applied hydroponically through the irrigation water (ECW = <0.1, 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 dSm-1) in a flood-and-drain system. Each pot was clipped progressively at 2-weekly intervals over the 12-week experimental period to determine dry matter production; leaf firing was rated visually on 3 occasions during the last 6 weeks of salinity treatment. At the end of the experiment, dry weights of roots and crowns below clipping height were also determined. Clipping yields declined sharply after about the first 6 weeks of salinity treatment, but then remained stable at substantially lower levels of dry matter production from weeks 8 to 12. Growth data over this final 4-week experimental period is therefore a more accurate guide to the relative salinity tolerance of the 15 entries than data from the preceding 8 weeks. Based on these data, the 12 hybrid Bermudagrass genotypes showed moderate salinity tolerance, with FloraDwarfM, 'Champion Dwarf', NovotekM and 'TifEagle' ranking as the most salt tolerant and 'Patriot', 'Santa Ana', 'Tifgreen' and TifSport M the least tolerant within the hybrid group. Nevertheless, Santa Ana, for example, maintained relatively strong root growth as salinity increased, and so may show better salt tolerance in practice than predicted from the growth data alone. The 12 hybrid Bermudagrasses and the single African Bermudagrass genotype were all ranked above FloraTeXM Bermudagrass in terms of salt tolerance. However, seashore paspalum, which is widely acknowledged as a halophytic species showing high salt tolerance, ranked well above all 14 Cynodon genotypes in terms of salinity tolerance.

Factors contributing to wear tolerance of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) on a sand-based profile under simulated sports field conditions

Wear resistance and recovery of 8 Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and hybrid Bermudagrass (C. Dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) cultivars grown on a sandbased soil profile near Brisbane, Australia, were assessed in 4 wear trials conducted over a two year period. Wear was applied on a 7-day or a 14-day schedule by a modified Brinkman Traffic Simulator for 6-14 weeks at a time, either during winter-early spring or during summer-early autumn. The more frequent wear under the 7-day treatment was more damaging to the turf than the 14-day wear treatment, particularly during winter when its capacity for recovery from wear was severely restricted. There were substantial differences in wear tolerance among the 8 cultivars investigated, and the wear tolerance rankings of some cultivars changed between years. Wear tolerance was associated with high shoot density, a dense stolon mat strongly rooted to the ground surface, high cell wall strength as indicated by high total cell wall content, and high levels of lignin and neutral detergent fiber. Wear tolerance was also affected by turf age, planting sod quality, and wet weather. Resistance to wear and recovery from wear are both important components of wear tolerance, but the relative importance of their contributions to overall wear tolerance varies seasonally with turf growth rate.

Morphological and developmental comparisons of seven greens quality hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers.x C transvaalensis Burtt-Davy

Fine-textured hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] cultivars have been widely used for golf putting greens and lawn bowls greens in warm-climate areas for more than 40 years. During the past decade, the choice of cultivar for professional turfgrass managers has been expanded by a range of secondgeneration hybrid bermudagrasses, which differ from the first-generation cultivars ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Tifdwarf ’ in their management requirements. In this paper, we present comparative morphological and developmental data for seven cultivars (Champion Dwarf, FloraDwarf, MS-Supreme, Novotek, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, Tifgreen) grown in spaced plant and sward experiments at Cleveland, Australia (27º32’S lat, 153º15’E long, 25 masl). The four ‘ultradwarf ’ cultivars (Champion Dwarf, MS-Supreme, FloraDwarf, TifEagle) showed slower vertical extension and produced fewer inflorescences than Tifdwarf, Tifgreen, and Novotek. However, in terms of the length of stolon internodes and their overall rate of lateral spread, Champion Dwarf, FloraDwarf, and TifEagle were comparable to Tifdwarf; MS-Supreme (with longer internodes) spread faster laterally, though slower than Tifgreen (which had the longest stolon internodes). In unmown swards, the four ultradwarfs produced shorter leaves than Tifgreen, Tifdwarf, and Novotek, but only Champion Dwarf produced significantly narrower leaves than Tifgreen, Tifdwarf, and Novotek, with TifEagle leaves also significantly narrower than those of Tifgreen and Novotek. Minimum threshold temperatures for growth were approximately 9° to 10°C (air temperature) and 15° to 16°C at 10 cm soil depth.

Managing the grass-legume balance in Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca pastures in central Queensland

The impacts of 4 grazing strategies (year-long grazing, summer grazing, winter grazing and winter grazing plus spring burning) on the grass:legume balance were studied between 2000 and 2006 in a pasture oversown with Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca (Seca stylo) in central Queensland. Seasonal rainfall throughout the study was generally below average. Total pasture yields in autumn were higher in the 2 winter grazing than the 2 summer grazing treatments, largely reflecting the sampling time relative to when grazing occurred. There were few differences in Seca composition in autumn, although there was a clear trend for Seca composition to be reduced by winter grazing plus burning. Both the frequency of occurrence and plant density of Seca were higher under the 2 summer grazing treatments and there was also a trend for the density of juvenile plants (<5 cm height) to be higher in the 2 summer grazing treatments. Seca soil seed banks were generally low and were reduced in the winter grazing plus burning treatment in spring 2002. The frequency of the palatable perennial grass Pennisetum ciliaris (Biloela buffel grass) was reduced while that of the 'increaser' species Bothriochloa pertusa (Indian couch grass) and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (snake weed) increased in the 2 summer grazing treatments compared with the 2 winter grazing treatments. Burning in spring increased soil loss in treatments grazed in winter. Differences in Seca frequency and density but not composition were explained by the 2 summer grazing treatments promoting 'gaps' in the pasture which were then colonised by Seca plants and other 'increaser' species. It was reasoned that, with time, mature Seca plants in the 2 winter grazing treatments would die so that Seca composition would eventually become higher under summer grazing regimes than under winter grazing. It was concluded that limiting grazing to particular seasons can alter legume:grass balance and that a time-frame of 5-8 years with average to good rainfall would be necessary to achieve large shifts in composition.

Producción y calidad de la materia seca del pasto estrella (Cynodon niemfuensis L. pers), durante la época de verano, en el departamento de Boaco, Nicaragua

El presente ensayo se realizó en la finca "La Camorra" propiedad del Señor Rodolfo Blandón Luquez. Entre octubre/97 abril/98, en el departamento de Boaco. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar, se evaluaron los efectos de tres frecuencias de corte (21, 24, 27 días) sobre la producción y calidad de la materia seca del pasto Estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis), durante la época de verano, sin fertilizar, como una forma de generar información a los ganaderos que manejan sus pasturas en todo el pais. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza y prueba de rangos múltiples (Duncan) determinaron que las frecuencias de cortes tuvieron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) sobre la producción de materia seca y materia verde. El mayor rendimiento de materia seca/corte se obtuvo en la frecuencia de 27 días con 1569.47 kg/ha y, la menor producción correspondió a 21 días (869.27 kg/ha). Los resultados del análisis realizados determinaron que existe diferencias significativa (p<0.05) de las frecuencias de corte sobre los porcentajes de proteína bruta. y fibra cruda encontrándose el mejor porcentaje de proteína a los 24 días con 10.8 y, el menor valor a los 27 días con 9.6. Con respecto a fibra cruda el mayor valor porcentual fue a los 27 días con 37.1 y, el menor a los 21 días con 32.7 El análisis económico determino que, para los tratamientos avaluados se obtuvieron ganancias, alcanzando mayor relación B/C para el tratamiento de 27 días de C$1.56.

Efectos del nivel de fertilización nitrogenada y la edad de corte en el rendimiento y calidad del sorgo forrajero (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)

Se realizó un experimento con sorgo forrajero durante los meses de julio a noviembre de 1989, en la empresa Agropecuaria Arábica Libia Nicaragua (ANILIB), situada 2 kilómetros al noreste de la localidad de Tisma-Masaya a 50 metros sobre el nivel del mar. En un suelo de la serie cofradía, derivada de cenizas volcánicas de origen aluvial de color pardo oscuro: la precipitación pluvial anual es de 1361,4 milímetros, la temperatura promedio mensual es de 27.5 grados centígrado (ºC). La evaporación total durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 19.05 milímetro y la humedad relativa media durante el periodo del ensayo fue de 82.6 por ciento (%). Se aplicaron niveles de nitrógeno de 0.45 y 90 kg por hectárea y frecuencia de corte de 42,56 y 70 días en un diseño bibacterial en bloques completamente al azar (b.c.a) en parcela dividida. Se utilizó la variedad de sorgo barrajero hibrido kaw- kandy. En los dos corte efectuados en su tres frecuencia el nivel que presento mayores rendimiento, 59.90 ton. De M.S., fue el nivel uno (45kg n/ha) y con el nivel dos (90 kg n/ha) se obtuvo 57.80 ton. M.S. siendo este el menor rendimiento. La proteína bruta el máximo rendimiento en los dos corte efectuados fue 6.91 ton. P.B y le correspondió al nivel uno y 5.980 ton. P.B. para el nivel cero (0 kg n/ha) siendo este e3l mejor rendimiento. Por lo que a los 56 días es el momento óptimo del corte de sorgo forrajero.

Comportamiento de quince variedades de sorgo escobero (Sorghum vulgare, Pers. var. Technicum)

Con el objeto de estudiar el comportamiento de nuevas variedades de sorgo escobero introducidas al país; se aumento la semilla de cincuenta y cuatro variedades traídas de Argentina conservando su pureza genética por autopolinizacion; de ellas se seleccionaron catorce. Se hizo un ensayo con las variedades seleccionadas y una criolla como referencia. La siembra del ensayo se hizo en agosto de 1970, usando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con seis repeticiones para cada variedad y tres surcos de cinco metros de largo separados a 0.90 metros de distancia. Con una densidad de siembra de 2 kilogramos por hectárea, se depositaron las semillas al fondo del surco de 5 a 7 centímetros de profundidad. Fertilización al momento de la siembra con los niveles 100-50-50 kilogramos por hectárea de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, usando como fuente nitrato de amonio, triple superfosfato y muriato de potasio. Se practico un deshierbo a los quince días de la siembra y otro a los veinte y ocho días en que también se aplico Dipterex granulado al 2,5 por ciento, seis kilogramos por hectárea, para control de Spodoptera frugiperda J. a E. Smith. A los cincuenta y cuatro días se comenzó a tomar datos de los días a flor, a diez plantas del surco central, las que se dejaron etiquetadas para las siguientes observaciones. se cosecharon a los ciento veinte días después de la siembra las plantas etiquetadas y se observo: incidencia de Helminthosporium; altura de planta; producción de fibra producción de grano; longitud de panoja; tersura y conformación de la fibra en cada una de las plantas. Haciendo análisis estadístico a los resultados, se encontró que, no se puede decir que variedad es mejor, porque si alguna supera a las demás en cierta característica, otra sobresale en otras de las características. Se concluyo que las variedades Mf. R. S. y Mf. R. S. 1709, pueden sustituir a la variedad Criolla, por tener muchas ventajas sobre ella.

Efecto de la fertilización foliar complementaria sobre el rendimiento de grano en sorgo (Sorghum vulgare pers.) variedad dekalb E-56-A

Con el objeto de determinar cual es la formula de fertilizantes al suelo, que complementada con un determinado numero de aplicaciones foliares, son mas adecuadas para obtener los mayores rendimientos de grano en sorgo, se llevo a cabo un experimento en el que se probaron 4 diferentes formulas de fertilizante al suelo completados con diferente numero de aplicaciones de un fertilizante foliar, usando una semilla híbrida; Dekalb E-56-A, en las condiciones de La Calera. Se observaron los siguientes caracteres: Días de floración, altura de planta, ahijamiento en la base del tallo, cantidad de forraje y rendimiento de grano. De los resultados obtenidos por el análisis de varianza se puede deducir lo siguiente: No existen diferencias significativas en ninguno de los caracteres observados; en cuanto a rendimiento del grano el tratamiento que mayor producción dio fue el testigo. Los resultados obtenidos de este experimento pueden ser de mucho valor para agricultores que siembran sorgo en condiciones similares a las de "La Calera" y para aquellos que pueden hacer un uso inapropiado de los fertilizantes foliares, sin conocer la acción de estos debido a falta de experimentación.

Fertilización nitrogenada en sorgo forrajero (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)

Se realizo un experimento con sorgo forrajero, durante los meses de Agosto a Diciembre de 1969, en el campo experimental de la Escuela de Agricultura y Ganadería, situada en el kilómetro doce de la carretera norte, a 55,99 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en un suelo de la serie Cofradías, derivado de cenizas volcánicas aluviales, (24). La presipitacion pluvial anual de la zona es de 1361,44 milímetros, la temperatura promedio mensual de 26.6°C, la evaporación total, media mensual de 177,55 milímetros y la humedad relativa, media anual de 76,6 por ciento. Se aplicaron niveles de nitrógeno de 0, 97, 194, 291 y 383 kilogramos por hectárea divididos en tres partes, cuyo fuente fue sulfato de amonio, la variedad de sorgo forrajero Sudax 16 (Dokalb). A través de los tres cortes efectuados, el nivel con el que se obtuvo los mejores resultados fue de 291 kilogramos, incremento el rendimiento de materia seca de 12972 kilogramos por hectárea a 20602 kilogramos y el porcentaje promedio de proteína de 10,37 a 15,57 por ciento. Con los resultados de los dos últimos cortes, se ajusto una función de producción, que permite pronosticar el rendimiento de materia seca, a obtenerse en cada corte, a partir del segundo. También se determinaron las funciones de ingreso bruto y de beneficio esperado. Con estas funciones se estimo el nivel de nitrógeno con que se obtendría el mayor rendimiento esperado, por hectárea y por corte, que resulto ser de 93 kilogramos. Así mismo se estimo el nivel optimo que fue de 39 kilogramos de nitrógeno.