Structure of the pelvic and penile urethra - Relationship with the ducts of the sex accessory glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

The urethra is the main place of entry for sexually transmitted pathogens. However, there is little literature on the morphology of the urogenital system, principally the urethra and ducts of the sex accessory glands. The Mongolian gerbil is an insectivorous, herbivorous and monogamous rodent with nocturnal habits; it has been used successfully as a laboratory animal since the 1960s. Therefore, the objective of the present paper was to describe the structure and ultrastructure of the urethra and its relations to the ducts of the accessory sex glands of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), contributing to the understanding of the reproductive biology of the rodent and aiming to provide data for future experimental studies. Conventional techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy were utilized. The urethra and ducts of the accessory sex glands are similar to those of the albino rat and the mouse. However, there is variation in drainage type among accessory sex glands for the inner urethra. The ducts of the seminal vesicle, the ductus deferens, drain their contents independently into the ampullary duct that opens in the urethra. The ducts of the prostate, coagulating and bulbourethral glands drain their contents independently into the urethra.

Intraepithelial alterations in the Guinea pig lateral prostate at different ages after estradiol treatment

The prostate is an accessory gland of the mammal reproductive system with great volume and high functional importance. Many works infer that, in addition to the androgenic ones, the estrogen can be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer, but no conclusive evidence exists on the role of estrogen in normal prostatic and neoplastic tissue. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of estradiol benzoate on the lateral prostate of guinea pigs in the pre-pubescent, pubescent, post-pubescent and adult phases, with emphasis on the modifications provoked by this hormone on the glandular epithelium. The analyses of the estradiol-treated and control groups were investigated using histological procedures and transmission electron microscopy. The histopathological analysis of the lateral prostate in the treated group revealed areas where epithelial dysplasia was observed, assuming at some places a pattern of epithelial stratification characteristic of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. After ultrastructural analysis, the following were observed: enlargement of the internal membranes, heterogeneity in the cellular types, hypertrophy of the basal cells and apparent decrease of cytoplasmic organelles in some cells of the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Still, a loss of cellular polarity was observed, along with nuclei of various forms, sizes and heights - as well as irregular chromatin distribution patterns. Such alterations were found mainly in pubescent, post-pubescent and adult animals subject to the chronic administration of estradiol. These findings reinforce the already existent data in understanding the role of estrogen in the etiology of prostatic diseases.

Doppler ultrasonography principles and methods of evaluation of the reproductive tract in mares

Background: Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive real time pulse-wave technique recently used for the transrectal study of the reproductive system hemodynamics in large animals. This technic is based in the Doppler Effect Principle that proposes the change in frequency of a wave for an observer (red blood cells) moving relative to the source of the respective wave (ultrasonic transducer). This method had showed to be effective and useful for the evaluation of the in vivo equine reproductive tract increasing the diagnostic, monitoring, and predictive capabilities of theriogenology in mares. However, an accurate and truthful ultrasonic exam requires the previous knowledge of the Doppler ultrasonography principles. Review: In recent years, the capabilities of ultrasound flow imaging have increased enormously. The current Doppler ultrasound machines offer three methods of evaluation that may be used simultaneously (triplex mode). In B-mode ultrasound, a linear array of transducers simultaneously scans a plane through the tissue that can be viewed as a two-dimensional gray-scale image on screen. This mode is primarily used to identify anatomically a structure for its posterior evaluation using colored ultrasound modes (Color or Spectral modes). Colored ultrasound images of flow, whether Color or Spectral modes, are essentially obtained from measurements of moving red cells. In Color mode, velocity information is presented as a color coded overlay on top of a B-mode image, while Pulsed Wave Doppler provides a measure of the changing velocity throughout the cardiac cycle and the distribution of velocities in the sample volume represented by a spectral graphic. Color images conception varies according to the Doppler Frequency that is the difference between the frequency of received echoes by moving blood red cells and wave frequency transmitted by the transducer. To produce an adequate spectral graphic it is important determine the position and size of the simple gate. Furthermore, blood flow velocity measurement is influence by the intersection angle between ultrasonic pulses and the direction of moving blood-red cells (Doppler angle). Objectively colored ultrasound exam may be done on large arteries of the reproductive tract, as uterine and ovary arteries, or directly on the target tissue (follicle, for example). Mesovarium and mesometrium attachment arteries also can be used for spectral evaluation of the equine reproductive system. Subjectively analysis of the ovarian and uterine vascular perfusion must be done directly on the corpus luteum, follicular wall and uterus (endometrium and myometrium associated), respectively. Power-flow imaging has greater sensitivity to weak blood flow and independent of the Doppler angle, improving the evaluation of vessels with small diameters and slow blood flow. Conclusion: Doppler ultrasonography principles, methods of evaluation and reproductive system anatomy have been described. This knowledge is essential for the competent equipment acquisition and precise collection and analysis of colored ultrasound images. Otherwise, the reporting of inconsistent and not reproducible findings may result in the discredit of Doppler technology ahead of the scientific veterinary community.

Caffeine reduces cadmium accumulation in the organism and enhances the levels of antioxidant protein expression in the epididymis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine (20. mg/L) intake on cadmium (15. mg/L) accumulation in the rat blood, testes, epididymis and prostate as well as cadmium-induced changes to the antioxidant defense system of the epididymis. Caffeine reduced the cadmium concentration in all tissues analyzed. Meanwhile, cadmium reduced catalase activity and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the epididymis. Caffeine increased SOD activity, catalase and glutathione tissue expression and sustains the cadmium's effect on catalase and GSP-Px activity. No differences in the expression of metallothionein and lipid peroxidation were observed among the different treatments in the epididymis. In conclusion, low doses of cadmium alter the antioxidant enzymatic profile of the epididymis, but not induced oxidative lipid damage. Caffeine intake reduces overall cadmium accumulation in the organism and enhances the levels of antioxidant protein expression in the epididymis, thus exerting a protective effect against this metal. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) female ticks exposed to castor oil (Ricinus communis): An ultrastructural overview

Tick control has been accomplished through the use of synthetic acaricides, which has created resistant individuals, as well as contaminating the environment and nontarget organisms. Substances of plant origin, such as oils and extracts of eucalyptus and neem leaves, have been researched as an alternative to replace the synthetic acaricides. Ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil have recently been shown as a promising alternative in eliminating bacterial contamination during ethanol fermentation, by acting as an effective biocide. The same positive results have been observed when these esters are added to the food given to tick-infested rabbits. This study tested the effect of these substance on the reproductive system of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females, added to rabbit food, more specifically on oogenesis. For this, four groups were established: four control groups (CG1, CG2, CG3, and CG4) and four treatment groups (TG1, TG2, TG3, and TG4) with one rabbit in each (New Zealand White), used as hosts. After full 4 days feeding (semi-engorgement), the females were collected and had their ovaries extracted. In this study, it was observed that R. sanguineus females exposed to esters had their ovaries modified, which was demonstrated through transmission electron microscopy techniques. The addition of ricinoleic esters to the diet of tick-infested rabbits revealed how toxic such substances are for the cytoplasmic organelles of oocytes and pedicel cells. These compounds can change the morphophysiology of germ and somatic cells, consequently influencing their viability and, therefore, confirming that the ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil are a promising substance in the control of R. sanguineus. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Androgen deprivation from pre-puberty to peripuberty interferes in proteins expression in pubertal and adult rat epididymis

Few studies have focused on experimental testosterone deprivation in immature animals. Therefore, this study used sexually immature rats aiming to evaluate the testes and epididymis histology and proteins expression in these organs on PND50 and 75, after premature antiandrogen exposure, from PND21 to 44. Although the androgen deprivation from pre-puberty up to peripuberty did not alter the histological organization of the testes and epididymis either at puberty or at adulthood, the treatment impaired the expression of specific proteins in epididymal tissue at puberty and adulthood (androgen receptor, calmodulin, Rab11A). These changes may be related to impaired epididymal function, sperm quality and fertility capacity as observed in a previous study. Further studies are necessary to better investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the impairment on reproductive competence of male rats after precocious hormonal injury. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Morfofisiologia das glândulas acessórias do sistema genital de morcegos: Estudo em representantes das subfamílias Carollinae, Glossophaginae e Phyllostominae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relações entre estrutura sócio-espacial e fluxos gênicos em uma população de mouflons mediterrâneos (Ovis gmelini)

Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal - FCAV

Prevalência de patologias no trato genital de machos bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) nos estados do Pará, Amapá e baixo Amazonas, Brasil

Distúrbios reprodutivos estão associados a problemas adquiridos (estresse, manejo inadequado e de origem infecciosa), e genéticos (alta consangüinidade existente em alguns rebanhos do Brasil). Embora mostre o grau do potencial de fertilidade do macho, o exame andrológico e, em particular, o teste de funcionalidade, tem sido pouco utilizado, principalmente na seleção dos touros, embora, estes mesmos estudos, mencionem a importância do sêmen para avaliar a eficiência reprodutiva do macho. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência de patologias clinicamente notáveis, através de palpação e inspeção e caracterizar o perfil espermático de búfalos criados em sistemas de produção, intensivo e extensivo. O estudo foi realizado em propriedades do Estado do Pará, nos Municípios de Belém, Ipixuna, Mojú, Nova Timbotéua, Paragominas, Santarém Novo e São Caetano de Odivelas, Muaná, Soure, Chaves e Ponta de Pedras. No estado do Amapá, nos Municípios de Cutias, Itaubal, Tartarugalzinho e no Arquipélago do Bailique. Os animais eram criados no sistema intensivo e extensivo, respectivamente. O período do estudo foi de março de 2008 a março de 2009. Foram utilizados 305 touros da raça Murrah, Mediterrânea e mestiços, com idade variando entre 2 a 15 anos, sendo que 160 no Estado do Pará, e 145 no Estado do Amapá. Os dados dos exames clínicos - andrológicos, assim como o espermiograma foram documentados em fichas especiais. A obtenção de sêmen foi realizada pela massagem das ampolas a avaliação física do sêmen contou da cor, aspecto, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração e a avaliação morfológica e pH. A concentração foi aferida por espectrofotômetro da Central de Biotecnologia Animal (CEBRAN). Para a morfologia espermática foi utilizado o método de Cerovsky. Foram analisadas 200 espermatozóides em microscópio óptico em objetiva de imersão. Para análise estatística, foi empregado o programa estatístico BIOESTAT 5.0, estatísticas descritivas para todas as variáveis estudadas, biometrias testiculares, patologias do sistema reprodutor e características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen, registrando-se as médias, os desvios padrões e a distribuição de freqüências para as características de classes andrológicas. Os dados quantitativos referentes às idades dos touros, biometrias testiculares, avaliações físicas e morfológicas do sêmen foram submetidos à ANOVA, e quando houve efeito significativo pelo teste F, às médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade de erro. Dos 305 búfalos, nos animais do Estado do Amapá a media e o desvio padrão da circunferência escrotal foi superior ao do Estado do Pará independente do tipo de manejo. Indiferente de idade e sistemas de criação não foi encontrado nenhuma alteração no pênis. A bolsa escrotal bífida (fenda escrotal) foi a alteração mais prevalente. A maior freqüência de alterações no epidídimo foi epididimite granulomatosa tipo tuberculóide, observada nos animais de criação extensiva no estado do Amapá, com uma tendência aos touros de mais de quatro anos. Entre as alterações do testículo a mais prevalente foi à torção testicular e de causas infecciosa destacamos a ocorrência de casos de orquite interticial crônico ativa, orquite granulomatosa tipo tuberculóide, hipoplasia testicular grau I, hipoplasia testicular grau III associada à orquite tuberculóide e hipoplasia grau II (parcial). Outra observação bem evidente é com relação às percentagens de espermatozóide com defeitos maiores e menores que se apresentam muito altas as recomendadas pelo CBRA. Deste estudo pode-se concluir que os reprodutores criados de forma extensiva apresentam patologias de origem genética e infecciosa muito prevalente.

Morfologia comparada dos ductos genitais femininos e gonópodos masculinos de caranguej.s Eubrachyura (Saint Laurent, 1980)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação do desenvolvimento do sistema genital e da funçao reprodutiva da prole feminina de ratos Wistar expostos à cisplatina durante a peri-puberdade

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Association between JY-1 gene polymorphisms and reproductive traits in beef cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reproductive Tract Histology of Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Toxicologia reprodutiva de ratos adultos expostos ao 2,3,7,8-Tetraclorodibenzo-P-Dioxina (TCDD) in útero

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Investigação da participação de adrenoceptores α1A e α1D na contração da cauda de epididímo de rato e sua androgênica e estrogênica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)