Polyelectrolyte/silver nanocomposite multilayer films as multifunctional thin film platforms for remote activated protein and drug delivery

We demonstrate a nanoparticle loading protocol to develop a transparent, multifunctional polyelectrolyte multilayer film for externally activated drug and protein delivery. The composite film was designed by alternate adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and dextran sulfate (DS) on a glass substrate followed by nanoparticle synthesis through a polyol reduction method. The films showed a uniform distribution of spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 +/- 20 nm, which increased to 80 +/- 20 nm when the AgNO3 concentration was increased from 25 to 50 mM. The porous and supramolecular structure of the polyelectrolyte multilayer film was used to immobilize ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) within the polymeric network of the film. When exposed to external triggers such as ultrasonication and laser light the loaded films were ruptured and released the loaded BSA and CH. The release of CH is faster than that of BSA due to a higher diffusion rate. Circular dichroism measurements confirmed that there was no significant change in the conformation of released BSA in comparison with native BSA. The fabricated films showed significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Applications envisioned for such drug-loaded films include drug and vaccine delivery through the transdermal route, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory coatings on implants and drug-releasing coatings for stents. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chitosan-dextran sulphate nanocapsule drug delivery system as an effective therapeutic against intraphagosomal pathogen Salmonella

Objectives: The ability to target conventional drugs efficiently inside cells to kill intraphagosomal bacteria has been a major hurdle in treatment of infective diseases. We aimed to develop an efficient drug delivery system for combating infection caused by Salmonella, a well-known intracellular and intraphagosomal pathogen. Chitosan dextran sulphate (CD) nanocapsules were assessed for their efficiency in delivering drugs against Salmonella. Methods: The CD nanocapsules were prepared using the layer-by-layer method and loaded with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Antibiotic-loaded nanocapsules were analysed in vitro for their ability to enter epithelial and macrophage cells to kill Salmonella. In vivo pharmacokinetics and organ distribution studies were performed to check the efficiency of the delivery system. The in vivo antibacterial activity of free antibiotic and antibiotic loaded into nanocapsules was tested in a murine salmonellosis model. Results: In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that this delivery system can be used effectively to clear Salmonella infection, CD nanocapsules were successfully employed for efficient targeting and killing of the intracellular pathogen at a dosage significantly lower than that of the free antibiotic. The increased retention time of ciprofloxacin in the blood and organs when it was delivered by CD nanocapsules compared with the conventional routes of administration may be the reason underlying the requirement for a reduced dosage and frequency of antibiotic administration. Conclusions: CD nanocapsules can be used as an efficient drug delivery system to treat intraphagosomal pathogens, especially Salmonella infection, This delivery system might be used effectively for other vacuolar pathogens including Mycobacteria, Brucella and Legionella.

Novel 2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-one oxime esters: synthesis and a new insight into their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential

A simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of novel 2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-one oxime esters 4(a-q) is described. Initially, p-anisaldehyde 1 was condensed (Mannich reaction) with acetone and ammonium acetate trihydrate afforded 2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-one 2. Then, methylation followed by oximation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH(2)OHa (TM) HCl) furnished a key scaffold 4. Further, to explore the enhanced biological properties of the piperidin-4-one core i.e. the key scaffold 4 was conjugated with substituted benzoyl chlorides in the presence of anhydrous K2CO3 as base to obtain novel 2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-one oxime esters 4(a-q) in excellent yields. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques, and screened for their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Most of the compounds exerted positive efficacy towards the biological assays performed. Among the synthesized analogues, compounds 4l and 4m exhibited promising antioxidant activity and on the other hand compounds 4b and 4d manifested persuasive antibacterial activity, whereas compound 4b displayed stupendous antifungal activity against A. flavus strain.

Lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an oral delivery system for targeting and treatment of intravacuolar Salmonella infections

Lipid coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle (L-MSN) were synthesized for oral delivery of ciprofloxacin for intracellular elimination of Salmonella pathogen. The particle size was found to be between 50-100 nm with a lipid coat of approximately 5 nm thickness. The lipid coating was achieved by sonication of liposomes with the MSN particles and evaluated by CLSMand FTIR studies. The L-MSN particles exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to bare MSN particles. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, loaded into the L-MSN particles showed enhanced antibacterial activity against free drug in in vitro assays. The lipid coat was found to aid in intravacuolar targeting of the drug cargo as observed by confocal microscopy studies. We also observed that a lower dose of antibiotic was sufficient to clear the pathogen from mice and increase their survivability using the L-MSN oral delivery system.

Vertical electric field induced bacterial growth inactivation on amorphous carbon electrodes

The objective of the present work is to understand the vertical electric field stimulation of the bacterial cells, when grown on amorphous carbon substrates in vitro. In particular, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli are studied using MTTassay, live/dead assay and inner membrane permeabilization assays. In our experiments, the carbon substrate acts as one electrode and the counter electrode is positioned outside the culture medium, thus suppressing the current, electrokinetic motions and chemical reactions. Guided by similar experiments conducted in our group on neuroblastoma cells, the present experimental results further establish the interdependence of field strength and exposure duration towards bacterial growth inactivation in vitro. Importantly, significant reduction in bacterial viability was recorded at the 2.5 V/cm electric field stimulation conditions, which does not reduce the neural cell viability to any significant extent on an identical substrate. Following electrical stimulation, the bacterial growth is significantly inhibited for S. aureus bacterial strain in an exposure time dependent manner. In summary, our experiments establish the effectiveness of the vertical electric field towards bacterial growth inactivation on amorphous carbon substrates, which is a cell type dependent phenomenon (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Porous membranes designed from bi-phasic polymeric blends containing silver decorated reduced graphene oxide synthesized via a facile one-pot approach

In this work, porous membranes were designed by selectively etching the PEO phase, by water, from a melt-mixed PE/PEO blend. The pure water flux and the resistance across the membrane were systematically evaluated by employing an indigenously developed cross flow membrane setup. Both the phase morphology and the cross sectional morphology of the membranes was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and an attempt was made to correlate the observed morphology with the membrane performance. In order to design antibacterial membranes for water purification, partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silver nanoparticles (Ag) and silver nanoparticles decorated with rGO (rGO-Ag) were synthesized and incorporated directly into the blends during melt mixing. The loss of viability of bacterial cells was determined by the colony counting method using E. coli as a model bacterium. SEM images display that the direct contact with the rGO-Ag nanoparticles disrupts the cell membrane. In addition, the rGO-Ag nanoparticles exhibited a synergistic effect with respect to bacterial cell viability in comparison to both rGO and Ag nanoparticles. The possible mechanism associated with the antibacterial activity in the membranes was discussed. This study opens new avenues in designing antibacterial membranes for water purification.

Cytotoxicity of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles on Planktonic and Biofilm Encapsulated Gram-Positive Staphylococci

The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, especially biofilm-associated Staphylococci, urgently requires novel antimicrobial agents. The antibacterial activity of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is tested against two gram positive: S. aureus and S. epidermidis and two gram negative: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Ultrasmall AuNPs with core diameters of 0.8 and 1.4 nm and a triphenylphosphine-monosulfonate shell (Au0.8MS and Au1.4MS) both have minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25 x 10(-6)m Au]. Disc agar diffusion test demonstrates greater bactericidal activity of the Au0.8MS nanoparticles over Au1.4MS. In contrast, thiol-stabilized AuNPs with a diameter of 1.9 nm (AuroVist) cause no significant toxicity in any of the bacterial strains. Ultrasmall AuNPs cause a near 5 log bacterial growth reduction in the first 5 h of exposure, and incomplete recovery after 21 h. Bacteria show marked membrane blebbing and lysis in biofilm-associated bacteria treated with ultrasmall AuNP. Importantly, a twofold MIC dosage of Au0.8MS and Au1.4MS each cause around 80%-90% reduction in the viability of Staphylococci enveloped in biofilms. Altogether, this study demonstrates potential therapeutic activity of ultrasmall AuNPs as an effective treatment option against staphylococcal infections.

Chitosan-dextran sulphate nanocapsule drug delivery system as an effective therapeutic against intraphagosomal pathogen Salmonella

Objectives: The ability to target conventional drugs efficiently inside cells to kill intraphagosomal bacteria has been a major hurdle in treatment of infective diseases. We aimed to develop an efficient drug delivery system for combating infection caused by Salmonella, a well-known intracellular and intraphagosomal pathogen. Chitosan dextran sulphate (CD) nanocapsules were assessed for their efficiency in delivering drugs against Salmonella. Methods: The CD nanocapsules were prepared using the layer-by-layer method and loaded with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Antibiotic-loaded nanocapsules were analysed in vitro for their ability to enter epithelial and macrophage cells to kill Salmonella. In vivo pharmacokinetics and organ distribution studies were performed to check the efficiency of the delivery system. The in vivo antibacterial activity of free antibiotic and antibiotic loaded into nanocapsules was tested in a murine salmonellosis model. Results: In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that this delivery system can be used effectively to clear Salmonella infection, CD nanocapsules were successfully employed for efficient targeting and killing of the intracellular pathogen at a dosage significantly lower than that of the free antibiotic. The increased retention time of ciprofloxacin in the blood and organs when it was delivered by CD nanocapsules compared with the conventional routes of administration may be the reason underlying the requirement for a reduced dosage and frequency of antibiotic administration. Conclusions: CD nanocapsules can be used as an efficient drug delivery system to treat intraphagosomal pathogens, especially Salmonella infection, This delivery system might be used effectively for other vacuolar pathogens including Mycobacteria, Brucella and Legionella.

High photoconductive combustion synthesized TiO2 derived nanobelts for photocatalytic water purification under solar irradiation

Drinking water scarcity is a major issue that needs to be addressed seriously. Water needs to be purified from organic pollutants and bacterial contamination. In this study, sunlight driven photocatalysis for the degradation of dyes and bacterial inactivation has been conducted over TiO2 nanoparticles (CST) and TiO2 nanobelts (CSTNB). TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a solution combustion process using ascorbic acid as a fuel. Acid etched TiO2 nanobelts (CSTNB) were synthesized using combustion synthesized TiO2 as a novel precursor. The mechanism of formation of TiO2 nanobelts was hypothesized. The antibacterial activity of combustion synthesized TiO2 and acid etched TiO2 nanobelts were evaluated against Escherichia coli and compared against commercial TiO2. Various characterization studies like X-ray diffraction analysis, BET surface area analysis, diffused reflectance measurements were performed. Microscopic structures and high resolution images were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The extent of photo-stability and reusability of the catalyst was evaluated by conducting repeated cycles of photo degradation experiments and was compared to the commercial grade TiO2. The reactive radical species responsible for high photocatalytic and antibacterial activity has been determined by performing multiple scavenger reactions. The excellent charge transfer mechanism, high generation of hydroxyl and hole radicals resulted in enhanced photocatalytic activity of the acid etched TiO2 nanobelts compared to commercial TiO2 and nanobelts made from commercial TiO2.

BT-benzo-29 inhibits bacterial cell proliferation by perturbing FtsZ assembly

We have identified a potent antibacterial agent N-(4-sec-butylphenyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzod]imidazole-4-carboxa mide (BT-benzo-29) from a library of benzimidazole derivatives that stalled bacterial division by inhibiting FtsZ assembly. A short (5 min) exposure of BT-benzo-29 disassembled the cytokinetic Z-ring in Bacillus subtilis cells without affecting the cell length and nucleoids. BT-benzo-29 also perturbed the localization of early and late division proteins such as FtsA, ZapA and SepF at the mid-cell. Further, BT-benzo-29 bound to FtsZ with a dissociation constant of 24 +/- 3 m and inhibited the assembly and GTPase activity of purified FtsZ. A docking analysis suggested that BT-benzo-29 may bind to FtsZ at the C-terminal domain near the T7 loop. BT-benzo-29 displayed significantly weaker inhibitory effects on the assembly and GTPase activity of two mutants (L272A and V275A) of FtsZ supporting the prediction of the docking analysis. Further, BT-benzo-29 did not appear to inhibit DNA duplication and nucleoid segregation and it did not perturb the membrane potential of B. subtilis cells. The results suggested that BT-benzo-29 exerts its potent antibacterial activity by inhibiting FtsZ assembly. Interestingly, BT-benzo-29 did not affect the membrane integrity of mammalian red blood cells. BT-benzo-29 bound to tubulin with a much weaker affinity than FtsZ and exerted significantly weaker effects on mammalian cells than on the bacterial cells indicating that the compound may have a strong antibacterial potential.

Thermal co-reduction approach to vary size of silver nanoparticle: its microbial and cellular toxicology

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of food, agriculture and pharmaceuticals mainly due to its antibacterial activity. AgNPs have also been reported to possess toxic behavior. The toxicological behavior of nanomaterials largely depends on its size and shape which ultimately depend on synthetic protocol. A systematic and detailed analysis for size variation of AgNP by thermal co-reduction approach and its efficacy toward microbial and cellular toxicological behavior is presented here. With the focus to explore the size-dependent toxicological variation, two different-sized NPs have been synthesized, i.e., 60 nm (Ag60) and 85 nm (Ag85). A detailed microbial toxicological evaluation has been performed by analyzing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), growth kinetics (GrK), and death kinetics (DeK). Comparative cytotoxicological behavior was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It has been concluded by this study that the size of AgNPs can be varied, by varying the concentration of reactants and temperature called as ``thermal co-reduction'' approach, which is one of the suitable approaches to meet the same. Also, the smaller AgNP has shown more microbial and cellular toxicity.

Materiais compósitos biocidas baseados em resinas reticuladas contendo nanopartículas de prata

Nesta dissertação, duas resinas reticuladas comerciais (denominadas, AmberliteGT73 e AmberliteIRC748) foram empregadas para suportar partículas de prata. Os grupos tiol da GT73 e ácido iminodiacético da IRC748 presentes nessas resinas foram empregados para a fixação de íons Ag+ a partir de solução aquosa. Posteriormente, os íons Ag+ foram reduzidos pelo emprego de três redutores diferentes em pH alcalino, denominados hidrazina, hidroxilamina e formaldeído (pH  12). A morfologia e a impregnação de prata dos materiais binários assim obtidos foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura equipado com detector de elétrons retro-espalhados (SEM-BSE). O detector de espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDAX) acoplado ao SEM permitiu a observação de partículas de prata. Os espectros de raios-X revelaram a presença do metal nas superfícies interna e externa das microesferas dos compósitos. A quantidade de prata incorporada foi determinada pelo método titulométrico, empregando solução padrão de tiocianato de potássio. As características antibactericidas dos compósitos foram avaliadas em colunas contendo pérolas de resina por onde foram percoladas suspensões da bactéria Escherichia coli auxotrópica AB1157 (tipo selvagem) nas concentrações de 103 a 107 células/mL. A avaliação biocida mostrou que estes materiais foram completamente bactericidas, sendo efetivos na eliminação da bactéria em poucos minutos. Esta ação biocida foi atribuída à combinação da atuação da prata e dos grupos funcionais das resinas

Síntese, caracterização e avaliação de materiais poliméricos com propriedades bactericidas

Nesta dissertação, foram preparados materiais poliméricos com atividade bactericida a partir de copolímeros de estireno (Sty) e divinilbenzeno (DVB) e de celulose bacteriana. Três copolímeros à base de Sty e DVB foram sintetizados através da técnica de polimerização em suspensão aquosa. Os copolímeros foram preparados com diferentes estruturas porosas, por meio da variação da composição do sistema diluente. Um copolímero comercial macrorreticulado, Amberlite XAD4, de elevada área superficial, também foi usado neste estudo com o objetivo de comparar sua estrutura polimérica e seu desempenho com o dos copolímeros sintetizados. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram caracterizados por meio da densidade aparente, área específica, diâmetro médio de poros, volume de poros, microscopias ótica e eletrônica de varredura, grau de inchamento, espectrometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica e análise elementar. Os copolímeros de Sty-DVB foram modificados quimicamente através da reação de nitração, seguida da reação de redução do grupo nitro a amino e posterior reação de diazotação e hidrólise do grupo sal de diazônio. Os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NH2 e OH foram utilizados como suporte para a ancoragem das nanopartículas de prata. As partículas de prata foram obtidas pela redução dos íons Ag+ empregando-se cloridrato de hidroxilamina como redutor e PVP como protetor de colóide. O teor de prata impregnada foi determinado pelo método volumétrico. A celulose bacteriana (BC) foi empregada como uma matriz para impregnação de nanopartículas de prata. Membranas de BC foram impregnadas com solução aquosa de AgNO3, a seguir foi realizada a redução dos íons Ag+ com três diferentes agentes redutores (hidrazina, hidroxilamina e ácido ascórbico) empregando ou não protetor de colóide (PVP ou gelatina). As membranas de BC/Ag0 obtidas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X, análise termogravimétrica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A capacidade bactericida dos copolímeros de Sty-DVB, dos copolímeros funcionalizados e impregnados com prata e das membranas de BC/Ag0 foi avaliada através do método da contagem em placa contra suspensões de Escherichia coli, em diferentes concentrações (103 a 107 células/mL). Foi observado que os copolímeros de origem e os copolímeros modificados contendo os grupos NO2 e NH2 não apresentaram atividade bactericida contra suspensões de E. coli em nenhuma concentração. Por outro lado, os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH apresentaram alguma atividade bactericida, embora abaixo do esperado devido à baixa incorporação de hidroxilas fenólicas. Os copolímeros modificados impregnados com Ag apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados, o que comprova que a ação bactericida é devida às partículas de prata ancoradas nos copolímeros. Os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo OH impregnados com Ag mesmo possuindo menores teores de prata apresentaram maior ação bactericida do que os copolímeros modificados contendo o grupo NH2 impregnados com Ag. A maior ação bactericida pode ser atribuída à combinação da atividade bactericida das partículas de prata com a atividade dos grupos hidroxilas fenólicas mesmo que estes grupos estejam pouco incorporados nos copolímeros. Os compósitos de BC/Ag0 exibiram atividade bactericida contra E. coli que foi atribuída à ação das nanoparticulas de prata obtidas quando foi empregada a hidroxilamina como agente redutor e a gelatina como protetor de colóide

Avaliação in vitro do efeito da incorporação de clorexidina nas propriedades físicas e na atividade antibacteriana de resinas acrílicas autopolimerizáveis

Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina (CDA), em diferentes concentrações e tempos de armazenamento, nas propriedades físicas e na atividade antibacteriana de resinas acrílicas, utilizadas na confecção de coroas e pontes provisórias. Métodos. Fase I: Foram confeccionados 150 corpos de prova retangulares (3,0 mm X 10 mm X 64 mm), de acordo com a norma ISO 1567 e 150 corpos de prova quadrados (10 mm X 10 mm X 2,0 mm), utilizando-se duas resinas acrílicas autopolimerizáveis, Duralay (Reliance Dental Mfg. Co.) e Dencor (Clássico). Os corpos de prova foram distribuídos em 30 grupos (n=10/grupo) de acordo com a concentração de CDA incorporada às resinas (p/p) (A) 0%, (B) 1%, (C) 2%, (D) 4%, (E) 5%, em função do tempo de armazenamento em água destilada, a 37C (T0 2h, T1 7 dias, T2 30 dias). Foram realizados os ensaios de microdureza Knoop, em microdurômetro Micromet 5104, Buehler (N), rugosidade superficial (Ra), em rugosímetro digital Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-201 (n=5) e resistência à flexão em três pontos (MPa), em uma máquina de ensaio universal EMIC MF 200 DL (n=5). Fase II: Adicionalmente, a atividade antibacteriana dos materiais sobre Streptococcus mutans foi determinada através da realização de testes de difusão em meio BHI, sendo para isso confeccionados 30 corpos de prova em forma de disco (12 mm X 3,0 mm) com as mesmas 5 concentrações (n=3/grupo). Os resultados foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística three-way ANOVA (Fase I) e two-way ANOVA (Fase II). Resultados. ANOVA mostrou que a adição de CDA não provocou alteração significativa na resistência à flexão dos materiais testados. A resistência à flexão é inversamente proporcional ao tempo para a resina Dencor e diretamente proporcional ao tempo para a resina Duralay. Houve aumento da microdureza com o acréscimo de CDA ao material Dencor com relação ao grupo controle, enquanto que no material Duralay a CDA não interferiu significativamente nesta propriedade. A rugosidade superficial aumentou significativamente (p<0,001) com o tempo e com o aumento da concentração de clorexidina na resina Dencor e não provocou alteração significativa em Duralay. Os testes de difusão em ágar demonstraram atividade antimicrobiana significativa (p<0,05) em todos os grupos, quando comparados ao grupo-controle. A inibição ao crescimento de Streptococcus mutans foi maior com o aumento da concentração desta substância. A resina Dencor apresentou maior halo de inibição do que a resina Duralay. Conclusões. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a incorporação de clorexidina aos materiais testados exibiu efeito antibacteriano contra S. mutans, sem contudo afetar de maneira crítica as propriedades físicas avaliadas.

Composite beta-AgVO3@V5+1.6V4+0.4O4.8 hydrogels and xerogels for catalytic applications

Comunicación (Poster) en panel del congreso: Designing New Heterogeneous Catalysts, Faraday Discussion, 4–6 April 2016. London, United Kingdom.