Die Cultur des Solanum esculentum Dun. (S. melongena L. Eierfrucht) und des Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomate, Liebesapfel, Paradiesapfel) und deren Verwendung in hauswirthschaftlicher Beziehung

von Garten-Director Bürgel

Evaluación de productos botánicos para el manejo del complejo mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci, Gennadius)-Geminivirus y otros insectos plagas en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), en Tisma, Masaya

La mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) y los Geminivirus son las principales plagas causantes de pérdidas económicas en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum, Mill) en el municipio de Tisma-Masaya. En base a esta situación se realizó un estudio para evaluar la efectividad que tiene para controlar plagas los tratamientos botánicos: Chile+Ajo+Jabón, Madero Negro, Crisantemo, Extracto alcohólico+Chile, Extracto alcohólico+ Chile+ Ajo y Testigo en el período comprendido entre Diciembre 2013 a Febrero 2014. Las variables evaluadas fueron: número de mosca blanca por planta, Incidencia del daño de virosis de mosca blanca por planta, severidad del daño de virosis de mosca blanca por planta, y otros organismos plagas en el rubro: Halticus sp por planta, áfidos (Aphis gossypii) por planta, y minador de la hoja (Liriomyza sp) por planta. De los tratamientos evaluados, el menor número de moscas blancas por planta y menor porcentaje de incidencia(47%) y severidad (51%) lo obtuvo el tratamiento Extracto Alcohólico + Chile+ Ajo. El tratamiento Madero Negro presentó la mayor efectividad en el manejo de poblaciones de Halticus sp. y Lyriomiza sp., mientras que el Extracto Alcohólico + Chile + Ajo presentó los mejores resultados para el manejo de Aphis gossypii. El análisis económico reveló que el mayor rendimiento lo obtuvo el Extracto Alcohólico+ Chile + Ajo con 34685.18 kg/ha seguido del tratamiento Chile+ Ajo+ Jabón (30614.28 kg/ha). En el análisis de retorno marginal resultó que el tratamiento Chile+ Ajo+ Jabón es el que obtuvo la mejor tasa de retorno marginal con 1476 %, es decir, 14.76 US$ por cada dólar invertido. El análisis realizado en la Universidad de Tucson Arizona en muestra de mosca blanca procedente de Tisma- Masaya determinó que de la muestra un 66.66% corresponde a la mosca blanca autóctona (biotipo A), y el 33.33% corresponde al biotipo B que es más agresivo que el A. Y el análisis de los begomovirus determinó: Enrollamiento severo de la hoja de tomate (ToSLCV) con 97.4% de identidad y el Virus del mosaico dorado de la chiltoma (PepGMV) con un 98% de identidad.

Determination of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in Solanum Lycopersicum L. tomato from Gordal variety by LL-USAE combined with UHPLC-PDA/FLR

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of the main constituents of the Mediterranean diet. Its consumption has been proposed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. It is therefore one of the most popular and extensively consumed vegetable crop worldwide. To gain insights on the potential of Lycopersicon esculentum L. as bioactive food, two analytical methodologies were developed to determine the levels of the lipophilic -tocopherol, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lycopene; and hydrophilic antioxidants ascorbic acid. The quantification of total carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene) was assessed through a liquid–liquid ultrasound assisted extraction (LL-USAE) in combination with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), according to method of mean, for total carotenoids (λmáx = 450 nm. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic using both photodiode array and fluorescence detection (UHPLC-PDA/FLR), allows the identification and quantification of the target lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. This methodology UHPLC-PDA/FLR is fast, simple and revealed a high sensitivity for the compounds under study. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) obtained were much lower (about 10 times) than the reported in literature. The method LL-USAE/UV-Vis was validated and applied to different tomato foodstuffs. The results reveal a small increase of carotenoids content during maturation, reaching the maximum level when ripe. These results complement those obtained by the ORAC and TBARS assays that show an increase of antioxidant capacity during maturation. The LODs ans LOQs obtained were also about 10 times lower than reported in literature. The carotenoid content was also evaluated by LL-USAE/UV-Vis in different tomatoes varieties. Regional variety present the high carotenoid level, followed by campari and gordal, and at last grape. This methodology was also applied to different processed food samples containing tomatoes derivatives. Highest carotenoids content were obtained in concentrated tomato foodstuffs.

Plant-derived essential oils affecting settlement and oviposition of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B on tomato

The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an economically important pest of tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum (L.), causing irregular ripening on fruits and transmitting several plant pathogenic geminiviruses. The management of this pest is commonly based on repetitive spraying with synthetic pesticides, causing serious environmental damages and increase of resistance by insect population. In the present study, essential oils from the leaves of Artemisia camphorata Vill., Ageratum conyzoides L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br., Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., and Tagetes erecta L. were investigated for their possible repellent and oviposition-deterrent effects against B. tabaci biotype B on tomato. In a multi-choice assay, P. neochilus essential oil was the most active repellent and oviposition deterrent. Essential oils of A. conyzoides and T. erecta significantly deterred the female B. tabaci biotype B from laying eggs on treated tomato leaflets compared with the control. (E)-Caryophyllene (30.67 %) and the monoterpenes α-pinene (15.02 %) and α-thujene (11.70 %) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil of P. neochilus. Our findings demonstrated the potential of essential oil of P. neochilus and other oils in the reduction of settlement and oviposition of B. tabaci biotype B on tomato. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Investigação dos compostos biativos em tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) após o processamento térmico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Investigação dos compostos biativos em tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) após o processamento térmico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Variación agromorfológica y cambios biofísicos poscosecha en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Se evaluó la variación fenotípica agromorfológica y cambios biofísicos de frutos después de 10 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente, en una colección de tomate de Oaxaca, México. La colección de 57 colectas fue sembrada y caracterizada bajo invernadero. En poscosecha se evaluó pH, grados Brix, pérdida de peso y parámetros de color (L*, a*, b*, cromaticidad y ángulo Hue) a 0 y 10 días después de la cosecha. Las colectas mostraron diferencias significativas (P < 0,01) en todos los caracteres agromorfológicos y también hubo diferencias significativas entre acervos genéticos preclasificados como cultivados, ruderales e intermedios entre cultivados y ruderales. Nueve grupos de diversidad fenotípica fueron conformados. Se determinaron diferencias significativas entre tiempos de almacenamiento (0 y 10 días) para todas las características biofísicas. Después de 10 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente (20,6±5°C y 34±10% HR), se incrementaron los °Brix de 4,1 a 4,6 y pH de 3,7 a 4,3. Entre grupos fenotípicos e interacción tiempo de almacenamiento-grupos, se determinaron diferencias significativas en °Brix, coordenadas de color L* y b*, y ángulo Hue. Los cambios diferenciales poscosecha indican divergencias fenotípicas entre y dentro de acervos genéticos que pueden explotarse en programas de mejoramiento con objetivos regionales.

Development of descriptor tools for the characterization of Australian sugar mill evaporator scale

Cleaning of sugar mill evaporators is an expensive exercise. Identifying the scale components assists in determining which chemical cleaning agents would result in effective evaporator cleaning. The current methods (based on x-ray diffraction techniques, ion exchange/high performance liquid chromatography and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis) used for scale characterisation are difficult, time consuming and expensive, and cannot be performed in a conventional analytical laboratory or by mill staff. The present study has examined the use of simple descriptor tests for the characterisation of Australian sugar mill evaporator scales. Scale samples were obtained from seven Australian sugar mill evaporators by mechanical means. The appearance, texture and colour of the scale were noted before the samples were characterised using x-ray fluorescence and x-ray powder diffraction to determine the compounds present. A number of commercial analytical test kits were used to determine the phosphate and calcium contents of scale samples. Dissolution experiments were carried out on the scale samples with selected cleaning agents to provide relevant information about the effect the cleaning agents have on different evaporator scales. Results have shown that by simply identifying the colour and the appearance of the scale, the elemental composition and knowing from which effect the scale originates, a prediction of the scale composition can be made. These descriptors and dissolution experiments on scale samples can be used to provide factory staff with an on-site rapid process to predict the most effective chemicals for chemical cleaning of the evaporators.

Formation of thermodynamically unstable calcium oxalate dihydrate in sugar mill evaporators

Calcium oxalate (CaOX) is the most intractable scale component to remove in sugar mill evaporators by either mechanical or chemical means. The operating conditions of sugar mill evaporators should preferentially favour the formation of the thermodynamically stable calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), yet analysis of scale deposit from different sugar factories have shown that calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) is usually the predominant phase, and in some cases is the only hydrate formed. The effects of trans-aconitic, succinic and acetic acids, all of which are present in sugarcane juice, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) on the growth of CaOX crystals have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). trans-Aconitic acid, which constitutes two-thirds of the organic acid component in sugarcane juice, in the presence of sugar resulted in the formation of COD and COM in a 3:1 ratio. EDTA was the most effective acid to promote the formation of COD followed by trans-aconitic acid, then acetic acid and lastly succinic acid.

A vision of the past : The Mill Albion

This paper examines The Mill Albion community history project, a diverse, multi-layered public history/art program that captures the social heritage of The Albion Flour Mill, as told through images produced as part of a research consultancy undertaken by QUT for FKP Property Group. The Albion Flour Mill was built in 1930 and continued operations for more than 72 years. After ceasing operation in 2005 the site was left to deteriorate. The FKP Property Group purchased the land to undertake a new urban redevelopment project. This paper reflects on the project and showcases some of the culturally creative ways this community’s history was told, using images.

Centrifuging rotary vacuum filter mud at Tully Mill

Disposal of mud and ash, particularly in wet weather conditions, is a significant expense for mills. This paper reports on one part of a process to pelletise mud and ash, aimed at making mud and ash more attractive to growers across entire mill districts. The full process is described in a separate paper. The part described in this paper involves re-constituting mud cake from the filter station at Tully Mill and processing it in a decanter centrifuge. The material produced by re-constituting and centrifuging is drier and made up of separate particles. The material needs to mix easily with boiler ash, and the mixture needs to be fed easily into a flue gas drier to be dried to low moisture. The results achieved with the particular characteristics of Tully Mill rotary vacuum filter cake are presented. It was found that an internal rotor with a 20º beach was not adequate to process re-constituted rotary vacuum filter mud. A rotor with a 10º beach worked much more successfully. A total of four tonnes of centrifuged mud with a moisture content ranging from 60% to 65% was produced. It was found that the torque, flocculant rate and dose rate had a statistically significant effect on the moisture content. Feed rate did not have a noticeable impact on the moisture content by itself but torque had a much larger impact on the moisture content at the low feed rate than at the high feed rate. These results indicated that the moisture content of the mud can most likely be reduced with low feed rate, low flocculant rate, high dose rate and high torque. One issue that is believed to affect the operation of a decanter centrifuge was the large quantity of long bagasse fibres in the rotary vacuum filter mud. It is likely that the long fibres limited the throughput of the centrifuge and the moisture achieved.