Tastend von Gott reden : drei systematisch-theologische Antrittsvorlesungen aus Bern

Nach Gott tasten ist die Grundbewegung, die die drei in diesem Band versammelten Vorlesungen verknüpft und für die Paul Klees «Engel, noch tastend» zum hermeneutischen Leitbild wird. Torsten Meireis, inspiriert durch Karl Barth, reflektiert inmitten religiöser und weltanschaulicher Pluralität ein moralisches Verhalten, das dem Handeln des in Jesus Christus offenbaren Gottes entspricht. Wegweisend wird ihm dabei ein dreifacher Begriff des Guten: unverfügbares, intendiertes und realisiertes Gutes. Um angesichts des Sinnverlustes religiöser Rede dennoch nicht von Gott zu schweigen, plädiert Andreas Krebs, angeregt durch Ludwig Wittgensteins Spätphilosophie, für ein «halbes Sagen, halbes Verstehen», das sich in der Nähe zur Sprache der Poesie weiss – eine Gottesrede, die sich ihrer selbst nicht mehr sicher ist und gerade so Gott Gewicht zu geben sucht. Als Baustein einer um den Eigennamen kreisenden Eschatologie entwirft Magdalene L. Frettlöh die Hoffnung auf eine als neuschöpferischen göttlichen Namensruf an die Toten verstandene Auferweckung. Diese schliesst Rettung wie Verwandlung des irdischen Lebens ein.

Wenn (Schrift-) Worte sich in Bilder einschreiben. Zum mehrstelligen Verhältnis von Wort und Bild

In den Spuren von Elazar Benyoëtz’ dialektischem Aphorismus «Es heißt / ‹du sollst dir kein Bild machen›; / ich male mir aus, was es heißt» stellt sich der Beitrag der Herausforderung, das Recht des Bildes in der Wahrung des Bilderverbots zu retten. Gegenüber dem vor allem in reformierter Tradition zu findenden Vorrang des Wortes vor dem Bild kommt die eigene Macht der Bilder zu zeigen, was Worte nicht sagen können, die ikonische Logik, in den Blick. An Adam Elsheimers «Die drei Marien am Grab» (1603), das Mk 16,1-7(8) gleich doppelt ins Bild setzt – als Inszenierung und als Wort-Zitat auf der Grabplatte – lässt sich ein hochkomplexes Verhältnis von Wort und Bild entdecken. Der Blickwechsel mit diesem Bild im Gespräch mit Martin Luthers Überzeugung von der bildproduktiven Kraft des Evangeliums, wie sie Lukas Cranach d. Ä. auf der berühmten Predella des Reformationsaltars in Wittenberg ausgemalt hat, eröffnen eine Lektüre des ursprünglichen Markusschlusses, die hinter deren letztes Wort (V. 8) zurückgeht und die Lesenden angesichts des leeren Grabes und der es deutenden Botschaft des angelus interpres vor eigene Entscheidungen stellt.

Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters from Muon Neutrino Disappearance with an Off-Axis Beam

The T2K collaboration reports a precision measurement of muon neutrino disappearance with an off-axis neutrino beam with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. Near detector measurements are used to constrain the neutrino flux and cross section parameters. The Super-Kamiokande far detector, which is 295 km downstream of the neutrino production target, collected data corresponding to 3.01×1020 protons on target. In the absence of neutrino oscillations, 205±17 (syst.) events are expected to be detected and only 58 muon neutrino event candidates are observed. A fit to the neutrino rate and energy spectrum assuming three neutrino flavors, normal mass hierarchy and θ23≤π/4 yields a best-fit mixing angle sin2(2θ23)=1.000 and mass splitting |Δm232|=2.44×10−3 eV2/c4. If θ23≥π/4 is assumed, the best-fit mixing angle changes to sin2(2θ23)=0.999 and the mass splitting remains unchanged.

Observation of Electron Neutrino Appearance in a Muon Neutrino Beam

The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ when compared to 4.92 ± 0.55 expected background events. In the PMNS mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, a mass difference Δm232 and a CP violating phase δCP. In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming |Δm232|=2.4×10−3 eV2, sin2θ23=0.5, δCP=0, and Δm232>0 (Δm232<0), a best-fit value of sin22θ13 = 0.140+0.038−0.032 (0.170+0.045−0.037) is obtained.

Das Tragische

Der Artikel über die Wirkungskategorie des Tragischen leistet einen Überblick über drei Aneignungsstrategien des Tragischen. Nachdem kurz auf Aristoteles Poetik eingegangen wird, diskutiert der erste thematische Block das Tragische als moralischen Impuls. Darin erscheint die aufklärerische Deutung des Tragischen bei Gottsched und Lessing zentral, um einen Bogen zu den ästhetischen Schriften Schillers und Hegels zu schlagen. Im zweiten Teil des Artikels wird auf das Tragische als selbstreflexives Moment eingegangen, wobei hierzu zum einen die barocke Deutung des Tragischen im Trauerspiel besprochen wird, zum anderen aber auch Benjamins Allegorie. Im dritten Teil wird auf das Tragische als anthropologische Konstante eingegangen, wobei genauer auf Nietzsches Geburt der Tragödie eingegangen.

An index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke

OBJECTIVE We aimed to create an index to stratify cryptogenic stroke (CS) patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) by their likelihood that the stroke was related to their PFO. METHODS Using data from 12 component studies, we used generalized linear mixed models to predict the presence of PFO among patients with CS, and derive a simple index to stratify patients with CS. We estimated the stratum-specific PFO-attributable fraction and stratum-specific stroke/TIA recurrence rates. RESULTS Variables associated with a PFO in CS patients included younger age, the presence of a cortical stroke on neuroimaging, and the absence of these factors: diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and prior stroke or TIA. The 10-point Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score is calculated from these variables so that the youngest patients with superficial strokes and without vascular risk factors have the highest score. PFO prevalence increased from 23% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%-26%) in those with 0 to 3 points to 73% (95% CI: 66%-79%) in those with 9 or 10 points, corresponding to attributable fraction estimates of approximately 0% to 90%. Kaplan-Meier estimated stroke/TIA 2-year recurrence rates decreased from 20% (95% CI: 12%-28%) in the lowest Risk of Paradoxical Embolism score stratum to 2% (95% CI: 0%-4%) in the highest. CONCLUSION Clinical characteristics identify CS patients who vary markedly in PFO prevalence, reflecting clinically important variation in the probability that a discovered PFO is likely to be stroke-related vs incidental. Patients in strata more likely to have stroke-related PFOs have lower recurrence risk.

Neuroimaging findings in cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patent foramen ovale (PFO) and cryptogenic stroke are commonly associated but some PFOs are incidental. Specific radiological findings associated with PFO may be more likely to indicate a PFO-related cause. We examined whether specific radiological findings are associated with PFO among subjects with cryptogenic stroke and known PFO status. METHODS We analyzed the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism(RoPE) Study database of subjects with cryptogenic stroke and known PFO status, for associations between PFO and: (1) index stroke seen on imaging, (2) index stroke size, (3) index stroke location, (4) multiple index strokes, and (5) prior stroke on baseline imaging. We also compared imaging with purported high-risk echocardiographic features. RESULTS Subjects (N=2680) were significantly more likely to have a PFO if their index stroke was large (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; P=0.0025), seen on index imaging (OR, 1.53; P=0.003), and superficially located (OR, 1.54; P<0.0001). A prior stroke on baseline imaging was associated with not having a PFO (OR, 0.66; P<0.0001). Finding multiple index strokes was unrelated to PFO status (OR, 1.21; P=0.161). No echocardiographic variables were related to PFO status. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to report the radiological characteristics of patients with cryptogenic stroke and known PFO status. Strokes that were large, radiologically apparent, superficially located, or unassociated with prior radiological infarcts were more likely to be PFO-associated than were unapparent, smaller, or deep strokes, and those accompanied by chronic infarcts. There was no association between PFO and multiple acute strokes nor between specific echocardiographic PFO features with neuroimaging findings.

Preexisting Cerebral Microbleeds on Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Post-Thrombolysis Bleeding Risk in 392 Patients

Background and Purpose—The question whether cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) visible on MRI in acute stroke increase the risk for intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) or worse outcome after thrombolysis is unresolved. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of CMB detected with pretreatment susceptibility-weighted MRI on ICH occurrence and outcome. Methods—From 2010 to 2013 we treated 724 patients with intravenous thrombolysis, endovascular therapy, or intravenous thrombolysis followed by endovascular therapy. A total of 392 of the 724 patients were examined with susceptibility-weighted MRI before treatment. CMBs were rated retrospectively. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine the impact of CMB on ICH and outcome. Results—Of 392 patients, 174 were treated with intravenous thrombolysis, 150 with endovascular therapy, and 68 with intravenous thrombolysis followed by endovascular therapy. CMBs were detected in 79 (20.2%) patients. Symptomatic ICH occurred in 21 (5.4%) and asymptomatic in 75 (19.1%) patients, thereof 61 (15.6%) bleedings within and 35 (8.9%) outside the infarct. Neither the existence of CMB, their burden, predominant location nor their presumed pathogenesis influenced the risk for symptomatic or asymptomatic ICH. A higher CMB burden marginally increased the risk for ICH outside the infarct (P=0.048; odds ratio, 1.004; 95% confidence interval, 1.000–1.008). Conclusions—CMB detected on pretreatment susceptibility-weighted MRI did not increase the risk for ICH or worsen outcome, even when CMB burden, predominant location, or presumed pathogenesis was considered. There was only a small increased risk for ICH outside the infarct with increasing CMB burden that does not advise against thrombolysis in such patients.