Neurogénese no cérebro adulto

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

Contribuições para o estudo do código neural

Os recentes avanços técnicos das duas últimas décadas para o registro de sinais neuroeletrofisiológicos foram essenciais para que se testassem hipóteses há muito propostas acerca de como células nervosas processam e armazenam informação. No entanto, ao permitir maior detalhamento dos dados coletados, as novas tecnologias levam inevitavelmente ao aumento de sua complexidade estatística e, consequentemente, à necessidade de novas ferramentas matemático-computacionais para sua análise. Nesta tese, apresentamos novos métodos para a análise de dois componentes fundamentais nas atuais teorias da codificação neural: (1) assembleias celulares, definidas pela co-ativação de subgrupos neuronais; e (2) o padrão temporal de atividade de neurônios individuais. Em relação a (1), desenvolvemos um método baseado em análise de componentes independentes para identificar e rastrear padrões de co-ativação significativos com alta resolução temporal. Superamos limitações de métodos anteriores, ao efetivamente isolar assembleias e abrir a possibilidade de analisar simultaneamente grandes populações neuronais. Em relação a (2), apresentamos uma nova técnica para a extração de padrões de atividade em trens de disparo baseada na decomposição wavelet. Demonstramos, por meio de simulações e de aplicação a dados reais, que nossa ferramenta supera as mais utilizadas atualmente para decodificar respostas de neurônios e estimar a informação de Shannon entre trens de disparos e estímulos externos.

Efeitos da nicotina no complexo do septo medial na via septo hipocampal em camundongos anestesiados por Ketamina

Nicotine administration in humans and rodents enhances memory and attention, and also has a positive effect in Alzheimer's Disease. The Medial Septum / Diagonal Band of Broca complex (MS/DBB) – a main cholinergic system – massively projects to the hippocampus through the fimbria-fornix, and this pathway is called the septohippocampal pathway. It has been demonstrated that the MS/DBB acts directly on the local field potential (LFP) rhythmic organization of the hippocampus, especially in the rhythmogenesis of Theta (4-8Hz) – an oscillation intrinsically linked to hippocampus mnemonic function. In vitro experiments gave evidence that nicotine applied to the MS/DBB generates a local network Theta rhythm within the MS/DBB. Thus, the present study proposes to elucidate the function of nicotine in the MS/DBB on the septo-hippocampal pathway. In vivo experiments compared the effect of MS/DBB microinfusion of saline (n=5) and nicotine (n=8) on Ketamine/Xylazine anaesthetized mice. We observed power spectrum density in the Gamma range (35 to 55 Hz) increasing in both structures (Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, p=0.038) but with no change in coherence between these structures in the same range (Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, p=0.60). There was also a decrease in power of the ketamineinduced Delta oscillation (1 to 3 Hz). We also performed in vitro experiments on the effect of nicotine on membrane voltage and action potential. We patch-clamped 22 neurons in current-clamp mode; 12 neurons were responsive to nicotine, half of them increased firing rate and other 6 decreased, and they significantly differed in action potential threshold (-47.3±0.9 mV vs. -41±1.9 mV, respectively, p=0.007) and halfwidth time (1.6±0.08 ms vs. 2±0.12 ms, respectively, p=0.01). Furthermore, we performed another set of in vitro experiments concerning the connectivity of the three major neuronal populations of MS/DBB that use acetylcholine, GABA or glutamate as neurotransmitter. Paired patch-clamp recordings found that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons realize intra-septal connections that produce sizable currents in MS/DBB postsynaptic neurons. The probability of connectivity between different neuronal populations gave rise to a MS/DBB topology that was implemented in a realistic model, which corroborates that the network is highly sensitive to the generation of Gamma rhythm. Together, the data available in the full set of experiments suggests that nicotine may act as a cognitive enhancer, by inducing gamma oscillation in the local circuitry of the MS/DBB.

The influence of interhemispheric connections on ongoing and evoked orientation preference maps and spiking activity in the cat primary visual cortex

In the primary visual cortex, neurons with similar physiological features are clustered together in columns extending through all six cortical layers. These columns form modular orientation preference maps. Long-range lateral fibers are associated to the structure of orientation maps since they do not connect columns randomly; they rather cluster in regular intervals and interconnect predominantly columns of neurons responding to similar stimulus features. Single orientation preference maps – the joint activation of domains preferring the same orientation - were observed to emerge spontaneously and it was speculated whether this structured ongoing activation could be caused by the underlying patchy lateral connectivity. Since long-range lateral connections share many features, i.e. clustering, orientation selectivity, with visual inter-hemispheric connections (VIC) through the corpus callosum we used the latter as a model for long-range lateral connectivity. In order to address the question of how the lateral connectivity contributes to spontaneously generated maps of one hemisphere we investigated how these maps react to the deactivation of VICs originating from the contralateral hemisphere. To this end, we performed experiments in eight adult cats. We recorded voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and electrophysiological spiking activity in one brain hemisphere while reversible deactivating the other hemisphere with a cooling technique. In order to compare ongoing activity with evoked activity patterns we first presented oriented gratings as visual stimuli. Gratings had 8 different orientations distributed equally between 0º and 180º. VSD imaged frames obtained during ongoing activity conditions were then compared to the averaged evoked single orientation maps in three different states: baseline, cooling and recovery. Kohonen self-organizing maps were also used as a means of analysis without prior assumption (like the averaged single condition maps) on ongoing activity. We also evaluated if cooling had a differential effect on evoked and ongoing spiking activity of single units. We found that deactivating VICs caused no spatial disruption on the structure of either evoked or ongoing activity maps. The frequency with which a cardinally preferring (0º or 90º) map would emerge, however, decreased significantly for ongoing but not for evoked activity. The same result was found by training self-organizing maps with recorded data as input. Spiking activity of cardinally preferring units also decreased significantly for ongoing when compared to evoked activity. Based on our results we came to the following conclusions: 1) VICs are not a determinant factor of ongoing map structure. Maps continued to be spontaneously generated with the same quality, probably by a combination of ongoing activity from local recurrent connections, thalamocortical loop and feedback connections. 2) VICs account for a cardinal bias in the temporal sequence of ongoing activity patterns, i.e. deactivating VIC decreases the probability of cardinal maps to emerge spontaneously. 3) Inter- and intrahemispheric long-range connections might serve as a grid preparing primary visual cortex for likely junctions in a larger visual environment encompassing the two hemifields.

The influence of interhemispheric connections on ongoing and evoked orientation preference maps and spiking activity in the cat primary visual cortex

In the primary visual cortex, neurons with similar physiological features are clustered together in columns extending through all six cortical layers. These columns form modular orientation preference maps. Long-range lateral fibers are associated to the structure of orientation maps since they do not connect columns randomly; they rather cluster in regular intervals and interconnect predominantly columns of neurons responding to similar stimulus features. Single orientation preference maps – the joint activation of domains preferring the same orientation - were observed to emerge spontaneously and it was speculated whether this structured ongoing activation could be caused by the underlying patchy lateral connectivity. Since long-range lateral connections share many features, i.e. clustering, orientation selectivity, with visual inter-hemispheric connections (VIC) through the corpus callosum we used the latter as a model for long-range lateral connectivity. In order to address the question of how the lateral connectivity contributes to spontaneously generated maps of one hemisphere we investigated how these maps react to the deactivation of VICs originating from the contralateral hemisphere. To this end, we performed experiments in eight adult cats. We recorded voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and electrophysiological spiking activity in one brain hemisphere while reversible deactivating the other hemisphere with a cooling technique. In order to compare ongoing activity with evoked activity patterns we first presented oriented gratings as visual stimuli. Gratings had 8 different orientations distributed equally between 0º and 180º. VSD imaged frames obtained during ongoing activity conditions were then compared to the averaged evoked single orientation maps in three different states: baseline, cooling and recovery. Kohonen self-organizing maps were also used as a means of analysis without prior assumption (like the averaged single condition maps) on ongoing activity. We also evaluated if cooling had a differential effect on evoked and ongoing spiking activity of single units. We found that deactivating VICs caused no spatial disruption on the structure of either evoked or ongoing activity maps. The frequency with which a cardinally preferring (0º or 90º) map would emerge, however, decreased significantly for ongoing but not for evoked activity. The same result was found by training self-organizing maps with recorded data as input. Spiking activity of cardinally preferring units also decreased significantly for ongoing when compared to evoked activity. Based on our results we came to the following conclusions: 1) VICs are not a determinant factor of ongoing map structure. Maps continued to be spontaneously generated with the same quality, probably by a combination of ongoing activity from local recurrent connections, thalamocortical loop and feedback connections. 2) VICs account for a cardinal bias in the temporal sequence of ongoing activity patterns, i.e. deactivating VIC decreases the probability of cardinal maps to emerge spontaneously. 3) Inter- and intrahemispheric long-range connections might serve as a grid preparing primary visual cortex for likely junctions in a larger visual environment encompassing the two hemifields.

Biomonitoring atlantic deep waters through the assessment of shark biomarkers

Os ecossistemas marinhos estão continuamente a ser sobrecarregados com contaminantes derivados de atividades humanas resultando numa dimunuição dos recursos marinhos. A exposição crónica a contaminantes, como metais pesados e poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs), pode afetar negativamente o ambiente marinho e, eventualmente, também os seres humanos. Grandes predadores pelágicos, como tubarões, são particularmente afetados pela poluição, principalmente através de processos de bioacumulação e biomagnificação. A fim de resolver o problema acima mencionado, são necessários estudos de avaliação de risco ambiental para prever os padrões de contaminação e evitar efeitos adversos que muitas vezes só são visíveis quando é tarde demais para tomar ações preventivas. Análises de concentração de químicos fornecem-nos informações sobre o nível de contaminação no ambiente; no entanto, podem não ser suficientes para entender como os organismos estão a ser afetados e há uma necessidade de relacionar essas quantificações com parâmetros biológicos. A avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos, como a atividade enzimática, pode fornecer uma visão mais sensível e precisa sobre os níveis de contaminação. Tubarões como Prionace glauca são predadores de topo e portanto extremamente importantes nos ecossistemas marinhos. A sua grande distribuição, juntamente com o fácil acesso a amostras, fornecidas por barcos de pesca comercial, tornou-as um alvo favorável para utilização em ensaios toxicológicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de P. glauca como uma espécie sentinela para pesquisas de monitorização de poluição, através do desenvolvimento e da aplicação de biomarcadores apropriados. As amostras de tecidos foram recolhidas de vinte tintureiras na costa de Portugal, a bordo de um barco comercial de pesca de espadarte. Níveis de POPs, assim como parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados com destoxificação, stress oxidativo e funções neuronais, foram medidos. A caracterização prévia da atividade das colinesterases no músculo e cérebro de P. glauca foi feita, já que não havia dados disponíveis sobre esta matéria. Esta caracterização foi essencial devido à existência de três classes de ChE conhecidas em peixes, acetilcolinesterase (AChE), butirilcolinesterase (BChE) e propionilcolinesterase (PChE), todas bastante suscetíveis a agentes anticolinérgicos, e outros contaminantes, tornando-as biomarcadores relevantes em estudos de monitorização de poluição. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o cérebro de P. glauca aparenta possuir ChEs atípicas, revelando propriedades mistas de AChE e BChE e, que o músculo aparentemente possui maioritariamente AChE. A exposição in vitro a chloropyrifos-oxon provocou inibição de ChE das tintureiras em ambos os tecidos, com o cérebro sendo o tecido mais sensível e, por isso, o mais adequado para a detecção de compostos anticolinérgicos no ambiente. Este estudo indica que a actividade de ChE em tintureiras tem potencial para ser usada como um biomarcador sensível e fiável em programas de biomonitorização marinha. O fígado apresentou níveis mais elevados de POP, quando comparado com músculo. Foram encontradas correlações positivas e negativas entre os parâmetros de contaminação e de stresse oxidativo. Este estudo destaca a importância da caracterização de Che antes de a usar como um biomarcador em estudos ecotoxicológicos, e demonstra o grande potencial de P. glauca como espécie modelo e como sentinela de poluição marinha, através do uso de biomarcadores adequados.

Avaliação da sensibilidade ao H2O2 de diferentes linhas celulares humanas: estabelecimento de modelos celulares para avaliação da capacidade antioxidante de moléculas ou extratos

Os organismos marinhos são considerados uma fonte de novos compostos bioativos com enorme potencial biotecnológico. As bactérias associadas a macroalgas têm vindo a ser estudadas devido à produção de metabolitos secundários com atividades biológicas. Neste trabalho foram isoladas e identificadas 90 bactérias associadas às macroalgas Asparagopsis armata, Bifurcaria bifurcata e Sphaerococcus coronopifolius com diferentes características fenotípicas, sendo identificadas relativamente ao seu género através da sequenciação do gene 16S RNA. A extração de compostos bioativos foi realizada com os solventes metanol e diclorometano (1:1). A capacidade antioxidante dos extratos das bactérias associadas foi avaliada através do método fluorimétrico ORAC (oxygen radical absorbent capacity), da quantificação total de polifenóis (QTP) e da capacidade de redução do radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). O efeito citotóxico do H2O2 foi testado nos modelos celulares SH-SY5Y, MCF-7 e HepG-2, representativos de células humanas neuronais, epiteliais da glândula mamária e hepáticas, respetivamente. Os extratos com maior capacidade antioxidante foram testados nos modelos celulares em condições de stress oxidativo induzido pelo H2O2. Os resultados foram revelados pelo método de 3-[4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). O género de bactérias mais representativo identificado em associação com Asparagopsis armata, Bifurcaria Bifurcata e Sphaerococcus coronopifolius foi Vibrio sp. com 40%, 48,72% e 28,57%, respetivamente. Os géneros de bactérias menos representativos identificados em associação com Asparagopsis armata foram Bacillus sp., Cobetia sp. e Erwinia sp., com uma ocorrência de 3,33%. Por sua vez, Citricoccus sp., Cellulophaga sp., Ruegeria sp. e Staphylococcus sp. foram os géneros de bactérias menos representativos associados a Bifurcaria Bifurcata (2,56%). Os géneros menos representativos identificados em associação com Sphaerococcus coronopifolius foram Bacillus sp. e Holomonas sp. com uma ocorrência de 9,52%. O extrato da bactéria associada que apresentou maior potencial antioxidante avaliado pelos métodos de ORAC (3603,66 ± 80,14 μmol eq. Trolox/g extrato), QTP (53,854 ± 3,02 mg eq. ácido gál./g extrato) e DPPH (20,21 (14,41-28,34) μg.mL-1) foi a BB16 (Shewanella sp.), associada à alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. O efeito induzido pelo H2O2 foi bastante distinto na redução da viabilidade celular, com IC50 distintos, nas células SH-SY5Y (206,0 μM (150,4 – 282,2)), MCF-7 (450,2 μM (388,0 – 522,5)) e HepG-2 (1058,0 μM (847,3 – 1321,0)).A elevada atividade antioxidante do extrato da bactéria associada à alga Bifurcaria bifurcata (0,1mg.mL-1; BB16 – Shewanella sp.) permitiu a prevenção do efeito induzido pelo H2O2 na linha celular SH-SY5Y (IC50 - 431,7 μM (360,1 – 517,6). Em conclusão, as bactérias associadas das macroalgas Asparagopsis armata, Bifurcaria bifurcata e Sphaerococcus coronopifolius podem ser uma excelente e interessante fonte de compostos marinhos naturais com um elevado potencial antioxidante.

Implementação de classificador de tarefas mentais baseado em EEG

BARBOSA, André F. ; SOUZA, Bryan C. ; PEREIRA JUNIOR, Antônio ; MEDEIROS, Adelardo A. D.de, . Implementação de Classificador de Tarefas Mentais Baseado em EEG. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE REDES NEURAIS, 9., 2009, Ouro Preto, MG. Anais... Ouro Preto, MG, 2009

Implementação de classificador de tarefas mentais baseado em EEG

BARBOSA, André F. ; SOUZA, Bryan C. ; PEREIRA JUNIOR, Antônio ; MEDEIROS, Adelardo A. D.de, . Implementação de Classificador de Tarefas Mentais Baseado em EEG. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE REDES NEURAIS, 9., 2009, Ouro Preto, MG. Anais... Ouro Preto, MG, 2009

Optimization of a multielectrode array (MEA)-based approach to study the impact of Aβ on the SH-SY5Y cell line

The human brain stores, integrates, and transmits information recurring to millions of neurons, interconnected by countless synapses. Though neurons communicate through chemical signaling, information is coded and conducted in the form of electrical signals. Neuroelectrophysiology focus on the study of this type of signaling. Both intra and extracellular approaches are used in research, but none holds as much potential in high-throughput screening and drug discovery, as extracellular recordings using multielectrode arrays (MEAs). MEAs measure neuronal activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Their key advantage is the capability to record electrical activity at multiple sites simultaneously. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is characterized by neurofibrillar tangles and aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which lead to the loss of synapses and ultimately neuronal death. Currently, there is no cure and the drugs available can only delay its progression. In vitro MEA assays enable rapid screening of neuroprotective and neuroharming compounds. Therefore, MEA recordings are of great use in both AD basic and clinical research. The main aim of this thesis was to optimize the formation of SH-SY5Y neuronal networks on MEAs. These can be extremely useful for facilities that do not have access to primary neuronal cultures, but can also save resources and facilitate obtaining faster high-throughput results to those that do. Adhesion-mediating compounds proved to impact cell morphology, viability and exhibition of spontaneous electrical activity. Moreover, SH-SY5Y cells were successfully differentiated and demonstrated acute effects on neuronal function after Aβ addition. This effect on electrical signaling was dependent on Aβ oligomers concentration. The results here presented allow us to conclude that the SH-SY5Y cell line can be successfully differentiated in properly coated MEAs and be used for assessing acute Aβ effects on neuronal signaling.

Guiding Monte Carlo tree searches with neural networks in the game of go

A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements to the degree of Master in Computer Science and Computer Engineering

Dissecting signaling pathways that control glia migration in the developing Drosophila retina

The function of a complex nervous system relies on an intricate interaction between neurons and glial cells. However, as glial cells are generally born distant from the place where they settle, molecular cues are important to direct their migration. Glial cell migration is important in both normal development and disease, thus current research in the laboratory has been focused on dissecting regulatory events underlying that crucial process. With this purpose, the Drosophila eye imaginal disc has been used as a model. In response to neuronal photoreceptor differentiation, glial cells migrate from the CNS into the eye disc where they act to correctly wrap axons. To ensure proper development, attractive and repulsive signals must coordinate glial cell migration. Importantly, one of these signals is Bnl, a Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligand expressed by retinal progenitor cells that was suggested to act as a non-autonomous negative regulator of excessive glial cell migration (overmigration) by binding and activating the Btl receptor expressed by glial cells. Through the experimental results described in chapter 3 we gained a detailed insight into the function of bnl in eye disc growth, photoreceptor development, and glia migration. Interestingly, we did not find a direct correlation between the defects on the ongoing photoreceptors and the glia overmigration phenotype; however, bnl knockdown caused apoptosis of eye progenitor cells what was strongly correlated with glia migration defects. Glia overmigration due to Bnl down-regulation in eye progenitor cells was rescued by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic genes or caspases activity, as well as, by depleting JNK or Dp53 function in retinal progenitor cells. Thus, we suggest a cross-talk between those developmental signals in the control of glia migration at a distance. Importantly, these results suggest that Bnl does not control glial migration in the eye disc exclusively through its ability to bind and activate its receptor Btl in glial cells. We also discuss possible biological roles for the glia overmigration in the bnl knockdown background. Previous results in the lab showed an interaction between dMyc, a master regulator of tissue growth, and Dpp, a Transforming Growth Factor-β important for retinal patterning and for accurate glia migration into the eye disc. Thus, we became interested in understanding putative relationships between Bnl and dMyc. In chapter 4, we show that they positively cooperate in order to ensure proper development of the eye disc. This work highlights the importance of the FGF signaling in eye disc development and reveals a signaling network where a range of extra- and intra-cellular signals cooperate to non-autonomously control glial cell migration. Therefore, such inter-relations could be important in other Drosophila cellular contexts, as well as in vertebrate tissue development.

CD81 interacting proteins

Fertilization is a multistep and complex process culminating in the merge of gamete membranes, cytoplasmic unity and fusion of genome. CD81 is a tetraspanin protein that participates in sperm-oocyte interaction, being present at the oocyte surface. CD81 has also been implicated in other biological processes, however its specific function and molecular mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. The interaction between CD81 and its binding partner proteins may underlie the CD81 involvement in a variety of cellular processes and modulate CD81/interactors specific functions. Interestingly, in a Yeast two Hybrid system previously performed in our lab, CD81 has emerged as a putative interactor of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). In the work here described, bioinformatics analyses of CD81 interacting proteins were performed and the retrieved information used to construct a protein-protein interaction network, as well as to perform Gene Ontology enrichment analyses. CD81 expression was further evaluated in CHO, GC-1 and SH-SY5Y cell lines, and in human sperm cells. Additionally, its subcellular localization was analyzed in sperm cells and in the neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cell line. Subsequently, coimmunoprecipitation assays were performed in CHO and SH-SY5Y cells to attempt to prove the physical interaction between CD81 and APP. A functional interaction between these two proteins was accessed thought the analyses of the effects of CD81 overexpression on APP levels. A co-localization analysis of CD81 and some interactors proteins retrieved from the bioinformatics analyses, such as APP, AKT1 and cytoskeleton-related proteins, was also performed in sperm cells and in SH-SY5Y cells. The effects of CD81 in cytoskeleton remodeling was evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells through monitoring the effects of CD81 overexpression in actin and tubulin levels, and analyzing the colocalization between overexpressed CD81 and F-actin. Our results showed that CD81 is expressed in all cell lines tested, and also provided the first evidence of the presence of CD81 in human sperm cells. CD81 immunoreactivity was predominantly detected in the sperm head, including the acrosome membrane, and in the midpiece, where it co-localized with APP, as well as in the post-acrosomal region. Furthermore, CD81 co-localizes with APP in the plasma membrane and in cellular projections in SH-SY5Y cells, where CD81 overexpression has an influence on APP levels, also visible in CHO cells. The analysis of CD81 interacting proteins such as AKT1 and cytoskeletonrelated proteins showed that CD81 is involved in a variety of pathways that may underlie cytoskeleton remodeling events, related to processes such as sperm motility, cell migration and neuritogenesis. These results deepen our understanding on the functions of CD81 and some of its interactors in sperm and neuronal cells.

Redes elétricas inteligentes: desenvolvimento de modelos computacionais e aplicações para a gestão do lado da procura

Esta tese incide sobre o desenvolvimento de modelos computacionais e de aplicações para a gestão do lado da procura, no âmbito das redes elétricas inteligentes. É estudado o desempenho dos intervenientes da rede elétrica inteligente, sendo apresentado um modelo do produtor-consumidor doméstico. O problema de despacho económico considerando previsão de produção e consumo de energia obtidos a partir de redes neuronais artificiais é apresentado. São estudados os modelos existentes no âmbito dos programas de resposta à procura e é desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional baseada no algoritmo de fuzzy-clustering subtrativo. São analisados perfis de consumo e modos de operação, incluindo uma breve análise da introdução do veículo elétrico e de contingências na rede de energia elétrica. São apresentadas aplicações para a gestão de energia dos consumidores no âmbito do projeto piloto InovGrid. São desenvolvidos sistemas de automação para, aquisição monitorização, controlo e supervisão do consumo a partir de dados fornecidos pelos contadores inteligente que permitem a incorporação das ações dos consumidores na gestão do consumo de energia elétrica; SMART GRIDS - COMPUTATIONAL MODELS DEVELOPMENT AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGMENT APPLICATIONS Abstract: This thesis focuses on the development of computational models and its applications on the demand side management within the smart grid scope. The performance of the electrical network players is studied and a domestic prosumer model is presented. The economic dispatch problem considering the production forecast and the energy consumption obtained from artificial neural networks is also presented. The existing demand response models are studied and a computational tool based on the fuzzy subtractive clustering algorithm is developed. Energy consumption profiles and operational modes are analyzed, including a brief analysis of the electrical vehicle and contingencies on the electrical network. Consumer energy management applications within the scope of InovGrid pilot project are presented. Computational systems are developed for the acquisition, monitoring, control and supervision of consumption data provided by smart meters allowing to incorporate consumer actions on their electrical energy management.

O Eu neuropsíquico : Ensaio sobre a consciência

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Clínica apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário