Rural governance and livelihoods systems diversification in the Western Balkans: comparative case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia

Agriculture is still important for socio-economic development in rural areas of Bosnia, Montenegro and Serbia (BMS). However, for sustainable rural development rural economies should be diversified so attention should be paid also to off-farm and non-farm income-generating activities. Agricultural and rural development (ARD) processes and farm activity diversification initiatives should be well governed. The ultimate objective of this work is to explore linkages between ARD governance and rural livelihoods diversification in BMS. The thesis is based on an extended secondary data analysis and surveys. Questionnaires for ARD governance and coordination were sent via email to public, civil society and international organizations. Concerning rural livelihood diversification, the field questionnaire surveys were carried out in three rural regions of BMS. Results show that local rural livelihoods are increasingly diversified but a significant share of households are still engaged in agriculture. Diversification strategies have a chance to succeed taking into consideration the three rural regions’ assets. However, rural households have to tackle many problems for developing new income-generating activities such as the lack of financial resources. Weak business skills are also a limiting factor. Fully exploiting rural economy diversification potential in BMS requires many interventions including improving rural governance, enhancing service delivery in rural areas, upgrading rural people’s human capital, strengthening rural social capital and improving physical capital, access of the rural population to finance as well as creating a favourable and enabling legal and legislative environment fostering diversification. Governance and coordination of ARD policy design, implementation and evaluation is still challenging in the three Balkan countries and this has repercussions also on the pace of rural livelihoods diversification. Therefore, there is a strong and urgent need for mobilization of all rural stakeholders and actors through appropriate governance arrangements in order to foster rural livelihoods diversification and quality of life improvement.

La Politique linguistique éducative du Cameroun: attitudes et représentations relatives à l'intégration des langues nationales dans les écoles primaires de l'Adamaoua

At the moment actions are undertaken in order to introduce National Languages in Primary Schools, it is interesting to study The Cameroon linguistic and educational policy: Attitudes and Representations relating to the Integration of national languages in the Adamawa Primary Schools. This study on images is a survey carried out with the collaboration of 115 teachers, 120 parents and some of the Adamawa educational Responsibles. The fundamental question which guides this survey is: are Attitudes and Representations of the Adamawa educational actors favourable to the Introduction of National Languages in the Primary Schools of that Region ? Our research’s hypothesis is that these perceptions impede the implementation of this policy. In the end of the data processing and the analysing of the field’s information, we are led to the following results. The basic education actors of the Adamawa Region don’t have information about legal and constitutional texts that support promotion and teaching of local languages. Nevertheless, they are disposed to support this policy. They propose fulani as the first language to be taught and the other languages after. But also, the selection of these languages is smeared by demeaning stereotypes. That’s why we recommend the organisation of wide Sensitization Campaigns destined for all the educational actors, the implication of ENIEG in the formation of teachers in local languages, and finally, the introduction of specific Contents for the teaching of National Languages in Cameroonian Primary Schools.

Philologie et linguistique romanes. Institutionnalisation des disciplines dans les universités suisses (1872-1945)

La réflexion et la pratique linguistique en Suisse dépassent, de loin et de manière significative, le saussurisme et «l’école genevoise de linguistique»: la présente étude montre, à partir d’un examen détaillé de l’émergence et de l’évolution de la linguistique romane en Suisse, dans ses rapports étroits avec la philologie et la linguistique générale, comment les linguistes suisses ont apporté une contribution fondamentale et durable à la linguistique historico-comparative, à la sémantique et l’onomasiologie, à la dialectologie, à la lexicologie et lexicographie, voire à une sociolinguistique avant la lettre. C’est l’histoire de la linguistique en Suisse pendant les deux derniers siècles qui est retracée ici à travers une analyse minutieuse des programmes universitaires, des enseignements et des publications des linguistes romanistes ayant déployé leur activité dans une des sept universités suisses. L’étude comporte 4 chapitres: «Saussure et les autres»; «Un système universitaire en mutation»; «Deux déesses jalouses? Philologie et linguistique. Le découpage du savoir au XIXe siècle: Enjeux institutionnels et épistémologiques»; «Les chaires de philologie romane en Suisse: émergence, généalogie et constellation». Une importante bibliographie et un index des noms et des concepts clôturent l’ouvrage.