Iron deficiency anaemia among apparently healthy pre-school children in Lagos, Nigeria.

Background: Iron deficiency, and specifically iron deficiency anaemia, remains one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies in the world today. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors for iron deficiency anaemia among pre-school children in Lagos. Methodology: The study was conducted from December 2009 to February 2010 at the outpatient clinics of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin were assayed in subjects. The primary outcome measured was iron deficiency anaemia established based on the following criteria: hemoglobin <11.0 g/dl1 plus 2 or more of the following: MCV <70fl, transferrin saturation <10% or serum ferritin <15ng/ dL. Statistical analysis included Pearson Chi square analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 87 apparently healthy subjects were recruited. Only one subject had iron depletion and this child belonged to the ≤ 2 years age category. None of the recruited subjects had iron deficiency without anaemia. Nine of the study subjects (10.11%) had iron deficiency anaemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was significantly higher among younger age group than in the older age group (19.1% Vs 2.1%, p = 0.022). The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was significantly higher among subjects with weight-for-age, and weight-for-height Z scores below two standard scores (83.3% and 75.0% respectively, p = <0.001 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among study subjects was 10.11%. Iron deficiency anaemia was more common in children aged two years and below. Weight-for-age and weight-for-height Z scores below minus two standard scores were strongly associated with iron deficiency anaemia.

Impact of Hypoxia on the Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

Study of the Lagos lagoon was conducted for two years to investigate the impact of hypoxia on the benthic macroinvertebrates. Water and benthic samples were collected monthly along the study stretch and analysed in a standard laboratory. Temporal variation in water physico-chemistry was largely controlled by rainfall pattern while the spatial variation was influenced by proximity to the Harbour as well as the pollution sources and types. A total of 3,159 individuals comprising three phyla, five classes, nineteen families and twenty three species were recorded. Iddo I, Iddo II, Ogudu and Agboyi study stations recorded very low individuals, but relatively high number of polychaetes. Benthic macro- invertebrate community was dominated by the molluscs. Margalef’s index of species richness ranged from 0.79 to 2.57 while Shannon-Wiener index ranged from 0.40 to 2.19. Species evenness index ranged from 0.29 to 0.80. There was generally low biodiversity indicating the stressed nature of the study area.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Metropolitan City of Lagos, Nigeria

Twenty one sampling locations were assessed for carbon monoxide (CO), carbondioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and noise level using air pollutants measurement methods approved by ASTM for each specific parameter. All equipments and meters were all properly pre-calibrated before each usage for quality assurance. Findings of the study showed that measured levels of noise (61.4 - 101.4 dBA), NO (0.0 - 3.0 ppm), NO2 (0.0 - 3.0 ppm), CO (1.0 – 42.0 ppm) and SPM (0.14 – 4.82 ppm) in all sampling areas were quite high and above regulatory limits however there was no significant difference except in SPM (at all the sampling points), and noise, NO2 and NO (only in major traffic intersection). Air quality index (AQI) indicates that the ambient air can be described as poor for SPM, varied from good to very poor for CO, while NO and NO2 are very good except at major traffic intersection where they were both poor and very poor (D-E). The results suggest that strict and appropriate vehicle emission management, industrial air pollution control coupled with close burning management of wastes should be considered in the study area to reduce the risks associated with these pollutants.

Risk perception and correlates of alcohol use among out-of-school youth in motor parks in Lagos State, Nigeria

Background and Aim: The prevalence of alcohol use has increased globally. Out-of-school youth are a vulnerable group who might have missed opportunities for learning healthy behaviours in a formal school environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk perception, pattern of use, and correlates of alcohol use among out-of-school youth in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 380 out-of-school youth in motor parks in Lagos State, Nigeria, using interviewer administered questionnaires. Results: The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 61.1%, while 55.5% were current drinkers. Beer (57.3%) was the most consumed type of alcohol, followed by distilled spirits (29.8%). Using the CAGE scoring system, more than half (57.8%) of the current drinkers had a drinking problem. Almost three quarters (70.1%) had experienced at least one episode of alcohol intoxication within the past month. A considerable number of current drinkers (63.5%) desired to reduce their alcohol intake or stop drinking, while 45.5% had made unsuccessful attempts to do so within the past year. Only 28.9% had received assistance to quit or reduce their drinking and of these less than half (39.3%) received assistance from a professional or healthcare worker. Males were more likely to be current drinkers and to have experienced episodes of alcohol intoxication. Parental and peer drinking were associated with alcohol use but not with intoxication. Conclusions: It is important to design specific programmes to reduce alcohol use among out-of-school youth in these settings.

Hotel Vila Galé Lagos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Direção e Gestão Hoteleira, Escola Superior de Gestão, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Características limnológicas e estrutura trófica das comunidades de peixes de alguns lagos naturais e artificiais do Rio Grande do Norte

Artificial lakes must differ from natural lakes in important structural and functional aspects that need to be understood so that these ecosystems can be properly managed. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the artificial lakes (impoundments) in the semi-arid region of the Rio Grande do Norte State are more eutrophic and turbid and have different trophic structure when compared to the natural coastal lakes that occur in the humid eastern coast of the State. To test this hypothesis, 10 natural lakes and 8 artificial lakes with about 100 ha were sampled between September and November 2005 for the determination of some limnological variables and the abundance of the main fish species, which were grouped in three trophic guilds: facultative piscivores, facultative planktivores and omnivores. The results show that the artificial lakes had significantly higher concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a , total and volatile suspended solids than the natural lakes. Results also show that the values of pH, total alkalinity, electric conductivity, turbidity as well as the coefficient of vertical attenuation of light were significantly higher in the artificial lakes than in the natural lakes. In the artificial lakes, the abundance of facultative planktivores was significantly higher, while the abundance of facultative piscivores significantly lower than in the natural lakes. There was no significant difference in the abundance of omnivorous fish between the two types of lakes. These results suggest that the increase in turbidity together with the other changes in the water quality of the artificial lakes, modifies the trophic structure of the fish communities reducing the importance of piscivores and the length of the food chains

POLITICAS PÚBLICAS E ORDENAMENTO TERRITORIAL EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA REGIÃO DOS LAGOS, RIO DE JANEIRO

O objetivo desse trabalho é o ordenamento territorial em área de proteção ambiental, analisando o processo de ocupação a partir da ação de promotores imobiliários numa área natural protegida por lei. Nos últimos 20 anos, observamos o crescimento irregular e desordenado de empreendimentos imobiliários, dinamizado pelo turismo. A procura por locações para veraneio provocou rápida expansão de loteamentos habitacionais e estabelecimentos comerciais sobre longa faixa de restinga, entre 26 km de praia e complexo sistema lagunar, localizada nos municípios de Saquarema, Araruama e Arraial do Cabo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa ocupação ameaça ecossistemas remanescentes como: brejos, lagoas costeiras, manguezais e restingas que deveriam ser preservados segundo leis ambientais. Nesse universo, responderemos as seguintes questões: 1) Como atuam os agentes sociais presentes no conflito? 2) Qual o papel do Estado nesse processo? 3) As leis que regem as políticas de conservação ambiental são interdependentes? 4) Há conflitos de competências? A coleta de informações ocorreu através de análise documental, de imagens de satélite, trabalhos de campo, visitas técnicas e entrevistas com agentes sociais. Os resultados possibilitaram um mapeamento da ação desses agentes na área em estudo, suas competências e geração de mapa de uso do solo.

PROCESOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN REGIONAL CON UN ENFOQUE TERRITORIAL: EL CASO DE LA REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE

Los planes regionales o las estrategias regionales de desarrollo son una herramienta orientadora del desarrollo de territorios, y de manera preferencial de regiones político administrativas. La mayoría de estos instrumentos se caracterizan por tener un enfoque más sectoriales o temático, que un enfoque territorial. Por lo tanto, las políticas públicas no se enfocan a resolver problemas públicos con una fuerte génesis territorial, por lo cual sus efectos pueden ser aún más inciertos, al no haber contemplado en su elaboración y ejecución características y variables socioterritoriales. En el caso chileno, uno de los instrumentos públicos son las denominadas estrategias regionales de desarrollo; instrumento de planificación que aborda problemas y soluciones públicas en regiones político/administrativas. Sin embargo, no es habitual encontrar dentro de estos procesos de planificación regional en Chile, metodologías o enfoques que centren su análisis en lo territorial. El objetivo de esta ponencia es difundir la experiencia en la elaboración  de la estrategia regional de desarrollo de la Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Se describirá y analizará la metodología utilizada, priorizando en particular el enfoque territorial utilizado. Se abordarán aspectos vinculados a: conectividad inter y extraregional, desarrollo de centros urbanos, prospectiva territorial, rescate de zonas aisladas, entre otras. Por último, se abordarán aspectos vinculados a los procesos y niveles de participación, y las dificultades y oportunidades que se pudieron visualizar para la región y sus territorios.

The creative cities discourse : production and/or consumption?

The already considerable debate about what constitutes a 'creative' city becomes ever more critical as the world urbanizes at a rapid pace. In this chapter the author argues that the key tensions in discussions over what makes cities more conducive to and supportive of creativity revolve around perspectives that are either production-centric or consumption-centric. Scholars are increasing prepared to claim priority for the city-region over the nation-state as an economic and cultural agent in the contemporary world, but are they ready to deal with major changes in the nature of cultural production and consumption themselves? A number of examples of new challenges for the creative cities 'discourse' rounds out the chapter.

BIM-based lifecycle planning and specifications for sustainable cities of the future: A conceptual approach

Annually, several million tonnes of waste are produced from reworks, demolition, and use of substandard materials. Building Information Modelling (BIM), a digital representation of facilities and their constituent data, is a viable means of addressing some concerns about the impacts of these processes. BIM functionalities can be extended and combined with rich building information from specifications and product libraries, for efficient, streamlined design and construction. This paper conceptualises a framework for BIM-knowledge transfer from advanced economies for adaptation and use in urban development works in developing nations using the Sydney Down Under and Lagos Eko Atlantic projects as reference points. We present a scenario that highlights BIM-based lifecycle planning/specifications as agents of sustainable construction (in terms of cost and time) crucial to the quality of as-built data from early on in city development. We show how, through the use of BIM, city planners in developing nations can avoid high, retrospective (and sometimes wasteful) maintenance costs and leapfrog infrastructure management standards of advanced economies. Finally, this paper illustrates how BIM can address concerns about economic sustainability during city development in developing countries by enriching model objects with specification information sourced from a product library.

Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor

Precarious Creativity examines the seismic changes confronting media workers in an age of globalization and corporate conglomeration. This pathbreaking anthology peeks behind the hype and supposed glamor of screen media industries to reveal the intensifying pressures and challenges confronting actors, editors, electricians, and others. The authors take on pressing conceptual and methodological issues while also providing insightful case studies of workplace dynamics regarding creativity, collaboration, exploitation, and cultural difference. Furthermore, it examines working conditions and organizing efforts on all six continents, offering broad-ranging and comprehensive analysis of contemporary screen media labor in such places as Lagos, Prague, Hollywood, and Hyderabad. The collection also examines labor conditions across a range of job categories that includes, for example, visual effects, production services, and adult entertainment. With contributions from such leading scholars as John Caldwell, Vicki Mayer, Herman Gray, and Tejaswini Ganti, Precarious Creativity offers timely critiques of media globalization while also intervening in broader debates about labor, creativity, and precarity.

Indigenous cultural landscapes: Equitably defining the 'authenticity' of the intangible

Over hundreds of generations, indigenous groups around the world have passed down their traditional landscape associations, a number of which are intangible and therefore unquantifiable. Yet, these associative relationships with nature have been, and continue to be, pivotal in cultural evolution. Determining the authenticity of intangible landscape associations has caused much controversy, and in recent decades, indigenous groups have begun seeking protection of their places of significance. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee (WHC) developed a criterion that intended to assist in the identification and protection of cultural landscapes. The WHC has therefore become the global authority responsible for determining the authenticity of cultural landscapes, including those with intangible associations rather than material cultural evidence. However, even with the support of the United Nations, UNESCO and the WHC, it is unlikely that every tangible cultural landscape will be sufficiently recognised and protected. Therefore, this research paper explores the effectiveness of current approaches to gauging authenticity in instances where multiple landscapes are valued according to similar characteristics. Further, this work studies the inherent relationship between the indigenous Maori population of the South Island of New Zealand, in particular Kai Tahi peoples, and their significant landscape features, as a means of considering the breadth and depth of historic intangible associations. In light of these findings, this research challenges the appropriateness of the term 'authenticity' when analysing not only the subjective, but more pressingly, the intangible. It therefore questions the role of empirical data in demonstrating authenticity, while recognising that a prolific list of such intangible cultural landscapes has the potential to diminish integrity. This, this paper addresses an urgent need for increased social research in this area, namely in identifying cultural landscape protection methods that empower all local indigenous communities, not just those which are the most critically acclaimed.

Evaluación de seis variedades de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill),bajo un manejo Mip, para el complejo mosca blanca geminivirus, en el Valle de Sébaco

El cultivo de tomate es una de las hortalizas mas preferidas para consumo fresco, las altas poblaciones de mosca blanca han provocado que los agricultores realicen excesivas aplicaciones de Insecticidas quimicos los cuales provocan efectos colaterales. En busca de métodos alternativos para el manejo de la mosca blanca geminivirus se planteó este trabajo para evaluar seis variedades de tomate lndustrial: milano, Silverados, FMX-922, NH-4764,NHW-785 y UC-82 B, a través de un B.C.R. con seis réplicas,donde los resultados muestran que la mayor incidencias de mosca blanca se presentó de (10-20) días después del transplante d.d.t. en todas las variedades. Cuando se realizó el análisis de insectos acumulados no se encontró diferencias entre las variedades.La Incidencias de virosis resultó significativas en las fechas 24 y 37 d.d.t. El rendimiento comercial de tomate para todas las variedades fue similar, sobresaliendo la variedad NH-4764.EI daño de frutos por Heliothis sp fue mayor en la variedad testigo UC-82 B,las variedades Silverados,milanos,FMX-922,NH-4764 y NHW-785, presentaron los porcentajes de daño más bajo con respecto al testigo, el daño de fruto por enfermedades fungosas fué medido en dos momentos 67 y 68 ddt, presentando NHW-785 el porcentaje más alto 44.6% en la primer fecha 67 ddt, en la segunda fecha 78 ddt la variedad FMK-922 fue la que presento el porcentaje mas alto.

Efecto de diferentes dosis de compost sobre el crecimiento, rendimiento y rentabilidad en el cultivo de nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), Las Esquinas, Carazo, 2010

El nopal ( Opuntia ficus - indica (L)) es una planta perteneciente a las familia de las Cactáceas que sobrevive en zonas áridas y semiáridas. En Nicaragua la problemática de erosión, generando gran variabilidad genética y posibilidades de adaptabilidad no requiere de mucha agua para su cultivo siendo una alte rnativa para zonas que están teniendo problemas por bajos rendimientos debido al empobrecimiento paulatino de los suelos, la falta de alimento humano y animal hace de este cultivo una planta importante para resolver estos problemas de hoy en día . El ensayo se estableció el 19 de mayo del 2010 en la finca Ecolote Ave María, ubicada en Las Esquinas Carazo, en el km 37 ½ carretera Managua, San Marcos Carazo donde se estableció en un diseño de Bloque Completamente al Azar (BCA), con 4 repeticiones y seis trat amientos (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5), kg de compost por planta, el área de estudio comprendió 117 m 2 considerada como el área experimental . Al realizar un análisis de los datos tomados en campo con una duraci ón de 4 meses las variables e valuadas no pres entan un comportamiento normal por esta razón se utilizó la técnica no paramétrica Kruskal Wallis , demostrando que no existen diferencias estadísticas significativas en ninguna de las variables evaluadas en el ensayo ; sobrevivencia, n úmer o de brotes, ancho de brotes, longitud de brotes, b rotes totales y brotes a cosecha y r endimiento en cuanto a las aplicaciones de compost . Determinando así que la apl icación de compost no influyó en los rendimientos obtenidos en el experimento.