Second Lieutenant William B. McCreery, July 21, 1861 (date of battle), On reverse: First Battle of Bull Run on the battlefield, Description: three soldiers under tree with swords drawn

Scene showing a group of men, women, and children. The men appear to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic, possibly the Gov. Crapo Post #145

The History of the battle of Agincourt, and of the expedition of Henry the Fifth into France; to which is added, The roll of the men at arms, in the English army.

Mode of access: Internet.

Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh, from 1385 to 1824, including an account of the great fire of Nov. 1824.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the French Revolution and of the wars produced by that memorable event : from the commencement of hostilities in l792, to the second restoration of Louis XVIII ; and the deportation of Napoleon Buonaparte to the Island of St. Helena, including a complete account of the war between Great Britain and America ; and the memorable Battle of Waterloo.../

Appendix includes "Biographical sketches of the heroes of Waterloo and other distinguished public characters."

The battle of Dorking : reminiscences of a volunteer ...

First published in Blackwood's magazine, May 1871.

The travels of Pedro de Cieza de León, A.D. 1532-50, contained in the first part of his Chronicle of Peru.

Mode of access: Internet.

The ancient history of the near East, from the earliest times to the battle of Salamis.

Mode of access: Internet.

The ancient history of the near East, from the earliest times to the battle of Salamis.

Mode of access: Internet.

Exchange rate overvaluation under hyperinflation: The case of Peru

This dissertation examines the behavior of the exchange rate under two different scenarios. The first one is characterized by, relatively, low inflation or a situation where prices adjust sluggishly. The second is a high inflation economy where prices respond very rapidly even to unanticipated shocks. In the first one, following a monetary expansion, the exchange rate overshoots, i.e. the nominal exchange rate depreciates at a faster pace than the price level. Under high levels of inflation, prices change faster than the exchange rate so the exchange rate undershoots its long run equilibrium value.^ The standard work in this area, Dornbusch (1976), explains the overshooting process in the context of perfect capital mobility and sluggish adjustment in the goods market. A monetary expansion will make the exchange rate increase beyond its long run equilibrium value. This dissertation expands on Dornbusch's model and provides an analysis of the exchange rate under conditions of currency substitution and price flexibility, characteristics of the Peruvian economy during the hyper inflation process that took place at the end of the 1980's. The results of the modified Dornbusch model reveal that, given a monetary expansion, the change in the price level will be larger than the change in the exchange rate if prices react more than proportionally to the monetary shock.^ We will expect this over-reaction in circumstances of high inflation when the velocity of money is increasing very rapidly. Increasing velocity of money, gives rise to a higher relative price variability which in turn contributes to the appearance of new financial (and also non-financial) instruments that report a higher return than the exchange rate, causing people to switch their demand for foreign exchange to this new assets. In the context of currency substitution, economic agents hoard and use foreign exchange as a store of value. The big decline in output originated by hyper inflation induces people to sell this hoarded money to finance current expenses, increasing the supply of foreign exchange in the market. Both, the decrease in demand and the increase in supply reduce the price of foreign exchange i.e. the real exchange rate. The findings mentioned above are tested using Peruvian data for the period January 1985-July 1990, the results of the econometric estimation confirm our findings in the theoretical model. ^

The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air-sea exchange processes

The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is at the upper- most surface of the ocean, linking the hydrosphere with the atmosphere. The presence and enrichment of organic compounds in the SML have been suggested to influence air- sea gas exchange processes as well as the emission of primary organic aerosols. Here, we report on organic matter components collected from an approximately 50µm thick SML and from the underlying water (ULW), ca. 20 cm below the SML, in December 2012 during the SOPRAN METEOR 91 cruise to the highly productive, coastal upwelling regime off the coast of Peru. Samples were collected at 37 stations including coastal upwelling sites and off-shore stations with less organic matter and were analyzed for total and dissolved high molecular weight (> 1 kDa) combined carbohydrates (TCCHO, DCCHO), free amino acids (FAA), total and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA, DHAA), transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Coomassie stainable particles (CSPs), total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, DOC), total and dissolved nitrogen (TN, TDN), as well as bacterial and phytoplankton abundance. Our results showed a close coupling between organic matter concentrations in the water column and in the SML for almost all components except for FAA and DHAA that showed highest enrichment in the SML on average. Accumulation of gel particles (i.e., TEP and CSP) in the SML differed spatially. While CSP abundance in the SML was not related to wind speed, TEP abundance decreased with wind speed, leading to a depletion of TEP in the SML at about 5 m s-1 . Our study provides insight to the physical and biological control of organic matter enrichment in the SML, and discusses the potential role of organic matter in the SML for air-sea exchange processes.

Map of the upper part of the Island of Manhattan above Eighty-Sixth Street arranged to illustrate the Battle of Harlem Heights.

Relief shown by hachures.

Battle of Tehoo[pca].

Relief shown pictorially.

[Comanche pictograph map of the Battle of Sierra Blanca, 1787].

Shows battle between two warring Plains Indian tribes, the Comanche and Apache.