Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of immune activation in postpartum HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infected Kenyan women

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Cross-reactive recognition of human and primate cytomegalovirus sequences by human CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for glycoprotein B and H

Although the importance of CD4(+) T cell responses to human cytonnegalovirus (HCMV) has recently been recognized in transplant and immunosuppressed patients, the precise specificity and nature of this response has remained largely unresolved. In the present study we have isolated CD4(+) CTL which recognize epitopes from HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH in association with two different HLA-DR antigens, DRA1*0101/DRB1*0701 (DR7) and DRA1*0101/DRB1*1101 (DR11). Comparison of amino acid sequences of HICMV isolates revealed that the gB and gH epitope sequences recognized by human CD4(+) T cells were not only conserved in clinical isolates from HCMV but also in CMV isolates from higher primates (chimpanzee, rhesus and baboon). Interestingly, these epitope sequences from chimpanzee, rhesus and baboon CMV are efficiently recognized by human CD4(+) CTL. More importantly, we show that gB-specific T cells from humans can also efficiently lyse pepticle-sensitized Patr-DR7(+) cells from chimpanzees. These findings suggest that conserved gB and gH epitopes should be considered while designing a prophylactic vaccine against HCMV. In addition, they also provide a functional basis for the conservation of MHC class 11 lineages between humans and Old World primates and open the possibility for the use of such primate models in vaccine development against HCMV.

Lack of association between genetic markers on chromosome 16q22-Q24 and type 1 diabetes in Russian affected families

Aim To evaluate whether the T1D susceptibility locus on chromosome 16q contributes to the genetic susceptibility to T1D in Russian patients. Method Thirteen microsatellite markers, spanning a 47-centimorgan genomic region on 16q22-q24 were evaluated for linkage to T1D in 98 Russian multiplex families. Multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) ratio (MLS) and nonparametric LOD (NPL) values were computed for each marker, using GENEHUNTER 2.1 software. Four microsatellites (D16S422, D16S504, D16S3037, and D16S3098) and 6 biallelic markers in 2 positional candidate genes, ICSBP1 and NQO1, were additionally tested for association with T1D in 114 simplex families, using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Results A peak of linkage (MLS = 1.35, NPL = 0.91) was shown for marker D16S750, but this was not significant (P = 0.18). The subsequent linkage analysis in the subset of 46 multiplex families carrying a common risk HLA-DR4 haplotype increased peak MLS and NPL values to 1.77 and 1.22, respectively, but showed no significant linkage (P = 0.11) to T1D in the 16q22-q24 genomic region. TDT analysis failed to find significant association between these markers and disease, even after the conditioning for the predisposing HLA-DR4 haplotype. Conclusion Our results did not support the evidence for the susceptibility locus to T1D on chromosome 16q22-24 in the Russian family data set. The lack of association could reflect genetic heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes in diverse ethnic groups.

CandiVF - Candida albicans virulence factor database

Candida albicans is a pathogen commonly infecting patients who receive immunosuppressive drug therapy, long-term catheterization, or those who suffer from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major factor accountable for pathogenicity of C. albicans is host immune status. Various virulence molecules, or factors, of are also responsible for the disease progression. Virulence proteins are published in public databases but they normally lack detailed functional annotations. We have developed CandiVF, a specialized database of C. albicans virulence factors (http://antigen.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/Templar/DB/CandiVF/) to facilitate efficient extraction and analysis of data aimed to assist research on immune responses, pathogenesis, prevention, and control of candidiasis. CandiVF contains a large number of annotated virulence proteins, including secretory, cell wall-associated, membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear proteins. This database has in-built bioinformatics tools including keyword and BLAST search, visualization of 3D-structures, HLA-DR epitope prediction, virulence descriptors, and virulence factors ontology.

The v-MFG test: Investigating maternal, offspring and maternal-fetal genetic incompatibility effects on disease and viability

The MFG test is a family-based association test that detects genetic effects contributing to disease in offspring, including offspring allelic effects, maternal allelic effects and MFG incompatibility effects. Like many other family-based association tests, it assumes that the offspring survival and the offspring-parent genotypes are conditionally independent provided the offspring is affected. However, when the putative disease-increasing locus can affect another competing phenotype, for example, offspring viability, the conditional independence assumption fails and these tests could lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the role of the gene in disease. We propose the v-MFG test to adjust for the genetic effects on one phenotype, e.g., viability, when testing the effects of that locus on another phenotype, e.g., disease. Using genotype data from nuclear families containing parents and at least one affected offspring, the v-MFG test models the distribution of family genotypes conditional on offspring phenotypes. It simultaneously estimates genetic effects on two phenotypes, viability and disease. Simulations show that the v-MFG test produces accurate genetic effect estimates on disease as well as on viability under several different scenarios. It generates accurate type-I error rates and provides adequate power with moderate sample sizes to detect genetic effects on disease risk when viability is reduced. We demonstrate the v-MFG test with HLA-DRB1 data from study participants with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their parents, we show that the v-MFG test successfully detects an MFG incompatibility effect on RA while simultaneously adjusting for a possible viability loss.

Moléculas coestimulatórias na leishmaniose visceral

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in many countries, including Brazil. The protozoan Leishmania infantum, is the etiological agent of VL, and is transmitted by the bite of female sandflies during the blood meal. The majority of subjects when exposed to the parasite do not develop the disease, because of development of Th1 cellular responses. Those who have develop signs of VL such as fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, have impairment of the cellular immune response, specific to the Leishmania antigens. We evaluated whether the specififc anergy during symptomatic VL, may be associated with changes in T cells costimulatory molecules or their ligands in CD14+ monocytes. There is an increase in CTLA-4 porcentage on CD4+ T lymphocytes (p=0.001) and ICOS on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (p=0.002 to CD4+ and p=0.003 to CD8+), after stimulation by soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) during active visceral leishmaniasis, and that there is a higher percentage of these molecules ex vivo, when comparing symptomatic to recovered individuals (p=0.04 to CTLA-4 in CD4+, and p=0.001 to ICOS in CD4+ and p=0.026 to CD8+). Moreover, we found a high gene expression of CTLA-4, OX-40 and ICOS during active VL. CD40, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR and ICOSL molecules do not suffer changes during disease. There is IFN-γ production by the peripheral blood cells, after SLA stimulation, by peripheral blood cells in symptomatic subjects; however, there is a decrease of the ratio IFN-γ/IL-10, which is reversed after clinical recovery. The impairment of some costimulatory molecules pathways during symptomatic VL could inhibit the ability of phagocytes to kill Leishmania and could facilitate their survival and the proliferation inside macrophages.

Ubiquitination et ciblage des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe-II aux exosomes

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ubiquitination et ciblage des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe-II aux exosomes

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Étude du profil des populations cellulaires du sang en vue d’une application au diagnostic du lupus érythémateux disséminé

Le lupus érythémateux disséminé (LED) est une maladie auto-immune systémique dont le diagnostic est très complexe. Le clinicien doit baser son diagnostic sur une liste de 11 critères reliés à des observations cliniques et à des mesures sérologiques. Afin de faciliter ce diagnostic, plusieurs groupes recherchent de nouveaux marqueurs biologiques quantifiables. C’est dans ce but que la cytométrie en flux a été utilisée afin de comparer les cellules du sang des patients et celles de sujets sains. La caractérisation exhaustive des sous-populations cellulaires montre que l’expression de HLA-DR est amplifiée chez les patients même si la maladie est inactive. De plus, l’analyse du contenu sérique en cytokines inflammatoires a montré que la quantité de GM-CSF était plus importante chez les patients LED. Nos travaux suggèrent que HLA-DR et GM-CSF pourraient être considérés comme des candidats intéressants dans les études sur le diagnostic du LED.

NK Cells of Kidney Transplant Recipients Display an Activated Phenotype that Is Influenced by Immunosuppression and Pathological Staging

To explore phenotype and function of NK cells in kidney transplant recipients, we investigated the peripheral NK cell repertoire, capacity to respond to various stimuli and impact of immunosuppressive drugs on NK cell activity in kidney transplant recipients. CD56(dim) NK cells of kidney transplanted patients displayed an activated phenotype characterized by significantly decreased surface expression of CD16 (p=0.0003), CD226 (p<0.0001), CD161 (p=0.0139) and simultaneously increased expression of activation markers like HLA-DR (p=0.0011) and CD25 (p=0.0015). Upon in vitro stimulation via Ca++-dependent signals, down-modulation of CD16 was associated with induction of interferon (IFN)-gamma expression. CD16 modulation and secretion of NFAT-dependent cytokines such as IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-31 were significantly suppressed by treatment of isolated NK cells with calcineurin inhibitors but not with mTOR inhibitors. In kidney transplant recipients, IFN-gamma production was retained in response to HLA class I-negative target cells and to non-specific stimuli, respectively. However, secretion of other cytokines like IL-13, IL-17, IL-22 and IL-31 was significantly reduced compared to healthy donors. In contrast to suppression of cytokine expression at the transcriptional level, cytotoxin release, i.e. perforin, granzyme A/B, was not affected by immunosuppression in vitro and in vivo in patients as well as in healthy donors. Thus, immunosuppressive treatment affects NK cell function at the level of NFAT-dependent gene expression whereby calcineurin inhibitors primarily impair cytokine secretion while mTOR inhibitors have only marginal effects. Taken together, NK cells may serve as indicators for immunosuppression and may facilitate a personalized adjustment of immunosuppressive medication in kidney transplant recipients.

Células madre mesenquimales orales: estado del arte en Odontología

Desde la organogénesis y hasta estadios adultos, las células madre mesenquimales participan activamente dando origen y manteniéndola homeostasis del organismo. En la cavidad oral han sido aisladas desde variadas estructuras del órgano dental tales como el ligamento periodontal, pulpa dental, tejido gingival, folículo dental y papila apical significando una prometedora fuente de células madre mesenquimales las que pueden ser caracterizadas de acuerdo a los criterios mínimos establecidos por "The International Society for Cellular Therapy" que son: a) La adherencia al plástico; b) La expresión de marcadores CD73, CD90, CD105 y la carencia de CD34, CD45, CD14, CD11, CD79, CD19 y HLA-DR (clase II); c) Capacidad multipotencial de diferenciación hacia linaje osteogénico, condrogénico y adipogénico. El objetivo de esta revisión consiste en realizar un levantamiento de la situación actual de este tema efectuando una revisión comprensiva de la literatura en los campos de; identificación a través demarcadores de superficie, aislamiento por medio de mecanismos de digestión enzimática o explante, almacenamiento atendiendo a la necesidad de suprimir el uso de suero fetal bovino como medio de cultivo en un esfuerzo por avanzar hacia aplicaciones terapéuticas, banca o criopreservación destacando nuevas experiencia en este campo como lo es la criopreservación de piezas dentales completas gracias a la tecnología láser Nd:YAG. Y, finalmente, las aplicaciones clínicas que promete este grupo de células a través de la medicina regenerativa y la ingeniería tisular tanto en el campo de la odontología como la medicina general.

Caracterización del paciente con leucemia mieloide aguda y respuesta a la terapia, en Hospital de Oncología del ISSS

La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) es un desorden caracterizado por células progenitoras mieloides en médula ósea, infiltración de la sangre periférica y otros tejidos por células neoplásicas del sistema hematopoyético. En la etiología de la LMA interviene la herencia, la radiación, las exposiciones químicas o laborales de otros tipos y los fármacos. Dos clasificaciones han sido usadas en la LMA: la primera, el Grupo Franco- Américo-Británico (FAB) y La segunda, publicada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El diagnóstico de LMA es hecho cuando los blastos alcanzan el 20% en el aspirado de médula ósea. Los regímenes para inducción de la remisión completa que se usan con más frecuencia consisten en una quimioterapia combinada de citarabina y una antraciclina. Conocer las características epidemiológicas y respuesta a la terapia de inducción y remisión en los pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda en el Hospital de Oncología del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social desde enero 2011 a diciembre 2013 es el objetivo de este estudio. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, basado en la aplicación de un formulario a expedientes clínicos y resultados del laboratorio clínico de pacientes con diagnóstico de Leucemia Mieloide Aguda entre enero 2011 a diciembre 2013 atendidos en el Hospital de Oncología del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social. Los datos se analizaron usando Microsoft Excel 2010. Resultados: de 58 expedientes clínicos revisadas, 51 cumplieron criterios de inclusión. El 46.55% (27) fueron mujeres y el 53.45% (31) hombres. La media 2 de edad fue 52.15 años. Según la clasificación FAB el subtipo más frecuente fue M2, en un 27.59,5% (16/51). A los 51 pacientes se les realizó estudio inmunofenótipico encontrando los siguientes marcadores más frecuentes CD 117, CD 33, CD 13 y HLA – DR. Durante la terapia de inducción presentaron remisión completa el 43.14% (22/51) y fallecieron 33.3% (17/51), siendo la causa de muerte más frecuente la neumonía en un 35.29% (6/17). Conclusión: En la población atendida en el Hospital de Oncología del ISSS encontramos que la LMA fue la neoplasia hematológica más frecuente con un pico de edad al diagnóstico entres los 60 a 69 años con mayor frecuencia en adultos de sexo masculino, la mayoría de los cuales se presentaron con fiebre al diagnóstico.

Design and validation of a novel generic platform for the production of tetravalent IgG1-like bispecific antibodies

International audience

Estudo da maturação eritróide com base no CD35 e no CD44 em síndromes mielodisplásicas

As Síndromes Mielodisplásicas (SMD) representam um grupo de doenças clonais da célula pluripotencial hematopoiética caracterizadas por hematopoiese ineficaz e aumento do risco de progressão para Leucemia Mieloblástica Aguda. Considerando que a linha eritróide está muitas vezes afectada em SMD e a avaliação da displasia desta linha representa um desafio na análise imunofenotípica de medulas mielodisplásicas, o objectivo deste trabalho foi estudar a expressão de CD44 e de CD35 na maturação eritróide normal e a forma como essa expressão é afectada em SMD. Este estudo foi efectuado em 16 amostras de medula óssea (MO) normais/reactivas e em 48 amostras de MO de indivíduos diagnosticados com SMD e sem tratamento. De acordo, com a Organização Mundial de Sáude (OMS) os doentes com SMD foram classificados em CRDM (n=20), AREB-1 (n=15) e AREB-2 (n=13) e de acordo com o International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) em Baixo risco (n=5), Intermédio-1 (n=8) e Intermédio-2 e Alto risco (n=14). A caracterização imunofenotípica foi efectuada através de um protocolo de imunofluorescência directa de marcação-lise-lavagem, utilizando os anticorpos monoclonais: anti-CD34; anti-HLA-DR; anti-CD117; anti-CD44; anti-CD35; anti-CD45, anti-CD123 e anti-CD133. Para a análise, procedeu-se à identificação e quantificação das células de linha eritróide em MO total e nos diferentes estádios de maturação e à avaliação da expressão de CD44 e de CD35. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram o CD35 como um marcador precoce na diferenciação eritróide normal e um aumento da expressão de CD44 e da percentagem de eritroblastos em SMD, sendo este aumento mais evidenciado nos estádios mais avançados da doença.

Co-administration of plasmid-encoded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases human immunodeficiency virus-1 DNA vaccine-induced polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses

T-cell based vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) generate specific responses that may limit both transmission and disease progression by controlling viral load. Broad, polyfunctional, and cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell responses have been associated with control of simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV-1 replication, supporting the inclusion of CD4+ T-cell epitopes in vaccine formulations. Plasmid-encoded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (pGM-CSF) co-administration has been shown to induce potent CD4+ T-cell responses and to promote accelerated priming and increased migration of antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells. However, no study has shown whether co-immunisation with pGM-CSF enhances the number of vaccine-induced polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells. Our group has previously developed a DNA vaccine encoding conserved, multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR binding HIV-1 subtype B peptides, which elicited broad, polyfunctional and long-lived CD4+ T-cell responses. Here, we show that pGM-CSF co-immunisation improved both magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced T-cell responses, particularly by increasing proliferating CD4+ T-cells that produce simultaneously interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2. Thus, we believe that the use of pGM-CSF may be helpful for vaccine strategies focused on the activation of anti-HIV CD4+ T-cell immunity.