910 resultados para Grandezas físicas


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This study aimed to assess the effect of harvesting times and of post-harvest resting period on physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean (AL Guarany 2002 genotype) and to verify if theses characteristics could be used to identify the ideal harvest time. Nine times of raceme harvest were assessed from 30 to the 142 days after anthesis (DAA) at fourteen days intervals, and four conditions of resting; (without and with seven days of resting period of seeds extracted (bare), from fruits and fixed to the racemes). It was evaluated water content, seed thickness, and length, width, and weight of fresh fruits and seeds, and seedling emergence in sand. The statistical design was completely randomized with four replications. The harvest times and the post-harvest rest period affected the physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean but none of these have proved to be effective in the identification of the ideal harvest time.

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A conversão do Cerrado nativo em áreas de exploração agrícola pode modificar os processos de decomposição e síntese da matéria orgânica do solo e, assim, na disponibilidade de nutrientes. Objetivou-se avaliar as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo em topossequência caracterizada por apresentar uso com pastagem cultivada com Brachiaria brizantha ao lado do Cerrado nativo, na camada de 0- 15 cm de profundidade. O estudo foi realizado no município de Colmeia, Estado do Tocantins. Foram determinados 10 pontos de coleta (cinco para Cerrado nativo e cinco para pasto) para cada posição do relevo (topo, encosta e pedimento); em cada ponto amostral, foram coletados solos em três profundidades (0-5, 5-10 e 10- 15 cm), totalizando 90 amostras. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises químicas e físicas: C orgânico, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H + Al, pH e granulometria. O C orgânico não apresentou diferença (p > 0,05) entre os valores encontrados no Cerrado nativo e pastagem e as posições do relevo avaliadas. A conversão de Cerrado nativo para uso agropecuário reduziu os teores de P. Os teores de K trocável não foram alterados pela retirada da cobertura vegetal original. Observou-se aumento dos teores de areia quando se passou da meia-encosta para o pedimento.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da subsolagem e da adubação verde nas propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, cultivado com citros (laranjeira Valência). Os tratamentos empregados foram: manejo mecânico das plantas invasoras com roçadora (Testemunha); subsolagem em um lado da planta na entrecopa; subsolagem nos dois lados da planta na entrecopa, e semeadura direta de Crotalaria spectabilis na entrecopa. As propriedades físicas do solo avaliadas foram: porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, densidade, resistência mecânica à penetração vertical e condutividade hidráulica. Na avaliação efetuada na safra 2001-2002, obtiveram-se os maiores valores de densidade do solo e resistência do solo à penetração vertical, e os menores valores de macroporos e condutividade hidráulica do solo nas entrecopas com e sem tráfego no pomar, em relação à região da copa, principalmente na camada de 0,0-0,2 m de profundidade. Os tratamentos aplicados não surtiram efeitos positivos significativos nas propriedades físicas do solo.

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Este trabalho foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, sob cultivo de cana crua, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito prolongado de sistemas de preparo do solo, com e sem cultivo da soqueira, e épocas de amostragem sobre algumas propriedades físicas do solo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo os tratamentos principais quatro sistemas de preparo do solo: (i) controle da soqueira com duas gradagens, subsolagem e mais uma gradagem de nivelamento; (ii) controle da soqueira com herbicida e uma subsolagem; (iii) controle da soqueira com herbicida; (iv) controle da soqueira com herbicida, aração com arado de aivecas e uma gradagem de nivelamento. Os tratamentos secundários foram: com cultivo e sem cultivo da soqueira. Os tratamentos ternários foram as épocas de avaliação: dois dias antes e após a quarta colheita da cultura. A porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e densidade do solo foram avaliadas, além do perfilhamento e da produtividade da cultura. Após quatro sucessivas colheitas de cana crua, houve redução da macroporosidade com aumento da microporosidade nas camadas abaixo de 10 cm e aumento da densidade do solo entre 20 e 50 cm. A densidade do solo não foi alterada de modo consistente em função de todos os tratamentos testados. O cultivo da soqueira favoreceu o aumento da macroporosidade com decréscimo na microporosidade, e o efeito inverso foi observado após a colheita. Os sistemas de preparo do solo e de cultivo da soqueira não afetaram o perfilhamento e a produtividade da cultura.

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As atuais técnicas de manejo da cultura da cana-de-açúcar utilizam um vigoroso revolvimento do solo por ocasião do plantio, com o uso de arados, grades pesadas e subsoladores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de modificação de algumas propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho caulinítico (LVd) e de um Latossolo Vermelho caulinítico-oxídico (LVdf) cultivados com cana-de-açúcar e sob mata nativa no município de Jaboticabal (SP), além de comparar as propriedades físicas encontradas em ambos os Latossolos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 4 x 3 (manejos e camadas), com quatro repetições. Também foi realizada a análise conjunta entre as propriedades físicas dos Latossolos. Os sistemas de uso foram: cana planta (CP), cana soca de segundo ano (C2), cana soca de quarto ano (C4) e mata nativa (MN). Avaliaram-se a densidade do solo (Ds), a sua porosidade e o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) nas camadas de 00,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. Os efeitos dos sistemas de uso e manejo sobre os atributos físicos, nas diferentes camadas, foram verificados a partir da análise de variância; quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 %. A MN do LVdf apresentou maior macroporosidade e menor microporosidade em relação à das áreas cultivadas, mas, para porosidade total e Ds, a MN apresentou diferença apenas para C2 e C4. O tempo de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar proporcionou o aumento da Ds e diminuição da macroporosidade em ambos os Latossolos. Entretanto, o maior teor de óxido de Fe no LVdf proporcionou maior porosidade total e menor Ds, e sua macroporosidade permaneceu acima de 0,10 m³ m-3 em todos os manejos e camadas. Os sistemas de uso do solo com cana-de-açúcar reduziram a estabilidade de agregados, em relação à mata nativa.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the physical form and quantity of pre-starter diet on the broiler chicks performance. In the first trial, 684 day old males were distributed in a randomized design of three treatments with six replicates of 38 birds. The physical forms of pre-starter diets tested were: mash diet; crumb diet and pellet diet. Another was conducted with 912 day old male distributed in a randomized design of three treatments with eight replicates of 38 birds. The treatments consisted in feeding the broiler chickens with 150 g/bird; 200 g/bird and 250 g/bird. After that, all the birds were fed with the same feed program. In the first week and at 21 days old the birds fed with mash pre-starter diet had body weight gain lower than those fed crumbed and pelleted diets. The variables studied were not affected by the quantity of diets. In conclusion, the physical form of pre-starter diet was important for initial performance and the quantity of pre-starter tip to 150 g/bird did not improve the development of broiler chicks.

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The fishing is an activity with rafts marked by unpredictability, poor tools, physical stress, awkward postures, risk of accidents and incidents, which contribute to insecurity in the context of activity. This study aimed to contribute to reducing of physical effort and the biomechanical impacts in jangadeiro activity of artisanal fishing using jangadas on the beach of Ponta Negra, Natal-RN. To achieve this purpose the methodology of the Work Ergonomic Analysis - WEA became a reference using techniques such as observational and interactional observation notes, photographs, videos, action conversational and listening verbalizations. The resulting activity in health jangadeiro, discussed in this research were: static postural assessment, flexibility of movement of shoulder flexion-extension, flexibility of the hamstrings and lower back, grip and musculoskeletal pain. It was found from observations, interactions and activity analysis, that in carrying out fishing rafts are frequent awkward postures associated with demand for power and many are already feeling the jangadeiros reflections of years of life dedicated to this work. These have already adopted some measures to manage the activity, such as job rotation during the expedition of capture. Therefore, there is a need to expand these measures of activity management, as well as design and capabilities of the raft, seeking positive changes in the activity and consequently the quality of life jangadeiro

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The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

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This work presents a theoretical, numerical and computation analysis of parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate, fin line as a coupler and also integrated devices like integrated filter antenna. It is applied theory to full-wave of Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method, to characterize the magnitude of the substrate and obtain the general equations of the electromagnetic fields. About the metamaterial, they are characterized by permittivity and permeability tensor, reaching to the general equations for the electromagnetic fields of the antenna. It is presented a study about main representation of PBG(Photonic Band Gap) material and its applied for a specific configuration. A few parameters are simulated some structures in order to reduce the physical dimensions and increase the bandwidth. The results are presented through graphs. The theoretical and computational analysis of this work have shown accurate and relatively concise. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for future work

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Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre o desempenho, a utilização dos nutrientes das rações e o desenvolvimento do trato disgestório de pintos de corte na primeira semana de vida. Foram utilizados 150 pintos machos Cobb distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos com cinco repetições de dez aves. Os tratamentos consistiram das formas físicas farelada, triturada e peletizada de uma ração pré-inicial comercial. Com exceção da moela, os órgãos do trato digestório e a estrutura morfométrica do intestino não foram influenciados pela forma física da ração. Maior digestibilidade do N foi obtida com a ração peletizada, enquanto a ração triturada possibilitou maior digestibilidade do EE. A energia metabolizável determinada para a ração farelada foi menor que a obtida nas demais formas físicas da ração. As aves alimentadas com ração farelada tiveram menor consumo de ração e ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Ingeriram ainda menos energia, apresentaram menores retenções de proteína, gordura e energia corporal e utilizaram maior proporção da energia ingerida para produção de calor. As rações pré-iniciais na forma peletizada ou triturada possibilitam maior aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração pelos pintos e melhor desempenho.

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This paper presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of the parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate. The metamaterial (MTM) theory was applied along with Transverse Transmission Line (LTT) method to characterize substrate quantities and obtain the general equations of the electromagnetic fields. A study on metamaterial theory was conducted to obtain the constructive parameters, which were characterized through permittivity and permeability tensors to arrive at a set of electromagnetic equations. Electromagnetic principes are used to obtained parameters such as complex resonance frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern were then obtained. Different metamaterial and antenna configurations were simulated to miniaturize them physically and increase their bandwidth, the results of which are shown through graphics. The theoretical computational analysis of this work proved to be accurate when compared to other studies, and may be used for other metamaterial devices. Conclusions and suggestions for future work are also proposed

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This work presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with bianisotropic substrate, and including simultaneously the superconducting patch. The full-wave Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method, is used to characterize these antennas. The bianisotropic substrate is characterized by the permittivity and permeability tensors, and the TTL gives the general equations of the electromagnetic fields of the antennas. The BCS theory and the two fluids model are applied to superconductors in these antennas with bianisotropic for first time. The inclusion of superconducting patch is made using the complex resistive boundary condition. The resonance complex frequency is then obtained. Are simulated some parameters of antennas in order to reduce the physical size, and increase the its bandwidth. The numerical results are presented through of graphs. The theoretical and computational analysis these works are precise and concise. Conclusions and suggestions for future works are presented

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The juvenile wood presents great difference in its anatomical and physical properties in relation to the mature wood. That heterogeneity of the wood causes a series of upset for the processing industry. The present research had as objective the study of the physical properties of the juvenile and mature wood of Pinus elliottii Engelm var. elliottii, with 25 years of age and of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, with 30 years of age, coming from the Experimental Station of Itapetininga and State Forest of Santa Barbara, belonging to the Forest Institute of the state of São Paulo. From both species there were taken from radial boards, specimens with dimensions of 20x30x50 mm, for the determination of density, swelling and swelling coefficient of the juvenile and mature wood. The results of the species showed that the mature compared with the juvenile wood presented: (1) an increase in the values of the basic density, at 0% and at 12% of moisture content and of the volumetric, radial and tangential swelling at 12% moisture content and maximum coefficient of radial and tangential swelling; (2) a reduction in the values of longitudinal swelling at 12% and maximum and of the longitudinal swelling coefficient.

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Nesta pesquisa procurou-se verificar as características físicas e químicas de bebidas lácteas preparadas com três concentrações de soro de queijo Minas Frescal (30, 40 e 50%), empregando-se dois tipos de culturas lácticas: uma tradicional para iogurte (YC-180) contendo cepas mistas de Streptococcus salivarus subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e outra (ABY-1) contendo cepas mistas de Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Bifidobacteria e Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. Constatou-se que as bebidas lácteas apresentaram diferença estatística no tempo zero para os teores de gordura e de extrato seco. À medida em que se elevou a proporção de soro em relação ao leite, os teores de gordura e de extrato seco diminuíram. O teor de proteína também diminuiu à medida em que se aumentou o teor de soro nas bebidas lácteas, embora a diferença não tenha sido tão acentuada quanto as observadas para os teores de gordura e de extrato seco. em relação à lactose, não se constatou diferença entre os tratamentos. Os teores de soro não influenciaram o índice de proteólise das bebidas lácteas. Verificou-se todavia que as bebidas elaboradas com a cultura probiótica ABY-1 apresentaram valores superiores para proteólise quando comparadas às bebidas elaboradas com as culturas YC-180. As bebidas lácteas elaboradas com 30% de soro apresentaram maiores valores para viscosidade. As bebidas elaboradas com a cultura YC-180 apresentaram valores superiores para viscosidade durante o período de armazenamento.

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This paper mainly aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of LVL panels made from Eucalyptus grandis, from reforestation at the region of Senges, in Parana state, Brazil. LVL panels were manufactured using 23 veneers (2,4mm thick each one) in commercial dimension of 2.500 mm long and 1,200 mm wide. The properties of static bending were analyzed (strength and rigidity) in beams of the LVL, in the flatwise and edgewise positions. The properties of compression parallel to grain and shear parallel in the plans L-X and L-Y and density in this LVL panels were also analyzed according to ASTM-D 5456/4761 and ASTM-D 198 codes. The mean values to flatwise bending MOE and MOR were 13114 MPa and 88.76 MPa, respectively, and for edgewise bending MOE and MOR were 15871 MPa and 88.63 MPa, respectively. The density (12%) of the LVL panels and of the veneers were 690 kg/m(3) and 649 kg/m(3). The mean values to parallel compression MOE and MOR were 16856 MPa and 58.05 MPa, respectively. The mean values of the maximum resistance to shear parallel in the plans L-X and L-Y were 5.96 MPa and 591 MPa, respectively. All these values reached partially or they passed the medium limits of reference (normative codes, researches and commercial catalogs) established for LVL panels and original solid wood, attesting overall the quality of those panels produced with this wood.