The long-term administration of calcineurin inhibitors decreases antioxidant enzyme activity in the rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estratégias para minimização do estresse oxidativo em sistemas de produção in vitro de embriões bovinos destinados à vitrificação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da deficiência ou suplementação de zinco sobre a hepatocarcinogênese química em camundongos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da temperatura nas respostas aos biocidas diazinon e carbaril em Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Metabolismo do malondialdeído em peixes: implicações na avaliação da peroxidação lipídica como biomarcador de contaminação aquática

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metabolismo do malondialdeído em peixes: implicações na avaliação da peroxidação lipídica como biomarcador de contaminação aquática

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased in liver and muscle in tila. pia from Monjolinho River, throughout the year, in relation to reference except in gills that SOD activity increased. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased in liver of the tilapia from Monjolinho River in all sites, in relation to reference except in gills that GST activity increased in July and decreased in November, suggesting that GST activity could be induced to neutralize the pollutants toxicity. On the other hand, GST activity was significantly decreased in white muscle indicating a toxic effect of pollutants, resulting in a decreased ability of tilapia to perform defense reactions associated to GSTs. The decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in gills of the O. niloticus together with the increase of SOD activity, could explain the increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in this organ. Metallothionein levels in liver and gills were significantly high in all sites. Results indicate that the exposure to metals caused severe damage to tissues; despite the consensually assumed antioxidant induction as a sign of exposure to contaminants the effects seem in part to be mediated by suppression of antioxidant system with SOD, CAT and GPx as potential candidates for tissues toxicity biomarkers of pollutants. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Medium Light and Medium Roast Paper-Filtered Coffee Increased Antioxidant Capacity in Healthy Volunteers: Results of a Randomized Trial

We compared the effects of medium light roast (MLR) and medium roast (MR) paper-filtered coffee on antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in healthy volunteers. In a randomized crossover study, 20 volunteers consumed 482 +/- 61 ml/day of MLR or MR for four weeks. Plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), oxidized LDL and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity were measured at baseline and after the interventions. MLR had higher chlorogenic acids-(CGA; 334 mg/150 mL) and less caffeine (231 mg/150 ml) than MR had (210 and 244 mg/150 ml, respectively). MLR also had fewer Maillard reaction products (MRP) than MR had. Compared with baseline, subjects had an increase of 21 and 26 % in TAS, 13 and 13 % in CAT, 52 and 75 % in SOD, and 62 and 49 % in GPx after MLR and MR consumption (P < 0.001), respectively. ORAC increased after MLR (P = 0.004). No significant alteration in lipid peroxidation biomarkers was observed. Both coffees had antioxidant effects. Although MLR contained more CGA, there were similar antioxidant effects between the treatments. MRP may have contributed as an antioxidant. These effects may be important in protecting biological systems and reducing the risk of diseases related to oxidative stress.

Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Pro198Leu Polymorphism in Brazilian Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Relations to the Enzyme Activity and to Selenium Status

Background/Aims: Oxidative stress plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pro198Leu cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) polymorphism seems to be associated with a lower activity of this enzyme, but there are no studies with AD patients. Thus, the aim was to determine the frequency of the GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism in AD patients and to verify its relation to glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and selenium (Se) status. Methods:The study was carried out in a group of AD elderly (n = 28) compared to a control group (n = 29). Blood Se concentrations were measured through hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. GPx activity was determined using a commercial kit, and the polymorphism using amplified DNA sequencing. Results:The distribution of genotypes was not different between groups. The variant allele frequency was 0.179 (AD group) and 0.207 (control group). Although no differences regarding GPx activity were found between individuals with different genotypes, lower blood Se levels were found in Pro/Pro AD patients compared to Pro/Pro control subjects, which was not found in the Pro/Leu groups. Moreover, the association between the erythrocyte Se concentration and GPx activity was affected by the Pro198Leu genotype. Conclusions: Results indicate that this polymorphism had apparently affected Se status in AD patients and that more studies in this field are necessary. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DISTINCT BRAIN REGIONS OF INFANT MICE

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) leads to the death of 600,000 nonsmokers annually and is associated with disturbances in antioxidant enzyme capacity in the adult rodent brain. However, little is known regarding the influence of ETS on brain development. The aim of this study was to determine levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in distinct brain structures. BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS twice daily for 1 h from postnatal day 5 through postnatal day 18. Acute exposure was performed for 1 h on postnatal day 18. Mice were euthanized either immediately (0) or 3 h after the last exposure. Immediately after an acute exposure there were higher GR and GST activities and MDA levels in the hippocampus, higher GPx and SOD activities in the prefrontal cortex, and higher GST activity and MDA levels in the striatum and cerebellum. Three hours later there was an increase in SOD activity and MDA levels in the hippocampus and a decrease in the activity of all enzymes in the prefrontal cortex. Immediately after final repeated exposure there were elevated levels of GST and GR activity and decreased GPx activity in the hippocampus. Moreover, a rise was found in GPx and GST activities in the prefrontal cortex and increased GST and GPx activity in the striatum and cerebellum, respectively. After 3 h the prefrontal cortex showed elevated GR and GST activities, and the striatum displayed enhanced GST activity. Data showed that enzymatic antioxidant system in the central nervous system responds to ETS differently in different regions of the brain and that a form of adaptation occurs after several days of exposure.

Seasonal variations of melatonin in ram seminal plasma are correlated to those of testosterone and antioxidant enzymes

Abstract Background Some breeds of sheep are highly seasonal in terms of reproductive capability, and these changes are regulated by photoperiod and melatonin secretion. These changes affect the reproductive performance of rams, impairing semen quality and modifying hormonal profiles. Also, the antioxidant defence systems seem to be modulated by melatonin secretion, and shows seasonal variations. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of melatonin and testosterone in ram seminal plasma and their variations between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. In addition, we analyzed the possible correlations between these hormones and the antioxidant enzyme defence system activity. Methods Seminal plasma from nine Rasa Aragonesa rams were collected for one year, and their levels of melatonin, testosterone, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Results All samples presented measurable quantities of hormones and antioxidant enzymes. Both hormones showed monthly variations, with a decrease after the winter solstice and a rise after the summer solstice that reached the maximum levels in October-November, and a marked seasonal variation (P < 0.01) with higher levels in the breeding season. The yearly pattern of GRD and catalase was close to that of melatonin, and GRD showed a significant seasonal variation (P < 0.01) with a higher activity during the breeding season. Linear regression analysis between the studied hormones and antioxidant enzymes showed a significant correlation between melatonin and testosterone, GRD, SOD and catalase. Conclusions These results show the presence of melatonin and testosterone in ram seminal plasma, and that both hormones have seasonal variations, and support the idea that seasonal variations of fertility in the ram involve interplay between melatonin and the antioxidant defence system.

Azione antiossidante del sulforafane: analisi in cellule cardiache in coltura ed in un modello animale di esercizio fisico

Oxidative stress is considered to be of major relevance for a variety of pathological processes. Thus, it is valuable to identify compounds, which might act as antioxidants, i.e. compounds that antagonize the deleterious action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on biomolecules. The mode of action of these compounds could be either to scavenge ROS directly or to trigger protective mechanisms inside the cell, thereby resulting in improved defense against ROS. Sulforaphane (SF) (1-isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane) is a naturally occurring cancer chemopreventive agent found as a precursor glucosinolate in Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli. Although SF is not a direct-acting antioxidant, there is substantial evidence that SF acts indirectly to increase the antioxidant capacity of animal cells and their abilities to cope with oxidative stress. Induction of phase 2 enzymes is one means by which SF enhances the cellular antioxidant capacity. Enzymes induced by SF include Glutathione S-transferases (GST) and NAD[P]H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) which can function as protectors against oxidative stress. To protect themselves from oxidative stress, cells are equipped with reducing buffer systems including the GSH and thioredoxin (Trx) reductase. GSH is an important tripeptide thiol which in addition to being the substrate for GSTs maintains the cellular oxidation– reduction balance and protects cells against free radical species. Aim of the first part of this thesis was to investigate the ability of SF to induce the expression and the activity of different phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes (such as GST, GR, GPx, NQO1, TR, SOD, CAT) in an in vitro model of rat cardiomyocytes, and also to define if SF treatment supprts cells in counteracting oxidative stress induced by H2O2 It is well known that acute exhaustive exercise causes significant reactive oxygen species generation that results in oxidative stress, which can induce negative effects on health and well being. In fact, increased oxidative stress and biomarkers (e.g., protein carbonyls, MDA, and 8- hydroxyguanosine) as well as muscle damage biomarkers (e.g. plasmatic Creatine cinase and Lactate dehydrogenase) have been observed after supramaximal sprint exercises, exhaustive longdistance cycling or running as well as resistance-type exercises, both in trained and untrained humans. Markers of oxidative stress also increase in rodents following exhaustive exercise. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities and expressions of antioxidant enzymes are known to increase in response to exhaustive exercise in both animal and human tissues. Aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of SF supplementation in counteracting oxidative stress induced by physical activity through its ability to induce phase 2, and antioxidant enzymes in rat muscle. The results show that SF is a nutraceutical compound able to induce the activity of different phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes in both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Thanks to its actions SF is becoming a promising molecule able to prevent cardiovascular damages induced by oxidative stress and muscle damages induced by acute exhaustive exercise.

Alterazione di risposte fisiologiche in invertebrati marini esposti nella Baia di Cadice (Spagna) come indici della qualità dell'ambiente

La forte crescita nella pescicoltura ha portato ad una significativa pressione ambientale di origine antropica nei sistemi costieri. Il bivalve locale Scrobicularia plana è stato usato come bioindicatore per valutare la qualità ambientale di un ecosistema affetto da scarichi di acque residuali di una piscifattoria nel braccio di mare Rio San Pedro (Spagna sud-occidentale). I bivalvi sono stati raccolti nei sedimenti intertidali nell'ottobre del 2010 da cinque siti del braccio di mare, seguendo un gradiente di inquinamento decrescente dall'effluente al sito di controllo. Per valutare l'esposizione e l'effetto di contaminanti legati alle acque residuali delle piscifattorie è stata selezionata una batteria di biomarker. Sono state misurate nei tessuti delle ghiandole digestive dei bivalvi: l'attività di enzimi del sistema di detossificazione della Fase I (etossiresorufina-O-deetilasi, EROD e dibenzilfluoresceina, DBF) l'attività di un enzima del sistema di detossificazione di Fase II (glutatione S-transferasi, GST), l'attività di enzimi antiossidanti (glutatione perossidasi, GPX e glutatione reduttasi, GR) e parametri di stress ossidativo (perossidazione lipidica, LPO, e danno al DNA). In parallelo sono state misurate in situ, nelle aree di studio, temperatura, pH, salinità e ossigeno disciolto nelle acque superficiali; nelle acque interstiziali sono stati misurati gli stessi parametri con l'aggiunta del potenziale redox. Sono state trovate differenze significative (p<0,05) tra siti di impatto e sito di controllo per quanto riguarda l'attività di EROD e GR, LPO e danno al DNA; è stato osservato un chiaro gradiente di stress riconducibile alla contaminazione, con alte attività di questi biomarker nell'area di scarico delle acque residuali della pescicoltura e livelli più bassi nel sito di controllo. È stata trovata inoltre una correlazione negativa significativa (p<0,01) tra la distanza alla fonte di inquinamento e l’induzione dei biomarker. Sono state analizzate le componenti abiotiche, inserendole inoltre in una mappa georeferenziata a supporto. Ossigeno disciolto, pH, salinità e potenziale redox mostrano valori bassi vicino alla fonte di inquinamento, aumentando man mano che ci si allontana da esso. I dati ottenuti indicano nel loro insieme che lo scarico di acque residuali dalle attività di pescicoltura nel braccio di mare del Rio San Pedro può indurre stress ossidativo negli organismi esposti che può portare ad un'alterazione dello stato di salute degli organismi.

Einfluß endogener und exogener Faktoren auf Bildung und Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden

Für die Krebsentstehung sind nach heutigen Vorstellungen Mutationen in bestimmten Genen somatischer Zellen verantwortlich, die ihrerseits durch chemische Modifikationen der DNA (DNA-Schäden) verursacht werden. Von besonderem Interesse als DNA-schädigende Agentien sind reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), die endogen - wie z.B. in der Lipidperoxidation oder mitochondrialen Atmungskette - oder exogen - z.B. durch Arzneimittel oder andere aus der Umwelt stammende Chemikalien - gebildet werden können. Dem Schutz der DNA vor dieser Schädigung und ihren Folgen dienen antioxidative Systeme und DNA-Reparatur, deren Effizienz von verschiedenen Genen der Zelle abhängig ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung des Einflusses bestimmter Faktoren auf die Bildung, Inhibierung (antioxidative Wirkung) und Reparatur oxidativer DNA-Schäden. Als Beispiel für exogene Stoffe, die zur Bildung oxidativer DNA-Schäden führen, wurden die Gyrasehemmer Ofloxacin und Norfloxacin nach Bestrahlung mit UV-360 untersucht. Unter Verwendung spezifischer DNA-Reparatur-endonukleasen als Sonden (Fpg-Protein, Endonuklease III, Endonuklease IV, Exonuklease III, T4 Endonuklease V) wurden spezifisch DNA-Modifikationen an zellfreier und zellulärer DNA quantifiziert. Es zeigte sich, daß es sich im Falle des Ofloxacins bei der ultimal mit der DNA reagierenden reaktiven Spezies um Hydroxylradikale handelt, während durch Norfloxacin Singulettsauerstoff entsteht. Durch Zusatz verschiedener Antioxidantien konnten diese Ergebnisse bestätigt werden. Im Gegensatz zu Hydroxylradikalen ist über die DNA-Schäden und Mutationen durch Alkoxyl-Radikale, die endogen bei der Lipidperoxidation entstehen, nichts bekannt. Die Substanz BCBT ([4-[(tert-Butyldioxy)carbonyl]benzyl]-triethyl-ammonium-chlorid) generiert Alkoxyl-Radikale. BCBT + UV-360 induzierte vorwiegend Fpg-sensitive Modifikationen, die durch Bestimmung mittels HPLC/ECD zu 83 ± 18% als 8-Hydroxyguanin identifiziert wurden. Der Vergleich des Einflusses der Zusätze tert-Butanol und Natriumazid auf die Schädigung mit BCBT mit anderen reaktiven Spezies zeigte klar, daß die Schädigung hier über Alkoxyl-Radikale verläuft. Die Analyse und Sequenzierung der durch BCBT induzierten Mutanten zeigte, daß vorwiegend GC->TA Transversionen gebildet werden, die auf 8-oxoG zurückzuführen sind. Auf der Ebene der Antioxidantien wurde der Einfluß des zelleigenen Glutathions untersucht. Mit der Depletion des Glutathion-Gehalts durch Vorbehandlung mit L-Buthionin-SR-sulfoximin (BSO) ging eine Erhöhung des Steady-State-Spiegels in den untersuchten AS52 Zellen einher. Selen ist ein wichtiges Spurenelement und u.a. Bestandteil von Glutathionperoxidasen (GPx). Um die Bedeutung von Selen bei der oxidativer DNA-Modifikationen bzw. deren Inhibierung zu untersuchen, wurden Natriumselenit und Ebselen eingesetzt. Ab einer Konzentration von 50 µM trat durch Natriumselenit eine Erhöhung des Steady-State-Spiegels auf (prooxidativer Effekt). Parallel mit der oxidativen Schädigung der DNA ist eine Erhöhung des zellulären Gehalts an Glutathion feststellbar. Ebselen bedingte in Konzentrationen bis 200 µM keine Erhöhung des Steady-State-Spiegels oder des Gehalts an reduziertem Glutathion. Beide Substanzen waren in der Lage, die durch sichtbares Licht und UV-B-Strahlung induzierten Einzelstrangbrüche zu reduzieren. Mikrokerne, die durch Schädigung mit den Agentien Kaliumbromat, Ro 19-8022 + Licht und Wasserstoffperoxid entstanden, waren ebenso durch Natriumselenit und Ebselen reduzierbar. In dieser Arbeit konnte ferner gezeigt werden, daß p53 keinen Einfluß auf die Reparatur UV-induzierter Modifikationen (Nukleotidexzisionsreparatur) und die Reparatur Fpg-sensitiver Modifikationen (Basenexzisionsreparatur) hat.

Regulation der Selenoproteinsynthese durch den Mevalonatweg

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollte der Einfluss des Mevalonatpfads auf die Expression von Selenoproteinen untersucht werden. Im Mevalonatpfad, einem universellen Stoffwechselweg eukaryontischer Zellen, entstehen neben Cholesterol auch verschiedene Isoprenoide, die z.B. für die post-transkriptionelle Modifikation der Selenocystein-tRNA herangezogen werden. Selenocystein ist funktioneller Bestandteil von Selenoproteinen, welche häufig in den Abbau von oxidativem Stress involviert sind. rnDer Mevalonatpfad wird hauptsächlich durch die HMG-CoA-Reduktase (HMGCR) reguliert. Pharmaka vom „Statin“-Typ gelten als wirkungsvolle kompetitive Inhibitoren dieses Enzyms und finden ihren Einsatz bei Patienten zur Behandlung von Hypercholesterolämie, welche eine Grundlage für vaskuläre Krankheiten bildet. Trotz der allgemein guten Verträglichkeit der Statine treten jedoch auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte, wie Erhöhung der Leberenzyme oder Myopathien auf, deren biochemischer Hintergrund bislang noch im Dunkeln liegt. rnDie in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Experimente belegen, dass Atorvastatin, Cerivastatin und Lovastatin in klinisch relevanten Dosen die Synthese bestimmter Selenoproteine, wie der Glutathionperoxidase (GPx), in klonalen humanen Hepatocyten post-transkriptionell unterdrücken, wodurch die Zellen anfälliger für oxidativen Stress in Form von Peroxiden werden. Dieser Mechanismus könnte eine Erklärung für die häufig beobachteten abnormen Leberwerte von Statin-behandelten Patienten darstellen.rnEndogenes Cholesterol gilt ebenfalls als potenter Inhibitor der HMGCR. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Cholesterol in verschiedenen Formen, als Low-Density-Lipoprotein (LDL), als 25-Hydroxycholesterol, und als Methylcyclodextrin-Komplex in unterschiedlichen humanen Zelltypen die Selenoproteinsynthese ebenfalls unterdrücken. Der negative Zusammenhang zwischen Cholesterol und bestimmten Selenoproteinen konnte auch in vivo beobachtet werden. In juvenilen Mäusen konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Knockout des LDL-Rezeptors sowie auch ein Knockout von Apolipoprotein E zu einer Senkung des Lebercholesterols führte, was in einer Zunahme der GPx in der Leber resultierte.rnDie vorliegenden Daten belegen erstmals einen direkten und funktionellen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Mevalonatpfad und der Selenoproteinsynthese. Unterdrückung dieses Pfades, entweder durch exogene Substanzen wie Statine, oder durch endogene Substanzen wie Cholesterol, hat offenbar zur Folge, dass essentielle Zwischenprodukte für die Modifizierung der Selenocystein-tRNA fehlen, was in einer post-transkriptionellen Verminderung der induzierbaren Selenoproteine resultiert. Dies könnte die biochemische Grundlage für einen Teil der vielfältigen gesundheitlich negativen Auswirkungen schon geringfügig erhöhter Cholesterolspiegel sein.