Extração do corante do fruto de castanhola (Terminalia catappa Linn) e estudos dos seus compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante

The Terminalia catappa Linn belonging to Combretaceae family, popularly known as castanets, has fruits consists of a fleshy pulp, rounded seed and a very hard shell. The natural pigmentation existing in the fruit of castanet indicates the presence of anthocyanins, phenolic nature components belonging to the group of flavonoids, which have antioxidant activity. This research was conducted with the castanets and aimed to the study of factors influencing the extraction of dyes from its pulp. The extracts were obtained using a reactor enjaquetado by solid-liquid extraction. The factors were evaluated as temperature, time, solvent ratio and pH extraction. Adopting a factorial design of 24 , with 4 repetitions at the central point, the effects of these factors on the extraction process were analyzed using Statistica 7.0 software. The antioxidant activity (AA), the content of phenolic compounds (CFT) and the total monomeric anthocyanin content (AMT) were evaluated as response variables planning. Statistical analysis of the results, the effects that influenced the extraction were different for each response (CFT, AMT and AA). However, the pH was significant for the extraction of all compounds. The kinetic behavior of the dye extraction was also studied for phenolic compounds, monomeric anthocyanins and antioxidant activity, in which the equilibrium was reached after 90 minutes of extraction. To study the stability of anthocyanins temperature was the factor that most influenced the stability, however the concentration and pH also played a part.

Caracterização físico-química e química do fruto do juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart) e avaliação da sua conservação por fermentação láctica

Considering the plant biodiversity in the Brazilian Northeast, whose components can be inserted into sustainable production systems, the jujube (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) emerges as to recovery of its fruit. The present study has as objective to characterize the fruit of the jujube under the physical, physicochemical and chemical approach and assess its conservation by spontaneous lactic fermentation under the influence of chloride, sodium, calcium and potassium. According to the legislation, vegetable acidified by fermentation that is subjected to lactic acid fermentation in order to achieve a final product pH less than or equal to 4.5. The results of the physical, chemical and physico-chemistry of ripe fruit jujube showed the potential of this species for agro-processing. The yield of edible portion (91.83%), soluble solids content (18,98º Brix), titratable acidity (0.14% citric acid), pH (5.30) and its composition, divided in moisture (79.01%), protein (2.01%), lipids (0.52%), carbohydrate (17.59%), fiber, ash (0.76%) and its minerals were consistent with the characteristic profile fruits, thus favoring the development of spontaneous lactic fermentation. The minimum pH and titratable acidity observed maximum in the fermentation process under the influence of mixtures of salts (NaCl and KCl NaCl2) values ranged from 3.4 to 3.7 and from 0.54 to 0.95 (% lactic acid), respectively. The profile of the lactic fermentation of fruit of jujube in brine, fermented microbiological quality and the result of analysis of primary sensory prepared preserved, the application of endorsed by the consumer sensory evaluation, more particularly, derived from fermented fruit preserved in the presence of chloride sodium, in accordance with the traditional techniques of lactic fermentation of vegetables. The results of sensory evaluation conducted with 100 consumers (tasters) revealed an acceptance rate equal to 78% of the preserve. Despite restrictions on the sensory acceptability of fermented under the influence of salts (KCl and CaCl2) substitutes sodium chloride, preserved these perspectives presented to balance the optimization of mixtures, health product safety and consumer awareness towards prefer a more healthy product with reduced sodium content.

Fruto do campo: História de um viver no interior rural português

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Los amigos Agustín González, Edgar Rojas, Carlos Álvarez, Leonel Luna y Carlos Bejarano, nos muestran ek fruto de su cacería

Los amigos Agustín González, Edgar Rojas, Carlos Álvarez, Leonel Luna y Carlos Bejarano, nos muestran ek fruto de su cacería. Zarzal, 1950.

Transferencia de resultados de deformación del fruto del totumo.

8 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

Informe final de la experimentación en deformación del fruto del totumo durante su crecimiento.

104 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

Cultivo da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) para produção de fruto no Amapá.

2001

Avaliação de ecótipos de figueira-da-índia [Opuntia ficus-indica L. (Miller)] para produção de fruto

A figueira-da-índia [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller] é uma espécie da família Cactaceae, com centro de origem e domesticação no México. Possui características morfofisiológicas particulares que permitem uma elevada eficiência de utilização da água. Esta espécie representa uma cultura alternativa para as regiões do interior de Portugal onde se prevê que as alterações climáticas possam vir a ter maior impacto. Em Maio de 2012 foram plantados, na Escola Superior Agrária de Castelo Branco num solo de baixa aptidão agrícola, cladódios de dezasseis ecótipos portugueses de O. ficus-indica e duas variedades italianas (“Gialla” e “Bianca”). O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados completos com três repetições. O compasso foi de 2,5 x 1,5, com 15 plantas por população e um cladódio por cova. Previamente à plantação foi realizada a fertilização com adubo ternário, na proporção de 40 kg/ha de cada macronutriente (N, P e K). O ensaio foi conduzido em sequeiro nos dois primeiros anos, tendo sido fornecidos aproximadamente 70 mm de água no terceiro ano. Foi realizado o controlo mecânico de infestantes, sem mobilização do solo. As populações foram avaliadas no terceiro ano após a plantação tendo sido quantificada a produção média de frutos por planta (kg), número de frutos e classes de peso do fruto. Relativamente aos parâmetros estudados, verificou-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre as populações. As variedades “Gialla” e “Bianca” foram as mais produtivas destacando-se nitidamente dos ecótipos portugueses, o que reflete a sua origem como material vegetal melhorado. Ainda assim, entre as dezasseis populações portuguesas de O. ficus-indica, foi eleito um pequeno grupo de ecótipos com interesse para produção de fruto e que poderá constituir material de partida para iniciar um programa de melhoramento desta espécie.

Divergência entre genótipos de tucumanzeiro selecionados para produção de fruto e óleo por caracteres de cacho.

Avaliou-se a divergência genética entre genótipos de tucumanzeiro selecionados para produção de fruto e óleo. Para tanto, foram coletados cachos em plena fase de maturação de seis genótipos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de tucumã da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Os cachos foram avaliados para os caracteres: peso total do cacho (PTC); peso de fruto por cacho (PFC); número de ráquilas por cacho (NRC); comprimento da ráquis (CRC), peso de dez frutos (PDF); e rendimento de fruto por cacho (RFC), obtido pela razão entre PFC e PTC. Os dados foram submetidos às análises multivariadas com base na distância Euclidiana média e agrupadas por dois métodos (UPMGA e Tocher). A distância média entre os pares de genótipos foi de 1,37, sendo os acessos 3 e 6 os mais divergentes, o que possibilitou a formação de dois grupos pelo método UPMGA e cinco grupos pelo método de otimização de Tocher. O peso de dez frutos (PDF) foi o caráter que mais contribuiu para a divergência. Os genótipos selecionados divergem entre si e formam de dois a cinco grupos distintos.

Efeitos da cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno azul no consumo de água da cultura da alface cultivada em estufa

The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.

Avaliação física do tomate de mesa 'Romana' durante manuseio na pós-colheita

Tomato postharvest losses are very high in Brazil and the goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of handling and the transport of tomato fruits, cultivar Romana on the steps of harvesting, weight and transportation to the packinghouse, pointing some critical points. Tomatoes were harvested at plastic boxes, weighted and shipped to a packinghouse. Fruits taken directly from the plant were determined as reference. The parameters evaluated were weight loss and mechanical injury and tomato physical quality after storage during 21 days. It was observed an increasing on the weight loss, external damage, and postharvest losses, after storage. Handling and transportation were the cause of an increase in 6.6% in external damage and 1.93% of weight loss after storage, when comparing harvested fruits and fruits evaluated on the packing-house. The main reason for postharvest losses was due to mechanical injury caused during transportation mainly due to the compressure force among fruits and against the plastic boxes.

Proposta de mecanismo de lavagem em equipamentos de beneficiamento de tomate de mesa

The cleanness level in fresh market tomatoes cleaning equipment is essential for consumer acceptance and conservation of product quality. However, the washing process in cleaning current equipments demands an excessive volume of water, leading to serious economic and environmental concerns. The objective of this work was to contribute with technical information for the washing system optimization. The conventional washing system currently used in cleaning equipment, which consists of perforated PVC pipes, was compared with a proposed system which uses commercial sprays. Characteristic curves (flow rate versus pressure) for both systems were determined in lab conditions and the respective water consumptions were compared. The results confirmed the excess of water consumption in the conventional washing systems, and the proposed system proved that is possible to reduce it, and the use of sprays allowed the rational use of the water.

Influência do auxílio mecânico na colheita de tomates

Fresh tomato harvest is traditionally made without harvesting aids. The main goal of this research was to evaluate performance parameters of fresh tomato harvesting aid equipment and compare it to traditional harvest, in the state of São Paulo. Therefore, an equipment was developed and the harvest process was evaluated in four different ways: traditional system (harvest system used in Santa Luzia farm, Brotas, SP, Brazil), picker walking with a harvesting aid equipment, picker seated in a harvesting aid equipment and a composition of both systems: two pickers seated and one picker walking in two different velocities ranges. The different systems using harvesting aid showed an average yield by picker more efficient than reference. Harvest system using three pickers showed an increase of 290% on yield average by picker, on the range of 0.5-1.0 fruit per plant, followed by the systems with a walking picker, that increased productivity in 41%, and picker seated harvester, that showed an increase of 35%. These results demonstrate the importance of using a harvesting aid equipment.

Otimização da eficiência de limpeza em equipamento de beneficiamento de tomate de mesa

The post-harvesting cleaning process in fresh market tomatoes production is essential to the consumer acceptance, since the degree of dirtiness of the fruits is directly related to its quality. However, the washing stage of the cleaning process of commercial packinghouse demands an excessive water volume, bringing serious environmental concerns. The objective of this work was to compare the cleaning efficiency in two cleaning systems through the evaluation of different operational conditions of the cleaning process, related with the brush rotation, water flow and fruit standing time under the system. It was compared the conventional system utilized in commercial equipment with a system using commercial sprays. The results showed that the cleaning efficiency was not directly related to the water volume used, but to the water pressure, standing time and brushes rotation. Therefore, the use of commercial sprays can bring benefits to the cleaning efficiency, increasing it up to 13%, and to the environmental, decreasing water consumption.