Modernisierung der kantonalen Verwaltungen 1990-2008 : Wandel von Administrativstrukturen und Einführung von Verwaltungsreformen = Modernisation des administrations cantonales 1990-2008 : transformations structurelles et gouvernance administrative

De nombreuses études ont été consacrées en Suisse à la promotion de la nouvelle gestion publique (NGP) au niveau des cantons, puis à son évaluation. Or, les chercheurs se sont peu intéressés jusqu'ici aux effets de son introduction sur les structures administratives et les effectifs de la fonction publique. Ils n'ont pas non plus expliqué suffisamment les facteurs ayant favorisé ou freiné la modernisation de l'Etat au-delà de la NGP. Les réformes de l'Etat menées au sein des administrations cantonales dans le cadre de la revitalisation du fédéralisme ont des causes multiples. Cette étude exploratoire tente de décrire les transformations au niveau des structures et de l'organisation de l'Etat depuis le début des années 1990 en analysant le niveau et l'impact des principes NGP ou d'autres facteurs ayant pu jouer un rôle dans la modernisation des administrations: force des partis, degré de professionnalisation des législatifs, taille de la population et des administrations, RPT et revitalisation de la collaboration intercantonale. Il ressort de l'étude qu'un groupe de cantons essentiellement alémaniques, plutôt de taille moyenne à grande (AG, BE, LU, SO, TG, VS, ZH) ont réussi à davantage réformer les administrations selon les principes de la NGP alors que d'autres ont choisi des voies différentes ou médianes (tels que BS, GE, JU, SG, TI, VD). Ces réformes se sont traduites pratiquement partout par un resserrement des structures décisionnelles (modèle ministériel 5/7), par une variation du nombre de services (hausse dans une première phase puis réduction) mais aussi du personnel (plutôt hausse à l'exception de BS et ZH) allant dans le sens d'une convergence des modèles institutionnels déterminée autant par des facteurs externes qu'internes aux cantons. Notre étude montre que la professionnalisation des parlements, davantage développée dans les cantons où le système représentatif est étendu (cantons latins, Bâle-Ville), retarde ou empêche l'essor des principes NGP alors que les cantons alémaniques à démocratie directe plus prononcée favorisent l'autonomisation des processus de réformes administratives avec une capacité de blocage moins grande des parlements.

Exploring Non-linear Transformations for an Entropybased Voice Activity Detector

In this paper we explore the use of non-linear transformations in order to improve the performance of an entropy based voice activity detector (VAD). The idea of using a non-linear transformation comes from some previous work done in speech linear prediction (LPC) field based in source separation techniques, where the score function was added into the classical equations in order to take into account the real distribution of the signal. We explore the possibility of estimating the entropy of frames after calculating its score function, instead of using original frames. We observe that if signal is clean, estimated entropy is essentially the same; but if signal is noisy transformed frames (with score function) are able to give different entropy if the frame is voiced against unvoiced ones. Experimental results show that this fact permits to detect voice activity under high noise, where simple entropy method fails.

The political ecology of weeds : a scalar approach to landscape transformations

How do plants that move and spread across landscapes become branded as weeds and thereby objects of contention and control? We outline a political ecology approach that builds on a Lefebvrian understanding of the production of space, identifying three scalar moments that make plants into 'weeds' in different spatial contexts and landscapes. The three moments are: the operational scale, which relates to empirical phenomena in nature and society; the observational scale, which defines formal concepts of these phenomena and their implicit or explicit 'biopower' across institutional and spatial categories; and the interpretive scale, which is communicated through stories and actions expressing human feelings or concerns regarding the phenomena and processes of socio-spatial change. Together, these three scalar moments interact to produce a political ecology of landscape transformation, where biophysical and socio-cultural processes of daily life encounter formal categories and modes of control as well as emotive and normative expectations in shaping landscapes. Using three exemplar 'weeds' - acacia, lantana and ambrosia - our political ecology approach to landscape transformations shows that weeds do not act alone and that invasives are not inherently bad organisms. Humans and weeds go together; plants take advantage of spaces and opportunities that we create. Human desires for preserving certain social values in landscapes in contradiction to actual transformations is often at the heart of definitions of and conflicts over weeds or invasives.

On Short Exponential Sums Involving Fourier Coefficients of Holomorphic Cusp Forms

By an exponential sum of the Fourier coefficients of a holomorphic cusp form we mean the sum which is formed by first taking the Fourier series of the said form,then cutting the beginning and the tail away and considering the remaining sum on the real axis. For simplicity’s sake, typically the coefficients are normalized. However, this isn’t so important as the normalization can be done and removed simply by using partial summation. We improve the approximate functional equation for the exponential sums of the Fourier coefficients of the holomorphic cusp forms by giving an explicit upper bound for the error term appearing in the equation. The approximate functional equation is originally due to Jutila [9] and a crucial tool for transforming sums into shorter sums. This transformation changes the point of the real axis on which the sum is to be considered. We also improve known upper bounds for the size estimates of the exponential sums. For very short sums we do not obtain any better estimates than the very easy estimate obtained by multiplying the upper bound estimate for a Fourier coefficient (they are bounded by the divisor function as Deligne [2] showed) by the number of coefficients. This estimate is extremely rough as no possible cancellation is taken into account. However, with small sums, it is unclear whether there happens any remarkable amounts of cancellation.

Classification supervisée multi-étiquette en actes de dialogue: analyse discriminante et transformations de Schoenberg

Abstract This work studies the multi-label classification of turns in simple English Wikipedia talk pages into dialog acts. The treated dataset was created and multi-labeled by (Ferschke et al., 2012). The first part analyses dependences between labels, in order to examine the annotation coherence and to determine a classification method. Then, a multi-label classification is computed, after transforming the problem into binary relevance. Regarding features, whereas (Ferschke et al., 2012) use features such as uni-, bi-, and trigrams, time distance between turns or the indentation level of the turn, other features are considered here: lemmas, part-of-speech tags and the meaning of verbs (according to WordNet). The dataset authors applied approaches such as Naive Bayes or Support Vector Machines. The present paper proposes, as an alternative, to use Schoenberg transformations which, following the example of kernel methods, transform original Euclidean distances into other Euclidean distances, in a space of high dimensionality. Résumé Ce travail étudie la classification supervisée multi-étiquette en actes de dialogue des tours de parole des contributeurs aux pages de discussion de Simple English Wikipedia (Wikipédia en anglais simple). Le jeu de données considéré a été créé et multi-étiqueté par (Ferschke et al., 2012). Une première partie analyse les relations entre les étiquettes pour examiner la cohérence des annotations et pour déterminer une méthode de classification. Ensuite, une classification supervisée multi-étiquette est effectuée, après recodage binaire des étiquettes. Concernant les variables, alors que (Ferschke et al., 2012) utilisent des caractéristiques telles que les uni-, bi- et trigrammes, le temps entre les tours de parole ou l'indentation d'un tour de parole, d'autres descripteurs sont considérés ici : les lemmes, les catégories morphosyntaxiques et le sens des verbes (selon WordNet). Les auteurs du jeu de données ont employé des approches telles que le Naive Bayes ou les Séparateurs à Vastes Marges (SVM) pour la classification. Cet article propose, de façon alternative, d'utiliser et d'étendre l'analyse discriminante linéaire aux transformations de Schoenberg qui, à l'instar des méthodes à noyau, transforment les distances euclidiennes originales en d'autres distances euclidiennes, dans un espace de haute dimensionnalité.

Extension of ultrasound Fourier slice Imaging theory to sectorial acquisition

Ultrasound image reconstruction from the echoes received by an ultrasound probe after the transmission of diverging waves is an active area of research because of its capacity to insonify at ultra-high frame rate with large regions of interest using small phased arrays as the ones used in echocardiography. Current state-of-the-art techniques are based on the emission of diverging waves and the use of delay and sum strategies applied on the received signals to reconstruct the desired image (DW/DAS). Recently, we have introduced the concept of Ultrasound Fourier Slice Imaging (UFSI) theory for the reconstruction of ultrafast imaging for linear acquisition. In this study, we extend this theory to sectorial acquisition thanks to the introduction of an explicit and invertible spatial transform. Starting from a diverging wave, we show that the direct use of UFSI theory along with the application of the proposed spatial transform allows reconstructing the insonified medium in the conventional Cartesian space. Simulations and experiments reveal the capacity of this new approach in obtaining competitive quality of ultrafast imaging when compared with the current reference method.

Análisis del error de medición y variabilidad interespecífica morfométrica de Fourier en M2 de primates Hominoidea

Los análisis de Fourier permiten caracterizar el contorno del diente y obtener una serie de parámetros para un posterior análisis multivariante. Sin embargo, la gran complejidad que presentan algunas formas obliga a determinar el error de medición intrínseco que se produce. El objetivo de este trabajo es aplicar y validar los análisis de Fourier en el estudio de la forma dental del segundo molar inferior (M2) de cuatro especies de primates Hominoidea para explorar la variabilidad morfométrica interespecífica, así como determinar el error de medición a un nivel intra e interobservador. El contorno de la superficie oclusal del diente fue definido digitalmente y con las funciones derivadas del análisis de Fourier se realizaron Análisis Discriminantes y Test de Mantel (correlaciones de Pearson) para determinar las diferencias de forma a partir de las mediciones tomadas. Los resultados indican que el análisis de Fourier muestra la variabilidad de forma en dientes molares en especies de primates Hominoidea. Adicionalmente, los altos niveles de correlación a nivel intra (r>0,9) como interobservador (r>0,7) sugieren que la descripción morfométrica del diente a partir de métodos de Fourier realizados por diferentes observadores puede ser agrupada para posteriores análisis.

Caracterización morfológica del M2 de Primates Hominoidea a partir de análisis de Fourier

Los análisis de Fourier permiten caracterizar el contorno del diente a partir de un número determinado de puntos y extraer una serie de parámetros para un posterior análisis multivariante. No obstante, la gran complejidad que presentan algunas conformaciones, obliga a comprobar cuántos puntos son necesarios para una correcta representación de ésta. El objetivo de este trabajo es aplicar y validar los análisis de Fourier (Polar y Elíptico) en el estudio de la forma dental a partir de diferentes puntos de contorno y explorar la variabilidad morfométrica en diferentes géneros. Se obtuvieron fotografías digitales de la superfi cie oclusal en segundos molares inferiores (M2s) de 4 especies de Primates (Hylobates moloch, Gorilla beringei graueri, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus y Pan troglodytes schweirfurthii) y se defi nió su contorno con 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 y 120 puntos y su representación formal a 10 armónicos. El análisis de la variabilidad morfométrica se realizó mediante la aplicación de Análisis Discriminantes y un NP-MANOVA a partir de matrices de distancias para determinar la variabilidad y porcentajes de clasifi cacióncorrecta, a nivel metodológico y taxonómico. Los resultados indicaron que los análisis de forma con series de Fourier permiten analizar la variabilidad morfométrica de M2s en géneros de Hominoidea, con independencia del número de puntos de contorno (30 a 120). Los porcentajes de clasifi cación son más variables e inferiores con el uso de la serie Polar (≈60-90) que con la Elíptica (75-100%). Un número entre 60-100 puntos de contorno mediante el método elíptico garantiza una descripción correcta de la forma del diente.

Internet, Law and Politics. A decade of transformations.

Proceedings of Internet, Law and Politics. A decade of transformations.

Stable sampling and Fourier multipliers

We study the relationship between stable sampling sequences for bandlimited functions in $L^p(\R^n)$ and the Fourier multipliers in $L^p$. In the case that the sequence is a lattice and the spectrum is a fundamental domain for the lattice the connection is complete. In the case of irregular sequences there is still a partial relationship.

A transformada de Fourier em basic

In this paper we describe three computer programs in Basic language about the Fourier transform (FFT) which are available in the Internet site http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/SoftwareE.htm (in English) or http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/softwareP.htm (in Portuguese) since October 1998. Those are addresses to the Web Page of our Laboratory of Organic Synthesis. The programs can be downloaded and used by anyone who is interested on the subject. The texts, menus and captions in the programs are written in English.

Utilização de filtro de transformada de fourier para a minimização de ruídos em sinais analíticos

Instrumental data always present some noise. The analytical data information and instrumental noise generally has different frequencies. Thus is possible to remove the noise using a digital filter based on Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. This procedure enhance the signal/noise ratio and consecutively increase the detection limits on instrumental analysis. The basic principle of Fourier transform filter with modifications implemented to improve its performance is presented. A numerical example, as well as a real voltammetric example are showed to demonstrate the Fourier transform filter implementation. The programs to perform the Fourier transform filter, in Matlab and Visual Basic languages, are included as appendices

Usando um website para explicar a espectrometria de ressonância ciclotrônica de íons por transformada de Fourier

This article shows the usefulness of a website to explain the concepts, operational events, vacuum system, applications and an experimental sequence of the Fourier Transform Ion Ciclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry technique (http://143.107.46.113/icr/icrj.html).

Estudo comparativo sobre filtragem de sinais instrumentais usando transformadas de Fourier e Wavelet

A comparative study of the Fourier (FT) and the wavelet transforms (WT) for instrumental signal denoising is presented. The basic principles of wavelet theory are described in a succinct and simplified manner. For illustration, FT and WT are used to filter UV-VIS and plasma emission spectra using MATLAB software for computation. Results show that FT and WT filters are comparable when the signal does not display sharp peaks (UV-VIS spectra), but the WT yields a better filtering when the filling factor of the signal is small (plasma spectra), since it causes low peak distortion.