Utilização de um aplicativo de simulação computacional na avaliação de desempenho térmico de protótipo de habitação de interesse social (his)

This Masters Degree dissertation seeks to make a comparative study of internal air temperature data, simulated through the thermal computer application DesignBuilder 1.2, and data registered in loco through HOBO® Temp Data Logger, in a Social Housing Prototype (HIS), located at the Central Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte UFRN. The prototype was designed and built seeking strategies of thermal comfort recommended for the local climate where the study was carried out, and built with panels of cellular concrete by Construtora DoisA, a collaborator of research project REPESC Rede de Pesquisa em Eficiência Energética de Sistemas Construtivos (Research Network on Energy Efficiency of Construction Systems), an integral part of Habitare program. The methodology employed carefully examined the problem, reviewed the bibliography, analyzing the major aspects related to computer simulations for thermal performance of buildings, such as climate characterization of the region under study and users thermal comfort demands. The DesignBuilder 1.2 computer application was used as a simulation tool, and theoretical alterations were carried out in the prototype, then they were compared with the parameters of thermal comfort adopted, based on the area s current technical literature. Analyses of the comparative studies were performed through graphical outputs for a better understanding of air temperature amplitudes and thermal comfort conditions. The data used for the characterization of external air temperature were obtained from the Test Reference Year (TRY), defined for the study area (Natal-RN). Thus the author also performed comparative studies for TRY data registered in the years 2006, 2007 and 2008, at weather station Davis Precision Station, located at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE-CRN (National Institute of Space Research), in a neighboring area of UFRN s Central Campus. The conclusions observed from the comparative studies performed among computer simulations, and the local records obtained from the studied prototype, point out that the simulations performed in naturally ventilated buildings is quite a complex task, due to the applications limitations, mainly owed to the complexity of air flow phenomena, the influence of comfort conditions in the surrounding areas and climate records. Lastly, regarding the use of the application DesignBuilder 1.2 in the present study, one may conclude that it is a good tool for computer simulations. However, it needs some adjustments to improve reliability in its use. There is a need for continued research, considering the dedication of users to the prototype, as well as the thermal charges of the equipment, in order to check sensitivity

Análise de métodos de predição de conforto térmico de habitação em clima quente-úmido com condicionamento passivo

The assessment of building thermal performance is often carried out using HVAC energy consumption data, when available, or thermal comfort variables measurements, for free-running buildings. Both types of data can be determined by monitoring or computer simulation. The assessment based on thermal comfort variables is the most complex because it depends on the determination of the thermal comfort zone. For these reasons, this master thesis explores methods of building thermal performance assessment using variables of thermal comfort simulated by DesignBuilder software. The main objective is to contribute to the development of methods to support architectural decisions during the design process, and energy and sustainable rating systems. The research method consists on selecting thermal comfort methods, modeling them in electronic sheets with output charts developed to optimize the analyses, which are used to assess the simulation results of low cost house configurations. The house models consist in a base case, which are already built, and changes in thermal transmittance, absorptance, and shading. The simulation results are assessed using each thermal comfort method, to identify the sensitivity of them. The final results show the limitations of the methods, the importance of a method that considers thermal radiance and wind speed, and the contribution of the chart proposed

Fachada flexível para casa padronizada em condomínios

The employment of flexibility in the design of façades makes them adaptable to adverse weather conditions, resulting in both minimization of environmental discomfort and improvement of energy efficiency. The present study highlights the potential of flexible façades as a resource to reduce rigidity and form repetition, which are usually employed in condominiums of standardized houses; as such, the work presented herein contributes to field of study of architectural projects strategies for adapting and integrating buildings within the local climate context. Two façade options were designed using as reference the bionics and the kinetics, as well as their applications to architectural constructions. This resulted in two lightweight and dynamic structures, which cater to constraints of comfort through combinations of movements, which control the impact of solar radiation and of cooling in the environment. The efficacy and technical functionality of the façades were tested with comfort analysis and graphic computation software, as well as with physical models. Thus, the current research contributes to the improvement of architectural solutions aimed at using passive energy strategies in order to offer both better quality for the users and for the sustainability of the planet

Análises de elementos arquitetônicos de proteção solar em edificações institucionais na cidade de Natal/RN Diretrizes projetuais

The present work concerns the use of shade elements as architectural elements to block sunlight in public buildings. In a city like Natal, (5o South) the incidence of sunrays in any type of design should be a constant concern for all the architects. Besides, this habit of avoiding insolation in the environment is not a common practice. Within this context, the present work has the objective to dig deep into the knowledge of solar control, studying some cases and verifying its function according to the orientation and the original design of the building, having in mind if the shade elements usually used in the region have achieved their purpose of providing protection against the incidence of direct sun rays. This study considers the position of the shade element (horizontal and vertical), the angle formed between them and the respective facades, and the local of the buildings in relation to their orientation during the summer, winter and equinox solstice. As supporting instruments the solar map of the city and the protractor, for measuring shade angles, were used. It was concluded that in all the cases studied, it was not possible to obtain the maximum use of the elements. It was verified that the best type of shade element (more efficient) for the city of Natal is the mixed type (horizontal and vertical) and that the vertical shade elements are more efficient in the early mornings and late afternoon. The horizontal shade elements are used more effective at midday. We intend to present the results of this study to the architects in the region in order to show them the correct ways of using the shade elements according to the possible orientation on the facade, as a supporting tool at the time of designing a project as well as a subsidy for further discussions on the elaboration of the new urban standards for the city of Natal/RN

Propuesta arquitectónica del Parque Temático del Museo Ferroviario Estación FENADESAL San Salvador

El presente trabajo consistió en el desarrollo de una propuesta arquitectónica paisajista, que busca realzar el Museo Ferroviario de FENADESAL, dotando a sus espacios exteriores un aire al pasado ferroviario de El Salvador, mediante elementos arquitectónicos en fachadas, mobiliario urbano, señalización, a la vez que propone nueva infraestructura que optimice el uso de los recursos naturales para la manutención del proyecto, siguiendo la tendencia del rubro ferroviario, con el fin de salvaguardar el patrimonio cultural existente, promoviendo la riqueza cultural que el conjunto histórico representa, para que el parque temático pueda acoger a todas las personas que lo visiten

Plano medio

Plano medio. Imagen tomada en exterior, donde se puede apreciar la fachada de un edificio de color verde y crema. En el extremo inferior algunos arbustos, la luz es débil.

Proposta de método para avaliação do desempenho térmico de residências unifamiliares em clima quente e úmido

Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior

Utilização de um aplicativo de simulação computacional na avaliação de desempenho térmico de protótipo de habitação de interesse social (his)

This Masters Degree dissertation seeks to make a comparative study of internal air temperature data, simulated through the thermal computer application DesignBuilder 1.2, and data registered in loco through HOBO® Temp Data Logger, in a Social Housing Prototype (HIS), located at the Central Campus of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte UFRN. The prototype was designed and built seeking strategies of thermal comfort recommended for the local climate where the study was carried out, and built with panels of cellular concrete by Construtora DoisA, a collaborator of research project REPESC Rede de Pesquisa em Eficiência Energética de Sistemas Construtivos (Research Network on Energy Efficiency of Construction Systems), an integral part of Habitare program. The methodology employed carefully examined the problem, reviewed the bibliography, analyzing the major aspects related to computer simulations for thermal performance of buildings, such as climate characterization of the region under study and users thermal comfort demands. The DesignBuilder 1.2 computer application was used as a simulation tool, and theoretical alterations were carried out in the prototype, then they were compared with the parameters of thermal comfort adopted, based on the area s current technical literature. Analyses of the comparative studies were performed through graphical outputs for a better understanding of air temperature amplitudes and thermal comfort conditions. The data used for the characterization of external air temperature were obtained from the Test Reference Year (TRY), defined for the study area (Natal-RN). Thus the author also performed comparative studies for TRY data registered in the years 2006, 2007 and 2008, at weather station Davis Precision Station, located at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE-CRN (National Institute of Space Research), in a neighboring area of UFRN s Central Campus. The conclusions observed from the comparative studies performed among computer simulations, and the local records obtained from the studied prototype, point out that the simulations performed in naturally ventilated buildings is quite a complex task, due to the applications limitations, mainly owed to the complexity of air flow phenomena, the influence of comfort conditions in the surrounding areas and climate records. Lastly, regarding the use of the application DesignBuilder 1.2 in the present study, one may conclude that it is a good tool for computer simulations. However, it needs some adjustments to improve reliability in its use. There is a need for continued research, considering the dedication of users to the prototype, as well as the thermal charges of the equipment, in order to check sensitivity

Análise de métodos de predição de conforto térmico de habitação em clima quente-úmido com condicionamento passivo

The assessment of building thermal performance is often carried out using HVAC energy consumption data, when available, or thermal comfort variables measurements, for free-running buildings. Both types of data can be determined by monitoring or computer simulation. The assessment based on thermal comfort variables is the most complex because it depends on the determination of the thermal comfort zone. For these reasons, this master thesis explores methods of building thermal performance assessment using variables of thermal comfort simulated by DesignBuilder software. The main objective is to contribute to the development of methods to support architectural decisions during the design process, and energy and sustainable rating systems. The research method consists on selecting thermal comfort methods, modeling them in electronic sheets with output charts developed to optimize the analyses, which are used to assess the simulation results of low cost house configurations. The house models consist in a base case, which are already built, and changes in thermal transmittance, absorptance, and shading. The simulation results are assessed using each thermal comfort method, to identify the sensitivity of them. The final results show the limitations of the methods, the importance of a method that considers thermal radiance and wind speed, and the contribution of the chart proposed

Fachada flexível para casa padronizada em condomínios

The employment of flexibility in the design of façades makes them adaptable to adverse weather conditions, resulting in both minimization of environmental discomfort and improvement of energy efficiency. The present study highlights the potential of flexible façades as a resource to reduce rigidity and form repetition, which are usually employed in condominiums of standardized houses; as such, the work presented herein contributes to field of study of architectural projects strategies for adapting and integrating buildings within the local climate context. Two façade options were designed using as reference the bionics and the kinetics, as well as their applications to architectural constructions. This resulted in two lightweight and dynamic structures, which cater to constraints of comfort through combinations of movements, which control the impact of solar radiation and of cooling in the environment. The efficacy and technical functionality of the façades were tested with comfort analysis and graphic computation software, as well as with physical models. Thus, the current research contributes to the improvement of architectural solutions aimed at using passive energy strategies in order to offer both better quality for the users and for the sustainability of the planet

Opções de projeto : custos de execução, manutenção e reparação

Actualmente no mundo da construção, existe uma enorme variedade de materiais e de soluções construtivas disponíveis para aplicação nos diversos elementos das edificações (caves, fachadas e coberturas), no entanto, estes materiais/soluções construtivas, são muitas vezes analisadas e apresentadas em termos de características técnicas, sendo deixado de lado a questão da rentabilidade ou não da sua aplicação a longo prazo. Face a este factor, julgou-se necessário efectuar um estudo que permitisse avaliar, até que ponto uma poupança inicial conseguida através da aplicação de uma solução construtiva menos dispendiosa, e com piores características técnicas, se tornaria numa poupança efectiva, ou se pelo contrário, são as soluções com melhores características, que permitem ao longo do tempo, reaver o acréscimo de investimento inicial. Com este objectivo, descrevem-se possíveis soluções construtivas a aplicar na construção de um edifício multifamiliar, onde através de critérios térmicos e de durabilidade, se procura demonstrar que de facto, a aplicação de melhores soluções, que acarretam um maior investimento inicial, revelam-se mais económicas ao longo do tempo, uma vez que as melhores características destas, permitem um retorno com o passar dos tempos.

Análises de elementos arquitetônicos de proteção solar em edificações institucionais na cidade de Natal/RN Diretrizes projetuais

The present work concerns the use of shade elements as architectural elements to block sunlight in public buildings. In a city like Natal, (5o South) the incidence of sunrays in any type of design should be a constant concern for all the architects. Besides, this habit of avoiding insolation in the environment is not a common practice. Within this context, the present work has the objective to dig deep into the knowledge of solar control, studying some cases and verifying its function according to the orientation and the original design of the building, having in mind if the shade elements usually used in the region have achieved their purpose of providing protection against the incidence of direct sun rays. This study considers the position of the shade element (horizontal and vertical), the angle formed between them and the respective facades, and the local of the buildings in relation to their orientation during the summer, winter and equinox solstice. As supporting instruments the solar map of the city and the protractor, for measuring shade angles, were used. It was concluded that in all the cases studied, it was not possible to obtain the maximum use of the elements. It was verified that the best type of shade element (more efficient) for the city of Natal is the mixed type (horizontal and vertical) and that the vertical shade elements are more efficient in the early mornings and late afternoon. The horizontal shade elements are used more effective at midday. We intend to present the results of this study to the architects in the region in order to show them the correct ways of using the shade elements according to the possible orientation on the facade, as a supporting tool at the time of designing a project as well as a subsidy for further discussions on the elaboration of the new urban standards for the city of Natal/RN

[Registro fotográfico de productos de referencia para la proyección de la asesoría en diseño y el desarrollo de propuestas de innovación].

45 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.

Centro de Arquitectura Española en Madrid

El CAE, Centro de Arquitectura Española, se sitúa en Alonso Martínez, en el centro de Madrid. El centro ocupa el antiguo Palacio de Ustariz, del siglo XVII y en un estado preocupante de abandono, a la vez que se complementa con un nuevo cuerpo a modo de ampliación del conjunto y la necesaria coronación del palacio existente. El CAE incorporará los usos de archivo, investigación y difusión de la documentación albergada en él. En lo que se refiere al palacio, se pone en valor las diferentes fases por las que ha pasado a lo largo de los siglos. Desde la estética del ladrillo visto de su nacimiento barroco, hasta las fachadas puramente neoclásicas que vinieron motivadas por la compra del palacio en el siglo XIX por el Conde de Villagonzalo. La intervención se revela como una puesta en valor de la historia del lugar y un agente capaz de proponer usos y actividades nuevas para activarlo. La planta segunda, actualmente rematada con un tejado provisional de chapa a modo de protección, es coronada ahora con una nueva cubierta que toma su geometría de la identidad de las cubiertas inclinadas típicas del centro de Madrid. Por su parte el volumen que ampliará la superficie del centro se entiende como un elemento abstracto, sin escala, ni permeabilidad hacia la plaza. Esta pieza albergará el archivo, que activa en cuanto a uso y vida al resto del edificio. De esta manera es el nuevo corazón del edificio ya que es de esta pieza, el archivo, del que nacen las nuevas actividades del centro: la investigación y la difusión. El volumen se acerca al edificio existente conformando un hall intermedio cubierto de tres plantas de altura libre que revelan el dialogo entre lo antiguo y lo moderno. Entre el ladrillo y el metal negro. Esta relación y dialogo también se manifiestan en las cuatro pasarelas –dos cubiertas y dos descubiertas– que conectan el antiguo y el nuevo edificio, haciendo incuestionable su interdependencia.

Interpretação popular dos frescos exteriores das igrejas conventuais dos mosteiros de Sucevita e Voronet (Bucovina) – Roménia

No nordeste da Roménia, na antiga província da Moldávia e próxima da fronteira com a Ucrânia, encontra-se Bucovina, uma região histórica de frequentes ocupações e constantes divisões, disputada por vários povos (dácios, citas, sármatas, romanos, godos, hunos, avaros, eslavos, otomanos, tártaros, mongóis, …). Tem a maior concentração de mosteiros e igrejas, cerca de 20, decoradas no interior e exterior com frescos religiosos. Na época em que Bucovina era devastada por invasões do império Otomano, as igrejas ocupavam a zona central das fortalezas – posteriormente adaptadas em mosteiros – onde as tropas e a população se reuniam. A maioria era analfabeta e com dificuldade em entender a complexa liturgia ortodoxa que se praticava naqueles tempos. No século XIII, Petrus Rares, filho do Stephen III Muşat (1457-1504), um dos santos mais célebres na ortodoxia da Roménia, converteu as paredes interiores e exteriores das igrejas em autênticas bíblias ilustradas, com frescos relatando as histórias de santos e de mártires, além das crónicas épicas da luta contra os otomanos, com o objetivo de fortalecer o espírito da população. Os frescos conjugam os dogmas ortodoxos, a seriedade expressiva da pintura bizantina e a vivacidade da arte popular local. Grande parte das pinturas exteriores ainda se encontram em bom estado de conservação com exceção das fachadas orientadas a norte, deterioradas pela chuva e pelo vento frio. De uma forma geral os frescos do exterior são semelhantes, com três representações principais: a) O Juízo Final, com a ressurreição dos mortos e o julgamento dos justos e dos pecadores. b) A árvore de Jessé, que representa a genealogia de Jesus e a ligação entre o velho e o novo testamento. c) O cerco de Constantinopla (1453) representada normalmente junto à porta de entrada da igreja. Efetua-se uma breve análise, tendo por base a interpretação popular dos frescos exteriores das igrejas dos mosteiros de Suceava (1522) e Voronet (1487). Devido à importância artística e histórica dos frescos, as duas igrejas estão inscritas na lista de Património da Humanidade da UNESCO em 2010 e 1993, respetivamente.