A preliminary study on the feeding regime of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum 1792) in Izmir Bay, Turkey, Eastern Aegean Sea

The gut contents of Sardina pilchardus specimens captured in Izmir Bay were examined in order to determine their feeding regimes. Of the 365 stomachs examined, 321 (87.95%) contained food and 44 (12.05%) were empty. Analysis of gut contents verified that S. pilchardus feeds on zooplankton. The most important group in the diet of S. pilchardus was copepods (79.79%). Decapod crustacean larvae (8.17%) and bivalves (3.18%) were second and third, respectively, in order of importance. The application of analysis of variance to monthly data of numerical percentage, weight percentage, frequency of occurrence and index of relative importance indicated that there was no significant difference between months. Oncaea media was the most dominant species for six months of the year. Euterpina acutifrons, Centropages typicus, Calanoida, Oncaea sp. and Corycaeus sp. were the most dominant for March, April, May, September, October and December.

Exploitation of seahorses and pipefishes

Indicators on the exploitation of Syngnathidae (seahorses and pipefishes) are presented together with a brief discussion of syngnathid biology.

Seasonal marine growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to competition with Asian pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and the 1977 ocean regime shift

Recent research demonstrated significantly lower growth and survival of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during odd-numbered years of their second or third years at sea (1975, 1977, etc.), a trend that was opposite that of Asian pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) abundance. Here we evaluated seasonal growth trends of Kvichak and Egegik river sockeye salmon (Bristol Bay stocks) during even- and odd-numbered years at sea by measuring scale circuli increments within each g rowth zone of each major salmon age group between 1955 and 2000. First year scale growth was not significantly different between odd- and even-numbered years, but peak growth of age-2 smolts was significantly higher than age-1. smolts. Total second and third year scale growth of salmon was significantly lower during odd- than during even-numbered years. However, reduced scale growth in odd-numbered years began after peak growth in spring and continued through summer and fall even though most pink salmon had left the high seas by late July (10−18% growth reduction in odd vs. even years). The alternating odd and even year growth pattern was consistent before and after the 1977 ocean reg ime shift. During 1977−2000, when salmon abundance was relatively great, sockeye salmon growth was high during specific seasons compared with that during 1955−1976, that is to say, immediately after entry to Bristol Bay, after peak growth in the first year, during the middle of the second growing season, and during spring of the third season. Growth after the spring peak in the third year at sea was relatively low during 1977−2000. We hypothesize that high consumption rates of prey by pink salmon during spring through mid-July of odd-numbered years, coupled with declining zooplankton biomass during summer and potentially cyclic abundances of squid and other prey, contributed to reduced prey availability and therefore reduced growth of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon during late spring through fall of odd-numbered years.

Historical Exploitation of the California Sea Lion, Zalophus californianus, in México

The exploitation of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, in Mexican waters can be divided into four periods as defined by political characteristics of the country: Prehispanic, Colonial, Independent, and Postrevolutionary. During the first period (pre 1533), Native Americans took sea lions at low levels. During the second (1534–1821) and the third (1822–1911) periods, most exploitation was by foreigners and was incidental to other marine mammal harvests. During the Postrevolutionary period (after 1911), sea lions were exploited by Mexican and U.S. citizens for several commercial uses. Exploitation officially ended in 1982, although some small-scale poaching still occurs.

Yellowfin Sole, Pleuronectes asper, of the Eastern Bering Sea: Biological Characteristics, History of Exploitation, and Management

Yellowfin sole, Pleuronectes asper, is the second most abundant flatfish in the North Pacific Ocean and is most highly concentrated in the eastern Bering Sea. It has been a target species in the eastern Bering Sea since the mid-1950's, initially by foreign distant-water fisheries but more recently by U.S. fisheries. Annual commercial catches since 1959 have ranged from 42,000 to 554,000 metric tons (t). Yellowfin sole is a relatively small flatfish averaging about 26 cm in length and 200 g in weight in commercial catches. It is distributed from nearshore waters to depths of about 100 m in the eastern Bering Sea in summer, but moves to deeper water in winter to escape sea ice. Yellowfin sole is a benthopelagic feeder. It is a longlived species (>20 years) with a correspondingly low natural mortality rate estimated at 0.12. After being overexploited during the early years of the fishery and suffering a substantial decline in stock abundance, the resource has recovered and is currently in excellent condition. The biomass during the 1980's may have been as high as, if not higher than, that at the beginning of the fishery. Based on results of demersal trawl surveys and two age structured models, the current exploitable biomass has been estimated to range between 1.9 and 2.6 million t. Appropriate harvest strategies were investigated under a range of possible recruitment levels. The recommended harvest level was calculated by multiplying the yield derived from the FOI harvest level (161 g at F = 0.14) hy an average recruitment value resulting in a commercial harvest of 276,900 t, or about 14% of the estimated exploitable biomass.

O direito do agronegócio e o regime do direito da cidade (cidade-média): o seu impacto na integração e no desenvolvimento sustentável dos espaços rural e urbano análise sob a perspectiva do estatuto da cidade

Neoconstitucionalismo. Pós-modernidade. Eficácia da dignidade da pessoa humana. Efetividade dos direitos fundamentais sociais e políticas públicas. Diálogo entre o direito agário, direito ambiental e direito urbanístico na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Histórico legislativo, competência e princípios informadores. Princípios constitucionais como elementos de conexão para a adequada harmonização entre o Meio Ambiente, a Política Agrária e Política Urbana Constitucional. Princípio federativo e autonomia municipal. Neofederalismo cooperativo compensatório subsidiário. Tipicidade aberta do recorte territorial das unidades federativas. A cidade-média agrária (agronegócio) como técnica urbanística para integração e sustentabilidade entre os espaços urbano e rural e na cooperação / associação entre municípios. Direito Agrário e o Direito do Agronegócio. Autonomia e evolução dogmática. O Direito do Agronegócio como a nova dimensão do Direito Agrário Pós-Moderno. O patriotismo agroambiental unificador dos interesses cosmopolitas e locais. Agropolis: a cidade-média feliz do agronegócio, política nacional de agricultura rural-urbano e os desafios da integração dos espaços rural e urbana na cidade. Direito do Agronegócio e o regime do direito da cidade. Os instrumentos específicos e inespecíficos da ordenação territorial da cidade.

Simulação de problemas de transferência de calor em regime permanente com uma relação entre condutividade térmica e temperatura constante por partes.

Este trabalho estuda a transferência de calor por condução considerando a condutividade térmica como uma função constante por partes da temperatura. Esta relação, embora fisicamente mais realista que supor a condutividade térmica constante, permite obter uma forma explícita bem simples para a inversa da Transformada de Kirchhoff (empregada para tratar a não linearidade do problema). Como exemplo, apresenta-se uma solução exata para um problema com simetria esférica. Em seguida, propôe-se uma formulação variacional (com unicidade demonstrada) que introduz um funcional cuja minimização é equivalente à solução do problema na forma forte. Finalmente compara-se uma solução exata obtida pela inversa da Transformada de Kirchhoff com a solução obtida via formulação variacional.

The assessment and exploitation of eel (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA. L) stocks in the River Thames and its catchment.

This is the assessment and exploitation of eel (Anguilla anguilla. L) stocks in the River Thames and its catchment performed by the Polytechnic of Central London and The Thames Water Authority Research Project between April 1985 and April 1986. The report makes an examination of the pre-pollution history of the Thames eel fishing industry to permit an assessment of the recovery of the eel stock following the cleaning up of the Tideway. Archive material shows that the 19th Century stock was larger and more widely distributed than it is today, and the natural recruitment of elvers to the system is now much smaller. Sampling of commercial catches and trapping studies, including comparisons of different mesh sizes, have been undertaken in order to develop a statistical model of the Inner Estuary eel stock and its fishery. Local migrations and activity throughout the year are studied. Electro—fishing methods and eel traps are compared using mark-recapture techniques in order to develop an accurate means of assessing relative abundance and distribution. Work so far has concentrated mainly on the Rivers Darent and Roding but a preliminary distribution map for the whole catchment has been prepared. An experimental trapping site was established on the River Darent to investigate natural recruitment and up—river migration of elvers and juvenile eels. 1790 small eels were taken in 1985 providing information on the scale, timings and factors affecting the migration.

O licenciamento ambiental no âmbito do Regime Diferenciado de Contratações Públicas

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o licenciamento ambiental das obras públicas de infraestrutura realizadas sob o Regime Diferenciado de Contratações Públicas (RDC), previsto pelaLei n 12.462/2011. A escolha do país para realizar a Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 trouxe a necessidade de responder a encargos contratuais e ao esperado fluxo de turistas. Com isso, tornou-se ainda mais urgente promover melhorias na infraestrutura do país. Contudo, o estatuto legal das licitações e contratos administrativos era visto como inadequado, o que levou à criação do RDC. O novo regime revela-se cercado de controvérsias a respeito de suas benefícios e desvantagens, mas progressivamente vem tendo seu âmbito de aplicação estendido para além dos eventos desportivos internacionais. Ao longo do texto, examina-se a constitucionalidade da nova lei, bem como a proteção jurídica do meio ambiente, enfocando-se o licenciamento ambiental. Por fim, a partir da análise da Lei n 12.462/2011 em face da Constituição da República, propõe-se uma interpretação a respeito da compatibilização entre o RDC e o licenciamento ambiental, considerando a efetividade da legislação ambiental e o princípio da vedação do retrocesso.