The regulatory roles of APE1 and Prdx1 interaction

L’apurinic/apyrimidic endonuclease 1 (APE1) est une protéine multifonctionnelle qui joue un rôle important dans la voie de réparation de l’ADN par excision de base. Elle sert également de coactivateur de transcription et est aussi impliquée dans le métabolisme de l’ARN et la régulation redox. APE1 peut cliver les sites AP ainsi que retirer des groupements, sur des extrémités 3’ créées suite à des bris simple brin, qui bloquent les autres enzymes de réparation, permettant de poursuivre la réparation de l’ADN, puisqu’elle possède plusieurs activités de réparation de l’ADN comme une activité phosphodiestérase 3’ et une activité exonucléase 3’→5’. Les cellules de mammifères ayant subi un knockdown d’APE1 présentent une grande sensibilité face à de nombreux agents génotoxiques. APE1 ne possède qu’une seule cystéine située au 65e acide aminé. Celle-ci est nécessaire pour maintenir l’état de réduction de nombreux activateurs de transcription tels que p53, NF-κB, AP-1, c-Jun at c-Fos. Ainsi, elle se retrouve impliquée dans la régulation de l’expression génique. APE1 passe également à travers au moins 4 types de modifications post-traductionnelles : l’acétylation, la désacétylation, la phosphorylation et l’ubiquitylation. La façon dont APE1 est recrutée pour accomplir ses différentes fonctions biologiques demeure un mystère, bien que cela puisse être relié à sa capacité d’interaction avec de multiples partenaires différents. Sous des conditions de croissance normales, il a été démontré qu’APE1 interagit avec de nombreux partenaires impliqués dans de multiples fonctions. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que l’état d’oxydation d’APE1 est ce qui contrôle les partenaires avec lesquels la protéine interagira, lui permettant d’accomplir des fonctions précises. Dans cette étude nous démontrons que le peroxyde d’hydrogène altère le réseau d’interactions d’APE1. Un nouveau partenaire d’interaction d’APE1, Prdx1, un membre de la famille des peroxirédoxines responsable de récupérer le peroxyde d’hydrogène, est caractérisé. Nous démontrons qu’un knockdown de Prdx1 n’affecte pas l’activité de réparation de l’ADN d’APE1, mais altère sa détection et sa distribution cellulaire à l’intérieur des cellules HepG2 conduisant à une induction accrue de l’interleukine 8 (IL-8). L’IL8 est une chimiokine impliquée dans le stress cellulaire en conditions physiologiques et en cas de stress oxydatif. Il a été démontré que l’induction de l’IL-8 est dépendante d’APE1 indiquant que Prdx1 pourrait réguler l’activité transcriptionnelle d’APE1. Il a été découvert que Prdx1 est impliquée dans la régulation redox suite à une réponse initiée par le peroxyde d’hydrogène. Ce dernier possède un rôle important comme molécule de signalisation dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Nous montrons que Prdx1 est nécessaire pour réduire APE1 dans le cytoplasme en réponse à la présence de H2O2. En présence de Prdx1, la fraction d’APE1 présent dans le cytoplasme est réduite suite à une exposition au peroxyde d’hydrogène, et Prdx1 est hyperoxydé suite à l’interaction entre les deux molécules. Cela suggère que le signal, que produit le peroxyde d’hydrogène, sur APE1 passe par Prdx1. Un knockdown d’APE1 diminue la conversion de la forme dimérique de Prdx1 vers la forme monomérique. Cette observation implique qu’APE1 pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation de l’activité catalytique de Prdx1 en accélérant son hyperoxydation.

Relations entre la mobilité, la condition physique et les fonctions cognitives dans une perspective de vieillissement sain

Thèse effectuée en cotutelle (Université de Poitiers, France)

Signatures of Higher Functions of Brain Dynamics in Electroencephalogram: A Nonlinear Analysis

The brain with its highly complex structure made up of simple units,imterconnected information pathways and specialized functions has always been an object of mystery and sceintific fascination for physiologists,neuroscientists and lately to mathematicians and physicists. The stream of biophysicists are engaged in building the bridge between the biological and physical sciences guided by a conviction that natural scenarios that appear extraordinarily complex may be tackled by application of principles from the realm of physical sciences. In a similar vein, this report aims to describe how nerve cells execute transmission of signals ,how these are put together and how out of this integration higher functions emerge and get reflected in the electrical signals that are produced in the brain.Viewing the E E G Signal through the looking glass of nonlinear theory, the dynamics of the underlying complex system-the brain ,is inferred and significant implications of the findings are explored.

Development of Best Practices for Ship Recycling Processes

Ship recycling has been considered as the best means to dispose off an obsolete ship. The current state of art of technology combined with the demands of sustainable developments from the global maritime industrial sector has modified the status of erstwhile ‘ship breaking’ involving ship scrap business to a modern industry undertaking dismantling of ships and recycling/reusing the dismantled products in a supply chain of pre owned product market by following the principles of recycling. Industries will have to formulate a set of best practices and blend them with the engineering activities for producing better quality products, improving the productivity and for achieving improved performances related to sustainable development. Improved performance by industries in a sustainable development perspective is accomplished only by implementing the 4E principles, ie.,. ecofriendliness, engineering efficiency, energy conservation and ergonomics in their core operations. The present study has done a comprehensive investigation into various ship recycling operations for formulating a set of best practices.Being the ultimate life cycle stage of a ship, ship recycling activities incorporate certain commercial procedures well in advance to facilitate the objectives of dismantling and recycling/reusing of various parts of the vessel. Thorough knowledge regarding these background procedures in ship recycling is essential for examining and understanding the industrial business operations associated with it. As a first step, the practices followed in merchant shipping operations regarding the decision on decommissioning have been and made available in the thesis. Brief description about the positioning methods and important preparations for the most feasible ship recycling method ie.,. beach method have been provided as a part of the outline of the background information. Available sources of guidelines, codes and rules & regulations for ship recycling have been compiled and included in the discussion.Very brief summary of practices in major ship recycling destinations has been prepared and listed for providing an overview of the global ship recycling activities. The present status of ship recycling by treating it as a full fledged engineering industry has been brought out to establish the need for looking into the development of the best practices. Major engineering attributes of ship as a unique engineering product and the significant influencing factors on her life cycle stage operations have been studied and added to the information base on ship recycling. Role of ship recycling industry as an important player in global sustainable development efforts has been reviewed by analysing the benefits of ship recycling. A brief synopsis on the state of art of ship recycling in major international ship recycling centres has also been incorporated in the backdrop knowledgebase generation on ship recycling processes.Publications available in this field have been reviewed and classified into five subject categories viz., Infrastructure for recycling yards and methods of dismantling, Rules regarding ship recycling activities, Environmental and safety aspects of ship recycling, Role of naval architects and ship classification societies, Application of information technology and Demand forecasting. The inference from the literature survey have been summarised and recorded. Noticeable observations in the inference include need of creation of a comprehensive knowledgebase on ship recycling and its effective implementation in the industry and the insignificant involvement of naval architects and shipbuilding engineers in ship recycling industry. These two important inferences and the message conveyed by them have been addressed with due importance in the subsequent part of the present study.As a part of the study the importance of demand forecasting in ship recycling has been introduced and presented. A sample input for ship recycling data for implementation of computer based methods of demand forecasting has been presented in this section of the thesis.The interdisciplinary nature of engineering processes involved in ship recycling has been identified as one of the important features of this industry. The present study has identified more than a dozen major stake holders in ship recycling having their own interests and roles. It has also been observed that most of the ship recycling activities is carried out in South East Asian countries where the beach based ship recycling is done in yards without proper infrastructure support. A model of beach based ship recycling has been developed and the roles, responsibilities and the mutual interactions of the elements of the system have been documented as a part of the study Subsequently the need of a generation of a wide knowledgebase on ship recycling activities as pointed out by the literature survey has been addressed. The information base and source of expertise required to build a broad knowledgebase on ship recycling operations have been identified and tabulated. Eleven important ship recycling processes have been identified and a brief sketch of steps involved in these processes have been examined and addressed in detail. Based on these findings, a detailed sequential disassembly process plan of ship recycling has been prepared and charted. After having established the need of best practices in ship recycling initially, the present study here identifies development of a user friendly expert system for ship recycling process as one of the constituents of the proposed best practises. A user friendly expert system has been developed for beach based ship recycling processes and is named as Ship Recycling Recommender (SRR). Two important functions of SRR, first one for the ‘Administrators’, the stake holders at the helm of the ship recycling affairs and second one for the ‘Users’, the stake holders who execute the actual dismantling have been presented by highlighting the steps involved in the execution of the software. The important output generated, ie.,. recommended practices for ship dismantling processes and safe handling information on materials present onboard have been presented with the help of ship recycling reports generated by the expert system. A brief account of necessity of having a ship recycling work content estimation as part of the best practices has been presented in the study. This is supported by a detailed work estimation schedule for the same as one of the appendices.As mentioned earlier, a definite lack of involvement of naval architect has been observed in development of methodologies for improving the status of ship recycling industry. Present study has put forward a holistic approach to review the status of ship recycling not simply as end of life activity of all ‘time expired’ vessels, but as a focal point of integrating all life cycle activities. A new engineering design philosophy targeting sustainable development of marine industrial domain, named design for ship recycling has been identified, formulated and presented. A new model of ship life cycle has been proposed by adding few stages to the traditional life cycle after analysing their critical role in accomplishing clean and safe end of life and partial dismantling of ships. Two applications of design for ship recycling viz, recyclability of ships and her products and allotment of Green Safety Index for ships have been presented as a part of implementation of the philosophy in actual practice.

Systems of Parallel Communicating Restarting Automata

In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Systeme von parallel arbeitenden und miteinander kommunizierenden Restart-Automaten (engl.: systems of parallel communicating restarting automata; abgekürzt PCRA-Systeme) vorgestellt und untersucht. Dabei werden zwei bekannte Konzepte aus den Bereichen Formale Sprachen und Automatentheorie miteinander vescrknüpft: das Modell der Restart-Automaten und die sogenannten PC-Systeme (systems of parallel communicating components). Ein PCRA-System besteht aus endlich vielen Restart-Automaten, welche einerseits parallel und unabhängig voneinander lokale Berechnungen durchführen und andererseits miteinander kommunizieren dürfen. Die Kommunikation erfolgt dabei durch ein festgelegtes Kommunikationsprotokoll, das mithilfe von speziellen Kommunikationszuständen realisiert wird. Ein wesentliches Merkmal hinsichtlich der Kommunikationsstruktur in Systemen von miteinander kooperierenden Komponenten ist, ob die Kommunikation zentralisiert oder nichtzentralisiert erfolgt. Während in einer nichtzentralisierten Kommunikationsstruktur jede Komponente mit jeder anderen Komponente kommunizieren darf, findet jegliche Kommunikation innerhalb einer zentralisierten Kommunikationsstruktur ausschließlich mit einer ausgewählten Master-Komponente statt. Eines der wichtigsten Resultate dieser Arbeit zeigt, dass zentralisierte Systeme und nichtzentralisierte Systeme die gleiche Berechnungsstärke besitzen (das ist im Allgemeinen bei PC-Systemen nicht so). Darüber hinaus bewirkt auch die Verwendung von Multicast- oder Broadcast-Kommunikationsansätzen neben Punkt-zu-Punkt-Kommunikationen keine Erhöhung der Berechnungsstärke. Desweiteren wird die Ausdrucksstärke von PCRA-Systemen untersucht und mit der von PC-Systemen von endlichen Automaten und mit der von Mehrkopfautomaten verglichen. PC-Systeme von endlichen Automaten besitzen bekanntermaßen die gleiche Ausdrucksstärke wie Einwegmehrkopfautomaten und bilden eine untere Schranke für die Ausdrucksstärke von PCRA-Systemen mit Einwegkomponenten. Tatsächlich sind PCRA-Systeme auch dann stärker als PC-Systeme von endlichen Automaten, wenn die Komponenten für sich genommen die gleiche Ausdrucksstärke besitzen, also die regulären Sprachen charakterisieren. Für PCRA-Systeme mit Zweiwegekomponenten werden als untere Schranke die Sprachklassen der Zweiwegemehrkopfautomaten im deterministischen und im nichtdeterministischen Fall gezeigt, welche wiederum den bekannten Komplexitätsklassen L (deterministisch logarithmischer Platz) und NL (nichtdeterministisch logarithmischer Platz) entsprechen. Als obere Schranke wird die Klasse der kontextsensitiven Sprachen gezeigt. Außerdem werden Erweiterungen von Restart-Automaten betrachtet (nonforgetting-Eigenschaft, shrinking-Eigenschaft), welche bei einzelnen Komponenten eine Erhöhung der Berechnungsstärke bewirken, in Systemen jedoch deren Stärke nicht erhöhen. Die von PCRA-Systemen charakterisierten Sprachklassen sind unter diversen Sprachoperationen abgeschlossen und einige Sprachklassen sind sogar abstrakte Sprachfamilien (sogenannte AFL's). Abschließend werden für PCRA-Systeme spezifische Probleme auf ihre Entscheidbarkeit hin untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass Leerheit, Universalität, Inklusion, Gleichheit und Endlichkeit bereits für Systeme mit zwei Restart-Automaten des schwächsten Typs nicht semientscheidbar sind. Für das Wortproblem wird gezeigt, dass es im deterministischen Fall in quadratischer Zeit und im nichtdeterministischen Fall in exponentieller Zeit entscheidbar ist.

Managing Quality Properties of Web Service Compositions

Web services from different partners can be combined to applications that realize a more complex business goal. Such applications built as Web service compositions define how interactions between Web services take place in order to implement the business logic. Web service compositions not only have to provide the desired functionality but also have to comply with certain Quality of Service (QoS) levels. Maximizing the users' satisfaction, also reflected as Quality of Experience (QoE), is a primary goal to be achieved in a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Unfortunately, in a dynamic environment like SOA unforeseen situations might appear like services not being available or not responding in the desired time frame. In such situations, appropriate actions need to be triggered in order to avoid the violation of QoS and QoE constraints. In this thesis, proper solutions are developed to manage Web services and Web service compositions with regard to QoS and QoE requirements. The Business Process Rules Language (BPRules) was developed to manage Web service compositions when undesired QoS or QoE values are detected. BPRules provides a rich set of management actions that may be triggered for controlling the service composition and for improving its quality behavior. Regarding the quality properties, BPRules allows to distinguish between the QoS values as they are promised by the service providers, QoE values that were assigned by end-users, the monitored QoS as measured by our BPR framework, and the predicted QoS and QoE values. BPRules facilitates the specification of certain user groups characterized by different context properties and allows triggering a personalized, context-aware service selection tailored for the specified user groups. In a service market where a multitude of services with the same functionality and different quality values are available, the right services need to be selected for realizing the service composition. We developed new and efficient heuristic algorithms that are applied to choose high quality services for the composition. BPRules offers the possibility to integrate multiple service selection algorithms. The selection algorithms are applicable also for non-linear objective functions and constraints. The BPR framework includes new approaches for context-aware service selection and quality property predictions. We consider the location information of users and services as context dimension for the prediction of response time and throughput. The BPR framework combines all new features and contributions to a comprehensive management solution. Furthermore, it facilitates flexible monitoring of QoS properties without having to modify the description of the service composition. We show how the different modules of the BPR framework work together in order to execute the management rules. We evaluate how our selection algorithms outperform a genetic algorithm from related research. The evaluation reveals how context data can be used for a personalized prediction of response time and throughput.

ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems

A foundational model of concurrency is developed in this thesis. We examine issues in the design of parallel systems and show why the actor model is suitable for exploiting large-scale parallelism. Concurrency in actors is constrained only by the availability of hardware resources and by the logical dependence inherent in the computation. Unlike dataflow and functional programming, however, actors are dynamically reconfigurable and can model shared resources with changing local state. Concurrency is spawned in actors using asynchronous message-passing, pipelining, and the dynamic creation of actors. This thesis deals with some central issues in distributed computing. Specifically, problems of divergence and deadlock are addressed. For example, actors permit dynamic deadlock detection and removal. The problem of divergence is contained because independent transactions can execute concurrently and potentially infinite processes are nevertheless available for interaction.

A Concurrent Smalltalk Compiler for the Message-Driven Processor

This thesis describes Optimist, an optimizing compiler for the Concurrent Smalltalk language developed by the Concurrent VLSI Architecture Group. Optimist compiles Concurrent Smalltalk to the assembly language of the Message-Driven Processor (MDP). The compiler includes numerous optimization techniques such as dead code elimination, dataflow analysis, constant folding, move elimination, concurrency analysis, duplicate code merging, tail forwarding, use of register variables, as well as various MDP-specific optimizations in the code generator. The MDP presents some unique challenges and opportunities for compilation. Due to the MDP's small memory size, it is critical that the size of the generated code be as small as possible. The MDP is an inherently concurrent processor with efficient mechanisms for sending and receiving messages; the compiler takes advantage of these mechanisms. The MDP's tagged architecture allows very efficient support of object-oriented languages such as Concurrent Smalltalk. The initial goals for the MDP were to have the MDP execute about twenty instructions per method and contain 4096 words of memory. This compiler shows that these goals are too optimistic -- most methods are longer, both in terms of code size and running time. Thus, the memory size of the MDP should be increased.

On Probabilistic Strategies for Robot Tasks

Robots must act purposefully and successfully in an uncertain world. Sensory information is inaccurate or noisy, actions may have a range of effects, and the robot's environment is only partially and imprecisely modeled. This thesis introduces active randomization by a robot, both in selecting actions to execute and in focusing on sensory information to interpret, as a basic tool for overcoming uncertainty. An example of randomization is given by the strategy of shaking a bin containing a part in order to orient the part in a desired stable state with some high probability. Another example consists of first using reliable sensory information to bring two parts close together, then relying on short random motions to actually mate the two parts, once the part motions lie below the available sensing resolution. Further examples include tapping parts that are tightly wedged, twirling gears before trying to mesh them, and vibrating parts to facilitate a mating operation.

Memory Usage Inference for Object-Oriented Programs

We present a type-based approach to statically derive symbolic closed-form formulae that characterize the bounds of heap memory usages of programs written in object-oriented languages. Given a program with size and alias annotations, our inference system will compute the amount of memory required by the methods to execute successfully as well as the amount of memory released when methods return. The obtained analysis results are useful for networked devices with limited computational resources as well as embedded software.

Failure-Oblivious Computing and Boundless Memory Blocks

Memory errors are a common cause of incorrect software execution and security vulnerabilities. We have developed two new techniques that help software continue to execute successfully through memory errors: failure-oblivious computing and boundless memory blocks. The foundation of both techniques is a compiler that generates code that checks accesses via pointers to detect out of bounds accesses. Instead of terminating or throwing an exception, the generated code takes another action that keeps the program executing without memory corruption. Failure-oblivious code simply discards invalid writes and manufactures values to return for invalid reads, enabling the program to continue its normal execution path. Code that implements boundless memory blocks stores invalid writes away in a hash table to return as the values for corresponding out of bounds reads. he net effect is to (conceptually) give each allocated memory block unbounded size and to eliminate out of bounds accesses as a programming error. We have implemented both techniques and acquired several widely used open source servers (Apache, Sendmail, Pine, Mutt, and Midnight Commander).With standard compilers, all of these servers are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks as documented at security tracking web sites. Both failure-oblivious computing and boundless memory blocks eliminate these security vulnerabilities (as well as other memory errors). Our results show that our compiler enables the servers to execute successfully through buffer overflow attacks to continue to correctly service user requests without security vulnerabilities.

Estado actual del sector estratégico textil-confecciones e identificación de los escenarios de desarrollo alternativos

El desarrollo del presente trabajo constituye, la aplicación del modelo del Análisis Estructural de los Sectores Estratégicos y la identificación de los escenarios de desarrollo alternativos para las empresas del Sector Textil-Confecciones de Bogota, en donde se describe el estado actual de las empresas en aspectos macroeconómicos y macroeconómicos; a continuación, se identifican los estados actuales, logros, alcances, y trazabilidad del sector. Dicha investigación se efectuó en dos etapas: la primera, corresponde al desarrollo del AESE, está compuesto por cuatro fases: en la primera, se evalúan los estados financieros de las empresas y las variables estratégicas para determinar el grado de convergencia estratégica dentro del sector; en la segunda, se lleva a cabo el levantamiento del panorama competitivo para identificar los espacios de mercado no atendidos que representan oportunidad de crecimiento. En la tercera, se realiza un diagnóstico de las Fuerzas del Mercado y en la última fase se realiza el Estudio de Competidores; en la segunda etapa de la investigación se realizo el análisis prospectivo, está compuesto por tres pasos: en el primero, a partir del desarrollo del AESE, se extrajeron las variables claves del sector y su nivel de impacto interno y externo; en el segundo, se determina la influencia que ejercen los actores presentes en el sector y por ultimo mediante una visión gerencial que contempla aspectos sociales, políticos , económicos y tecnológicos se proyectan futuros escenarios cada uno con probabilidad de ocurrencia.

Plan Exportador para Improquisa S.A. de tapas poly guard en el mercado latinoamericano 2011-2012

A través del uso de distintas metodologías para la elaboración de un plan exportador, y con la ayuda y guía de nuestro director Andrés Castro, se ha elaborado un análisis integral que le permitirá a la empresa Improquisa S.A., tener algunos elementos clave a su disposición en el momento en que deseen aprobar su plan de exportación o elaborar uno propio. Se inicia entonces con un análisis del sector de plásticos en Colombia, identificando las empresas que hacen parte del sector y que se destacan por tener ingresos operacionales por encima del nivel de las otras empresas. Así se encuentra que hay pocas empresas en pocos lugares de Colombia que conservan estas características. De la misma manera se identifican cuales son las empresas que exportan y hacia que destinos en años anteriores. Luego, pasamos a observar la empresa en su totalidad, pasando desde un planteamiento de su estrategia competitiva hasta un análisis financiero, pasando por todas las áreas de la empresa puesto que una exportación, al ser una actividad integral, involucra a la empresa en su totalidad y por esto se debía analizar completamente. El siguiente paso es entonces decidir a qué mercado exportar y las razones por las cuales se le da prioridad a ese destino por encima de los demás. Dicho ejercicio es realizado con la metodología de Andrés Castro en la que se toman tres potenciales mercados y, a través de la calificación y análisis de variables, se identifica cuál se adapta mejor a las necesidades y capacidades de la empresa. Finalmente se identifican clientes potenciales en el mercado objetivo y se mencionan estrategias claves que pueden ser utilizadas por la empresa para la consecución del plan exportador. Esperamos entonces que este ejercicio sea de gran utilidad para la empresa Improquisa S.A.

Evaluación y análisis en la optimización logística de la inspección antinarcóticos de la sociedad portuaria regional de Barranquilla

Teniendo en cuenta el dinamismo y constante evolución del comercio internacional y la necesidad de incrementar la competitividad de las naciones, para garantizar un crecimiento y desarrollo de las mismas, en este trabajo de investigación se hace un estudio a un proceso de exportación que se ve en los puertos colombianos la Inspección Antinarcóticos, que se realiza a las cargas de exportación. Para tal fin se investigaron los marcos legales y regulatorios de este proceso, la documentación requerida, la infraestructura del puerto y se determinó la realización actual de la Inspección Antinarcóticos en la Sociedad Portuaria Regional de Barranquilla, contando con la colaboración de quienes ejecutan el procedimiento y/o participan de éste. Con la información recopilada y analizada y el uso de herramientas informáticas, se identificaron oportunidades de mejora que son el resultado de esta investigación.

Construcción de la estrategia contra - terrorista española entre 2004 - 2010 frente al Yihadismo Internacional

El fenómeno del terrorismo de carácter trasnacional,Especialmente aquel que hace referencia a la vertiente yihadista, ha despertado preocupación dentro de la comunidad internacional, específicamente dentro de aquellos centros de poder occidentales que se han visto vulnerados por algún tipo de acción llevada a cabo por grupos de esta índole. Organizaciones como Al–Qaeda, que mediante la concentración y labor de múltiples células vinculadas en su haber, operan y ejecutan acciones terroristas en varias regiones del mundo, son identificadas hoy en día, como una nueva amenaza no estatal dentro de los sistemas de seguridad occidentales. El caso español representa un claro ejemplo de la transnacionalización del terrorismo, en particular aquel que se denomina de carácter yihadista dentro de territorio europeo, puesto que es a partir de los atentados perpetuados en el metro de Madrid, que se activan las alarmas hacia el interior de la Unión Europea y se inician una serie de reformas pertinentes a enfrentar dicha amenaza dentro de los sistemas de seguridad de la mayoría de Estados miembros de la unión.De esta manera, y dentro del campo de estudio que ofrecen las Relaciones Internacionales, la amenaza que el terrorismo de carácter yihadista representa para la seguridad española, puede ser comprendida, a partir del análisis de elementos claves tales como: España como escenario directo de la amenaza terrorista, proximidad geográfica con las regiones del Mediterráneo, Magreb y Sahél, ideología de los grupos yihadistas y finamente la ampliación de la agenda de seguridad española a partir del 11-M, entre otros. Los alcances del terrorismo yihadista son definitivamente percibidos dentro de la comunidad internacional, de allí reside la importancia del estudio de la estrategia contra terrorista elaborada por España para combatir este fenómeno, puesto que no solo se encuentra al interior de su territorio sino además en las regiones aledañas.