Documentação química de espécies do gênero Casearia (Salicaceae) de importância ecológica, econômica e medicinal

The Casearia genus (Salicaceae) is well known because of the medicinal use of its species. Among them, a noteworthy one is the C. sylvestris specie because it already has studies concerning its antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic activity in tumor cells. Furthermore, this specie is popularly used against snake bites, in gastric ulcers treatment and as anti-inflammatory. As well as this, there are other species from this same genus which have been poorly studied, such as the following species: C. decandra, C. grandiflora, C. javitensis, C. arborea, C. lasiophylla and C. ulmifolia. However, several biological activities have been reported for them. In this context, the aim of this project, besides of contributing to the Casearia genus studies, is to study those six species through the analysis and documentation of their leaves' chemical composition (aqueous, ethanolic and hexanic extracts), using analytical separation techniques coupled with spectroscopic techniques, such as UHPLC-DAD, GC-MS and NMR 1H, which will assist the identification of new secondary metabolites in this genus. Moreover, another goal of this present work is aiming the bioprospection of substances with medicinal and economical potential and finally promote the systematic study of some biological activities, such as antimicrobial and cytotoxicity bioassays. A wide variety of metabolites was identified in those three types of extracts, being most of them detected for the first time in Casearia genus, highlighting C. lasiophylla and C. decandra for featuring antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Corte foliar e tempo de transplantio para o uso de plântulas do sub-bosque na restauração florestal

O uso de plântulas da regeneração natural tem sido recomendado como estratégia para produção de mudas visando à restauração florestal, contudo muitos aspectos técnicos desse método ainda carecem de investigação científica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da redução da área foliar e do transplantio imediato na sobrevivência e crescimento de mudas de espécies arbóreas produzidas a partir de plântulas obtidas da regeneração natural. Plântulas de Esenbeckia leiocarpa (Rutaceae), Eugenia ligustrina (Myrtaceae) e Maytenus salicifolia (Celastraceae), obtidas em remanescente de vegetação secundária de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em Bofete, SP, foram extraídas do solo e submetidas aos tratamentos: I) redução de 50% da área de cada folha e transplantio imediato; II) nenhuma redução de área das folhas e transplantio imediato; III) redução de 50% da área de cada folha, manutenção das plântulas em água e transplantio 24 h após a coleta; e IV) nenhuma redução de área das folhas, manutenção das plântulas em água e transplantio 24 h após a coleta. As mudas foram avaliadas com relação à sobrevivência e ao crescimento em altura, ao longo de oito meses. Os resultados evidenciaram que nem o corte das folhas ou a manutenção das plântulas dentro de recipientes com água por 24 h antes do transplantio afetaram os parâmetros avaliados. Assim, para as espécies estudadas a redução da área foliar e o transplantio imediato são desnecessários para a produção de mudas em viveiro a partir de plântulas obtidas da regeneração natural.

Moderate concentrations of 4-O-methylhonokiol potentiate GABAA receptor currents stronger than honokiol

BACKGROUND Magnolia bark preparations from Magnolia officinalis of Asian medicinal systems are known for their muscle relaxant effect and anticonvulsant activity. These CNS related effects are ascribed to the presence of the biphenyl-type neolignans honokiol and magnolol that exert a potentiating effect on GABAA receptors. 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from seeds of the North-American M. grandiflora was compared to honokiol for its activity to potentiate GABAA receptors and its GABAA receptor subtype-specificity was established. METHODS Different recombinant GABAA receptors were functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes and electrophysiological techniques were used determine to their modulation by 4-O-methylhonokiol. RESULTS 3μM 4-O-methylhonokiol is shown here to potentiate responses of the α₁β₂γ₂ GABAA receptor about 20-fold stronger than the same concentration of honokiol. In the present study potentiation by 4-O-methylhonokiol is also detailed for 12 GABAA receptor subtypes to assess GABAA receptor subunits that are responsible for the potentiating effect. CONCLUSION The much higher potentiation of GABAA receptors at identical concentrations of 4-O-methylhonokiol as compared to honokiol parallels previous observations made in other systems of potentiated pharmacological activity of 4-O-methylhonokiol over honokiol. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results point to the use of 4-O-methylhonokiol as a lead for GABAA receptor potentiation and corroborate the use of M. grandiflora seeds against convulsions in Mexican folk medicine.

Epiphytic orchid diversity and community composition in managed and natural moist evergreen Afromontane forest in SW Ethiopia

In SW Ethiopia, the moist evergreen Afromontane forest has become extremely fragmented and most of the remnants are intensively managed for coffee cultivation (Coffea arabica), with considerable impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Because epiphytic orchids are potential indicators for forest quality and a proxy for overall forest biodiversity, we assessed the effect of forest management and forest fragmentation on epiphytic orchid diversity. We selected managed forest sites from both large and small forest remnants and compared their epiphytic orchid diversity with the diversity of natural unfragmented forest. We surveyed 339 canopy trees using rope climbing techniques. Orchid richness decreased and community composition changed, from the natural unfragmented forest, over the large managed forest fragments to the small managed forest fragments. This indicates that both forest management and fragmentation contribute to the loss of epiphytic orchids. Both the removal of large canopy trees typical for coffee management, and the occurrence of edge effects accompanying forest fragmentation are likely responsible for species loss and community composition changes. Even though some endangered orchid species persist even in the smallest fragments, large managed forest fragments are better options for the conservation of epiphytic orchids than small managed forests. Our results ultimately show that even though shade coffee cultivation is considered as a close-to-nature practice and is promoted as biodiversity conservation friendly, it cannot compete with the epiphytic orchid conservation benefit generated by unmanaged moist evergreen Afromontane forests.

Análisis de comunidades vegetales de Montecaseros (Gral. San Martín, Mendoza) en áreas naturales fragmentadas por la agricultura

El área estudiada abarca 250 has en el distrito de Montecaseros, Departamento de Gral. San Martín, Mendoza; enclavada en la llanura norte (Travesía de Guanacache) y su vegetación natural pertenece a la provincia fitogeográfica del Monte. El principal uso del suelo es la agricultura, aunque no ha logrado modificar todo el territorio. Se observan, en una matriz dominada por áreas cultivadas, parches de vegetación natural característicos de un área fragmentada. El objetivo de esta tesis es el análisis de las comunidades vegetales naturales de un sector de la llanura mendocina, fragmentadas por la actividad agrícola. En Montecaseros no hay antecedentes sobre estudios de las comunidades vegetales. Mediante el método fitosociológico se caracterizaron las comunidades presentes en el área de estudio y su diversidad a nivel específico. Se seleccionaron sitios representativos de cada comunidad y se efectuaron los análisis de suelo pertinentes en cada una. Finalmente se elaboró el listado florístico de la zona estudiada, con 108 especies. Se diferenciaron seis comunidades vegetales a lo largo de un gradiente, desde la máxima modificación en 1) las parcelas cultivadas, hasta la vegetación prácticamente sin evidencias de alteración: 2) médanos, 3) matorral, 4) chañaral y 5) algarrobal, incluyendo parcelas desmontadas, cultivadas y luego abandonadas identificadas como 6) parcela en recuperación. La fisonomía dominante en la zona es la del matorral con especies de los géneros Larrea, Atriplex y Lycium. Los bosquecillos de Prosopis flexuosa son de escasa extensión (abiertos, semi cerrados o cerrados) localizados donde pueden usufructuar la capa freática. En las áreas con suelo de textura más fina, al pie de médanos o en zonas deprimidas se desarrollan bosquecillos de Geoffroea decorticans var. decorticans. En los médanos la vegetación psamófila está bien representada con especies como Portulaca grandiflora, Ibicella parodii, Mimosa ephedroides, Larrea divaricata y Panicum urvilleanum. En áreas cultivadas se hallan especies adventicias dependientes de un buen aporte hídrico como Melilotus albus o Taraxacum officinale y aquellas capaces de sobrevivir y reproducirse en condiciones menos favorables como Flaveria bidentis o Wedelia glauca. En la parcela en recuperación, el desmonte, el laboreo y el posterior abandono de los cultivos hace 25 años generaron nuevas condiciones edáficas y la revegetación natural resulta en comunidades con composición florística diferente de la inicial. En este sector, el matorral original se ha transformado en una estepa de arbustos, halófilos en parte, y gramíneas junto con árboles jóvenes de pequeño porte. Se concluye que las limitaciones edáficas existentes naturalmente en el terreno se ven agravadas por el laboreo y el abandono del cultivo, situación que dificulta el reingreso a la parcela de varias de las especies presentes en los alrededores, aún siendo éstas halófilas. Con los resultados obtenidos se aporta información sobre las comunidades vegetales presentes en sitios fragmentados por la actividad agrícola en la zona este de Mendoza. Además, se demuestra la necesidad de aplicar etodologías de evaluación previas al desmonte, que permitan el reconocimiento y valoración de las especies indicadoras de las limitaciones edáficas. Esto es particularmente importante dado que estas últimas dificultan o encarecen el establecimiento de determinados cultivos y afectan su productividad. Asimismo el trabajo realizado pone en valor la conservación de comunidades naturales en áreas fragmentadas privadas.

List of plant species found on Victoria Island

While engaged in geoecological field work on Victoria Island, 277 new plants could be recorded for the vicinities of Holman, Cambridge Bay, Wellington Bay, Mt. Pelly, Richardson Islands, Hadley Bay, and Minto lnlet; 8 of them were new for Victoria Island, 6 for the western Canadian arctic archipelago.

Epiphytic orchid diversity found on trees and shrubs in coffee cultivated Afromontane rainforest, SW Ethiopia

The moist evergreen Afromontane forest of SW Ethiopia has become extremely fragmented and most remnants are intensively managed for cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica). We investigated the distributions of epiphytic orchids in shade trees and their understory in forests with contrasting management intensity to determine biodiversity losses associated with coffee cultivation and to determine the capacity of coffee shrubs to act as refugia for orchid species. We studied epiphytic orchids in managed forests and natural forests and recorded orchid diversity and abundance in different tree zones of 339 trees and in the understory. Coffee management was associated with a downward shift of orchid species as orchid species were occurring in significantly lower tree zones in managed forest. The number of shrubs in the understory of managed forest was not higher than in natural forests, yet orchid abundance was higher in the understory of managed forests. Local extinctions of epiphytic orchids and species losses in the outer tree zones (a contraction of habitat) in managed forests are most likely driven by losses of large, complex-structured climax trees, and changes in microclimate, respectively. Coffee shrubs and their shade trees in managed forests are shown here to be a suitable habitat for only a limited set of orchid species. As farmers continue to convert natural forest into managed forest for coffee cultivation, further losses of habitat quality and collateral declines in regional epiphytic orchid diversity can be expected. Therefore, the conservation of epiphytic orchid diversity, as well as other components of diversity of the coffee forests, must primarily rely on avoiding coffee management intensification in the remaining natural forest. Convincing farmers to keep forest-climax trees in their coffee forest and to tolerate orchids on their coffee shrubs may also contribute to a more favorable conservation status of orchids in Ethiopian coffee agroecosystems.