Miradas a otros espacios urbanos: las ciudades intermedias

Pese a la enorme diversidad que caracteriza desde sus inicios al fenómeno urbano la atención sobre sus procesos y resultados suelen centrarse en pocas y concretas realidades. Sabemos cada vez más de los procesos de metropolización y de las grandes aglomeraciones urbanas pero mucho menos de otros espacios urbanos, de las otras escalas urbanas. El programa internacional Ciudades intermedias y urbanización mundial lleva trabajando desde 1996 tratando de cubrir parte de este vacío. La constitución de una red de intercambio de información entre expertos y colaboradores locales ha permitido durante estos años debatir sobre una de les presencias urbanas más numerosa y extensa: las ciudades intermedias. Presentamos en el articulo algunos de las conclusiones a las que la dirección del programa ha llegado tras los debates y aportaciones de sus colaboradores.

Análise e gerenciamento de efluentes de serviços de radiologia

OBJETIVO: Com o intuito de prevenir e minimizar os riscos de ocorrência de danos ambientais, foram avaliados a manipulação e o destino final dos rejeitos e foi elaborado um modelo de gestão para serviços de radiodiagnóstico que visa à obtenção de recursos para o setor. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados a manipulação e os rejeitos, baseados em análises de amostras de efluentes das processadoras automáticas de filmes de serviços de radiologia. Foi feita uma análise econômica da viabilidade do modelo proposto. RESULTADOS: As observações in loco enfatizam que os princípios da gestão devem ser obedecidos, ou seja, os componentes dos efluentes (revelador, fixador e água de lavagem) necessitam ser tratados convenientemente antes de serem lançados direta ou indiretamente no meio ambiente, o que não ocorre. A análise econômica confirmou que a receita resultante da comercialização da prata (que varia de 3,5 a 10,2 g/l), recuperada a partir do fixador usado, acrescida da economia proporcionada pela reciclagem do fixador após seu beneficiamento, na pior das hipóteses (quando existe concentração de prata no fixador igual a 3,5 g/l) é suficiente para que toda a despesa correspondente à sua implantação seja paga. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de gestão proposto demonstra que o reprocessamento do fixador pode ser uma escolha adequada para solucionar os problemas ambientais e financeiros desses serviços. O modelo proposto poderá se tornar, além de ecologicamente correto, uma fonte de recursos para os setores de diagnóstico por imagem e pode ser aplicado a outras instituições, em face da semelhança de problemas e recursos.

Situação do gerenciamento de efluentes de processamento radiográfico em serviços de saúde

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a situação do gerenciamento de efluentes radiográficos em serviços de diagnóstico por imagem, em relação ao manuseio, acondicionamento, armazenamento, tratamento e descarte desses efluentes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, realizado por meio de entrevistas baseadas em roteiro com perguntas semiestruturadas, realizadas no período de fevereiro a maio de 2009. A investigação foi realizada em 12 serviços de saúde humana e animal de radiodiagnóstico de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, escolhidos aleatoriamente por sorteio por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 10.0. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os entrevistados, 16,66% dos serviços descartavam revelador usado na rede pública de esgoto, sem tratamento prévio, 8,33% descartavam o fixador e 75% descartavam a água de lavagem de filmes diretamente no esgoto, sem tratamento prévio. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam necessidade de maior fiscalização, controle e monitoramento, pela vigilância ambiental e sanitária, para com os efluentes radiográficos, estimulando tratamento antes do descarte, minimizando o impacto à saúde pública e ao ambiente.

Remediação de efluentes derivados da indústria de papel e celulose: tratamento biológico e fotocatalítico

The contribution of the industrial activities to the environmental contamination phenomena is evident. Great efforts are dedicated to the establishment of methodologies which permits an adequate treatment of the produced effluents, as a manner of minimizing the environmental impact of these wastes. The methodologies based on photocatalytic processes are very promise alternatives, because permits degradation of a great number of chemical substances of high toxic potential, without the use of other chemicals. The present work is an overview about the principal environmental aspects related with the paper and cellulose industry and the main alternatives employed for the reduction of environmental impact produced for its residues. The principal results of the photocatalytic treatment of this kind of effluents using metallic semiconductors is also showed.

Influência de efluentes têxteis e alimentícios sobre o metabolismo e propriedades físicas e químicas do rio Piauitinga (Sergipe)

Metabolic rates were determined by dissolved oxigen changes in light and dark bottles, filled with river water and after input of mixed effluent concentrations. In another experiment, dissolved inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-alpha and other physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. Water column showed higher decomposition than production rates. Waste inputs increased primary production rates, but in higher concentrations forced the system to heterotrophy. The natural richness of macrophytes and macroalgae could be limiting the phytoplanktonic production by phosphorus assimilation. Observation of the nitrogenated inorganic nutrients suggest that the natural pelagic system is directed to nitrification. Mixed waste input inverted this trend, toward denitrification.

Novas tendências no tratamento de efluentes têxteis

Textile effluents, when not correctly treated, cause a high impact to the environment. The main recalcitrant compounds present in textile effluent are represented by the synthetic dyes, used during the fibber dying process. Among others, the azo dyes are considered the most harmful due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic character. In the present work we reported a revision study on the new tendencies for remediation of textile effluents, mainly to degrade the recalcitrant compounds. For this purpose, chemical, physical, photochemical, biological and combined processes were investigated.

Redução de poluentes de efluentes das indústrias de papel e celulose pela floculação/coagulação e degradação fotoquímica

The abatement of recalcitrant lignin macromolecules from effluents of pulp and paper industry was investigated by combined process. Flocculation and coagulation with aluminum sulfate and natural polyelectrolytes extracted from cactus Cereus peruvianus were used in the first step. After separation of solid residues by filtration, the photochemical methods using TiO2 as catalyst were employed for photocatalytic degradation of lignin compounds from solution. The abatement of lignin compounds after flocculation and coagulation was 46%, and after the overall process, the pollutants reduction observed were 66%. The remaining organic compounds may be removed by any biological treatment.

Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes industriais por aluminossilicatos

This review had as aim the bibliography research for the use of aluminosilicates to remove heavy metals from wastewaters. Advanced studies based on parameters that have influence for removal of heavy metals as pH, metal concentration, effect of ligants and removal capacity of zeolites and clays, were reported. These studies demonstrate that aluminosilicates can be successfully used for the removal of heavy metals under the optimized conditions.

Remoção de metais pesados de efluentes aquosos pela zeólita natural escolecita - influência da temperatura e do pH na adsorção em sistemas monoelementares

Cation exchange capabilities of a Brazilian natural zeolite, identified as scolecite, were evaluated for application in wastewater control. We investigated the process of sorption of chromium(III), nickel(II), cadmium(II) and manganese(II) in synthetic aqueous effluents, including adsorption isotherms of single-metal solutions. The natural zeolite showed the ability to take up the tested heavy metals in the order Cr(III) > Cd(II) > Ni(II) > Mn(II), and this could be related to the valence and the hydration radius of the metal cations. The influence of temperature (25, 40 and 60 ºC) and initial pH value (from 4 to 6) was also evaluated. It was found that the adsorption increased substantially when the temperature was raised to 60 ºC and that maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH 6. These results demonstrate that scolecite can be used for removal of heavy metals from aqueous effluents, under optimized conditions.

Tratamento de efluentes industriais por processos oxidativos na presença de ozônio

A large variety of organic and inorganic compounds may be found in wastewater which can contribute to environmental contamination. Oxidation processes with ozone (O3; O3/UV; O3/H2O2; O3/TiO2; O3/Mn+2) and the use of ozone in the pre- or post-treatment of wastewater combined with biological processes has been extensively studied for the treatment of effluents. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of the ozonation process in the treatment of several industrial wastewaters, namely effluents from paper mills, and textile, whey (dairy industry), pharmaceutic sand pesticides plants.

Aplicação da tecnologia de eletrofloculação na recuperação do corante índigo blue a partir de efluentes industriais

The indigo blue dye is widely used in the textile industry. When discarded, besides polluting the environment, it affects the appearance and transparency of aquatic bodies, causing damage to flora and fauna. The removal of this dye from industrial effluents is difficult due to its resistance towards degradation. This work proposes the recovery of indigo blue by electroflocculation, as a subsidy for the treatment of effluents from the jeans industry.

Estudo multivariado de solos urbanos da cidade de Teresina

The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Al, Mn and Fe were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, of 19 topsoil samples collected in the Teresina city urban area to discriminate natural and anthropic contributions and identify possible sources of pollution. The average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr of the urban soils were 6.11, 8.56, 32.12 and 7,17 mg/kg-1, respectively. Statistical analysis techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were used to analyze the data. Mn, Ni and Cr levels were interpreted as natural contributions, whereas Pb, Zn and, in part, Cu were accounted for mainly by anthropic activities. High Pb levels were observed in the ancient avenues.

Desempenho de biomassas na adsorção de hidrocarbonetos leves em efluentes aquosos

Removal of hydrocarbons from aqueous effluents using biosorbents was investigated. The effluent was simulated by a dispersion of gasoline (simple hydrocarbons) in water. Corn-cob, wood powder, coconut mesocarp and sugar-cane bagasse were used as adsorbents and their performance verified by means of batch experiments performed in an agitated vessel. The influence of input variables such as hydrocarbon concentration, mass of biomass and agitation level on the adsorbents' capacity was studied by means of factorial design. The results indicated that, among the materials studied, coconut mesocarp and sugar-cane bagasse can be considered promising biomasses for treating aqueous effluents contaminated by hydrocarbons.

Fatores que governam a especiação do cobre em ambientes aquáticos urbanos: evidências da contribuição de sulfetos solúveis

Copper speciation and behavior in different rivers located in the city of Curitiba were evaluated in this work. Sampling locations were selected to cover different levels of urbanization regarding their anthropogenic occupation and land use. Results showed that in highly-developed areas, both organic matter and dissolved sulfides were able to control copper speciation. Dissolved sulfide species were the major complexing agent in areas where dissolved oxygen levels are low. Finally, it was demonstrated that in urban areas anthropogenic factors such as sewage inputs and occupation of the drainage basin are the key aspects controlling copper dynamics and speciation in river waters.

Aplicação de radiação UV artificial e solar no tratamento fotocatalítico de efluentes de curtume

Tannery effluents are very dangerous for the environment since they contain large amounts of dangerous and biorecalcitrant contaminants (organic matter and Cr(VI)). This paper reports the efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis, based on the application of solar and artificial radiation, furnished by UV lamps, using TiO2 fixed on a flat plate, in the treatment of synthetic effluents. The results of COD and Cr(VI) demonstrate that the use of solar radiation is the most efficient way to perform the photocatalytic treatment of these effluents since a minimum removal of 62 and 61% was observed for Cr(VI) and organic matter, respectively.