885 resultados para Economic Criminal Law
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The new text of the Swiss penal code, which entered into effect at the beginning of 2007, has many incidences on the practice of the psychiatrists realizing expertises in the penal field or engaged in the application of legal measures imposing a treatment. The most notable consequences of this text are, on the one hand, a new definition of the concept of penal irresponsibility which is not necessarily any more related to a psychiatric diagnosis and, on the other hand, a new definition of legal constraints that justice can take to prevent new punishable acts and which appreciably modifies the place of the psychiatrists in the questions binding psychiatric care and social control.
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Es difícil encontrar en el Código penal español una regulación tan deficiente y confusa de una serie de conductas delictivas tan relevantes para el funcionamiento del Estado de Derecho como es la relativa a las detenciones ilegales cometidas por funcionario público que se prevé en los arts. 167 y 530. Lejos de hallar criterios jurisprudenciales satisfactorios que reconduzcan, en la medida de lo posible, la situación se advierte que el caos se ha instalado en buena medida en las resoluciones de los tribunales. En este trabajo se describe la situación y se propone una revisión general de los criterios interpretativos de los tipos en cuestión con el fin de dotarlos de mayor coherencia y certeza en su aplicación.
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English summary: Harmonisation of criminal law in the EU: A theoretical approach to harmonisation models (s. 346.)
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[Table des matières] 1. Introduction. 2. Méthode. 3. Contexte juridique dans une perspective fédérale. 4. Présentation de deux exemples de collaboration à l'étranger. 5. Présentation des exemples. 6. Synthèse des modèles d'interventions. 7. Réponses aux questions d'évaluation. 8. Conclusions et recommandations. 9. Annexes.
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English summary: General principles of criminal law and sources of law (s. 1191-1192.)
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[Inhaltsverzeichnis] Zusammenfassung. 1. Einleitung. 2. Methode. 3. Der rechtliche Rahmen auf Bundesebene. 4. Einblicke in zwei Beispiele der Zusammenarbeit aus dem Ausland. 5. Präsentation der Beispiele. 6. Kurzdarstellung der Interventionsmodelle. 7. Evaluationsfragen. 8. Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen. 9. Anhänge.
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El presente trabajo tiene por objeto dar respuesta a tres de las principales cuestiones concernientes a la teoría general de los delitos especiales. En primer lugar, se trata de conocer en qué consiste esta categoría delictiva. Esto es, abundar en el concepto de delito especial. En segunda instancia, resulta obligado saber cuál es el fundamento material de la restricción del círculo de posibles autores que caracteriza a los delitos especiales. Y, por último, es preciso preguntarse si el extraneus que participa en un delito especial debe responder penalmente, y, en caso afirmativo, si debe hacerlo con la misma pena que el intraneus o bien con una pena atenuada. Todo ello se desarrollará con especial atención al actual art. 65.3 CP, el precepto que nació con la vocación de dar respuesta, al menos en parte, a las cuestiones que han sido formuladas, y que tanta controversia viene generando en la doctrina española prácticamente desde el momento en que entró en vigor.
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In recent years, an explosion of interest in neuroscience has led to the development of "Neuro-law," a new multidisciplinary field of knowledge whose aim is to examine the impact and role of neuroscientific findings in legal proceedings. Neuroscientific evidence is increasingly being used in US and European courts in criminal trials, as part of psychiatric testimony, nourishing the debate about the legal implications of brain research in psychiatric-legal settings. During these proceedings, the role of forensic psychiatrists is crucial. In most criminal justice systems, their mission consists in accomplishing two basic tasks: assessing the degree of responsibility of the offender and evaluating their future dangerousness. In the first part of our research, we aim to examine the impact of Neuroscientific evidence in the assessment of criminal responsibility, a key concept of law. An initial jurisprudential research leads to conclude that there are significant difficulties and limitations in using neuroscience for the assessment of criminal responsibility. In the current socio-legal context, responsibility assessments are progressively being weakened, whereas dangerousness assessments gain increasing importance in the field of forensic psychiatry. In the second part of our research we concentrate on the impact of using neuroscience for the assessment of dangerousness. We argue that in the current policy era of zero tolerance, judges, confronted with the pressure to ensure public security, may tend to interpret neuroscientific knowledge and data as an objective and reliable way of evaluating one's dangerousness and risk of reoffending, rather than their responsibility. This tendency could be encouraged by a utilitarian approach to punishment, advanced by some recent neuroscientific research which puts into question the existence of free will and responsibility and argues for a rejection of the retributive theory of punishment. Although this shift away from punishment aimed at retribution in favor of a consequentialist approach to criminal law is advanced by some authors as a more progressive and humane approach, we believe that it could lead to the instrumentalisation of neuroscience in the interest of public safety, which can run against the proper exercise of justice and civil liberties of the offenders. By advancing a criminal law regime animated by the consequentialist aim of avoiding social harms through rehabilitation, neuroscience promotes a return to a therapeutical approach to crime which can have serious impact on the kind and the length of sentences imposed on the offenders; if neuroscientific data are interpreted as evidence of dangerousness, rather than responsibility, it is highly likely that judges impose heavier sentences, or/and security measures (in civil law systems), which can be indeterminate in length. Errors and epistemic traps of past criminological movements trying to explain the manifestation of a violent and deviant behavior on a biological and deterministic basis stress the need for caution concerning the use of modern neuroscientific methods in criminal proceedings.
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En 10s últimos siglos diferentes corrientes de pensamiento europeas han reflexionado acerca de las características del Derecho y de la practica jurídica. Varias tendencias se han ido disputando el interds de 10s juristas especialmente en el campo delictual y en el contexto de la consolidacion de la institución carcelaria como ámbito central de ejecución de la pena privativa de libertad. En materia de Derecho Penal las dos orientaciones mas importantes de 10s siglos XVLII y XIX fueron el Positivismo y el Iluminismo (I), un debate que ilegó mas tardíamente y con menor fuerza a Argentina pero que fue una manifestación de la incorporación de 10s juristas al for0 internacional. Esa incorporación coincidia con Ia consolidacion de la criminologia positivista en Europa, fundada en el análisis de la personalidad del delincuente, en la utilización de métodos de las ciencias naturales y en paradigmas epistemológicos de tip etiolbgico: 10s representantes de esta corriente explicaban la criminalidad examinand0 las causas y 10s factores desde un punto de vista bislógico (2).
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Kirjallisuusarvostelu