Physiological-Responses Of Mytilus-Edulis L To Parasitic Infestation By Mytilicola-Intestinalis

Various levels of infestation by Mytilicola had no effect on the rates of oxygen consumption by Mytilus edulis in laboratory experiments. However, high levels of infestation (> 10 parasites per mussel) caused a depression in the feeding rate of the host at high temperatures (22° or 23° C) and low ration (maintenance or sub-maintenance). This depression of feeding resulted in a decline in the scope for growth, which would result in time in a decline in the “condition” of the host. It is concluded that similar effects may occur in the field when large numbers of small parasites are present at a time of high metabolic demand and low food availability.

Combined Effects Of Body Size Food Concentration And Season On Physiology Of Mytilus-Edulis

Multivariate experiments are used to study the effects of body size, food concentration, and season on the oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, food assimilation efficiency and filtration rate of Mytilus edulis adults. Food concentrations and season affect both the intercept and the slope of the allometric equation describing oxygen uptake as a function of body size. Multiple regression and response surface techniques are used to describe and illustrate the complex relationship between metabolic rate, ration, season and the body size of M. edulis. Filtration rate has a relatively low weight exponent Q> = 038) and the intercept for the allometric equation is not significantly affected by food concentration, season or acclimation temperatures between 5 and 20 °C. Food assimilation efficiency declines exponentially with increasing food concentration and is dependent on body size at high food levels. The rate of ammonia excretion shows a similar seasonal cycle to that of oxygen consumption. They are both minimal in the autumn/winter and reach a maximum in the spring /summer.

Physiological Indexes Of Stress In Mytilus-Edulis

Multiple regression equations and response surfaces are used to describe the combined effects of body size, food concentration, acclimation temperature and season on physiological integrations such as the scope for growth, growth efficiency and O:N ratio. Maintenance and optimum ration levels are estimated for Mytilus edulis adapted to different factor combinations. Response surfaces illustrate the validity and sensitivity of the physiological integrations in quantifying the 'physiological condition' and the degree of stress experienced, under conditions ranging from near-optimal, through sub-lethal to lethal.

Population-Dynamics Of Mytilicola-Intestinalis In Mytilus-Edulis In South West England

The population dynamics of Mytilicola intestinalis Steuer in mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from the River Lynher, Cornwall, England, have been studied over 3 years. By transplanting uninfested mussels from the River Erme, South Devon, into the Lynher mussel bed, the study was extended to the growth and development of new infestations under natural conditions. Female Mytilicola intestinalis are shown to breed twice, and two generations of parasites coexist for most of the year, with recruitment taking place in summer and autumn. One generation contributes its first brood to the autumn recruits before overwintering and contributing its second brood to the following summer's recruits. The other generation overwinters as juvenile and immature stages to contribute its two broods successively to the summer and autumn recruits. Environmental temperatures are believed to control the rates of development at all stages rather than acting as triggers in the onset or cessation of breeding at specific times. There is no evidence to support the contention that heavily infested mussels are killed, and parasite mortality is shown to be density-independent.

Physiological Ecology Of 2 Populations Of Mytilus-Edulis-L

Seasonal cycles in the rates of oxygen consumption, feeding, absorption efficiency and ammonia-nitrogen excretion in two populations of Mytilus edulis were measured in the field under ambient conditions and related to body size, the gametogenic cycle, the concentration of suspended particulate matter in the water and temperature. Relationships between the various physiological variables are also considered and protein and energy budgets estimated. Both the “scope for growth” and the “relative maintenance cost” were seasonally variable, demonstrating a minimum capacity for growth in the winter and a maximum capacity in the summer. In one population subjected to abnormally high temperatures in the winter the scope for growth was negative for four or five months between January and May. These population differences are discussed and the potential for using physiological integrations in intra-specific comparisons of fitness is identified.

Relationship Between Infestation By Mytilicola-Intestinalis Steuer (Copepoda Cyclopoidea) And Condition Index Of Mytilus-Edulis In Southwest England

Seasonal cycles in the condition index of Mytilus edulis from three sites in southwest England are described. These are analysed in relation to host length, stage of gonad development and parasite burden by linear regression analysis. An effect on the condition index due to the presence of Mytilicola intestinalis can be detected only in the sublittoral mussels in those few winter months when the mean intensity of infestation is over about 25 parasites per host. In all cases studied, the magnitude of the effect due to variation in host length, stage of gonad development, seasonal cycles and environmental factors is greater than that due to parasitism.

Responses Of Mytilus-Edulis L To Low Oxygen-Tension - Acclimation Of Rate Of Oxygen-Consumption

1. Mytilus edulis acclimated its rates of oxygen consumption when maintained at reduced oxygen tensions for periods in excess of five days. 2. Acclimation was complete down to approximately 55 mm Hg PO2 at slightly lower oxygen tensions (51, 49 and 43 mm Hg) acclimation was complete in one experiment and partial in two others. 3. The capacity to acclimate oxygen consumption was not affected by a reduction in ration nor by an increase in temperature (10 to 22 °C). 4. Mussels that were acclimated to reduced oxygen tension (40–80 mm Hg), and then exposed to P O 2 of less than 20 mm Hg for two or five hours, had depressed rates of oxygen uptake when subsequently “recovered” to 40–80 mm Hg. 5. These results are discussed in the context of biochemical studies of anaerobic metabolism in mussels from the same experiments.

Cytology And Cytochemistry Of Hemocytes Of Mytilus-Edulis And Their Responses To Experimentally Injected Carbon Particles

Hemocytes of Mytilus edulis were examined cytologically and cytochemically. On the basis of structure, staining reactions, and phagocytic behavior, they were divided into two main groups: basophilic hemocytes and eosinophilic granular hemocytes (granulocytes). The basophilic cells were further divided into small lymphocytes and larger phagocytic macrophages reactive for lysosomal hydrolases. Mitosis was observed in granulocytes and in small lymphoid cells, believed to be the stem cells for the basophilic cell line. A few cells appeared to be intermediate between lymphocytes and small granulocytes. Macrophages were the main cell type involved in the clearance of injected carbon particles. However, granulocytes did show some phagocytic activity. Brown cells displaying apparent amoebocytic behavior were found to contain Fe3+ and Pb2+ in cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which were also reactive for β-glucuronidase and glucosaminidase. These cells appear to have a separate origin from the hemocytes.

Apparent Specific Dynamic Action In Mytilus-Edulis L

The results of experiments recorded by Bayne & Scullard (1977) confirmed earlier studies (Bayne, 1973) in describing a decline in the rate of oxygen uptake (Vo2) by Mytilus edulis during starvation, eventually reaching a steady-state value, called the standard rate of oxygen consumption. Earlier experiments had also shown that if such starved mussels were fed, oxygen uptake increased rapidly to a high level called the active rate of oxygen consumption (Thompson & Bayne, 1972; Bayne, Thompson & Widdows, 1973). Some of this increase in metabolic rate is undoubtedly due to an increased filtration rate that is stimulated by the presence of food (the ‘mechanical cost of feeding’ discussed by Bayne et al. 1976), and part is due to the ‘physiological costs of feeding’, which includes energy utilized in digestion and assimilation of the food, and energy that is lost during deamination and other catabolic processes that accompany digestion (Warren & Davis, 1967). Increases in metabolic rate associated with feeding have been called the specific dynamic action (SDA) of the ration (see Harper, 1971, for a discussion) or the apparent SDA (Beamish, 1974)5 and they have been related to aspects of protein metabolism (Krebs, 1964). This paper describes the results of some experiments designed to examine the relationships between SDA and ammonia excretion in Mytilus edulis L.

Physiological Adaptation Of Mytilus-Edulis To Cyclic Temperatures

Mytilus edulis adapted to cyclic temperatures by reducing the amplitude of response of oxygen consumption and filtration rate over a period of approximately two weeks, and thereby increasing their independence of temperature within the range of the fluctuating regime. When acclimated to cyclic temperature regimes within the range from 6 to 20°C, the metabolic and feeding rates, measured at different temperatures in the cycle, were not significantly different from the adapted response to equivalent constant temperatures. Physiological adaptation ofMytilus edulis to different thermal environments was reflected in their metabolic and feeding rate-temperature curves. Animals subjected to marked diel fluctuations in environmental temperature showed an appropriate region of temperature-independence, whereas animals from a population not experiencing large diel temperature fluctuations showed no region of temperature-independence. In a fluctuating thermal environment which extended above the normal environmental maxima, respiratory adaptation occurred at higher temperatures than was possible in a constant thermal environment. The feeding rate was also maintained at higher temperatures in a cyclic regime than was possible under constant thermal conditions. This represented a shortterm extension of the zone of activity in a fluctuating thermal environment. The net result of these physiological responses to high cyclic and constant temperatures has been assessed in terms of ‘scope for growth’. Animals acclimated to cyclic temperatures between 21 and 29°C had a higher scope for growth at 29°C and were less severely stressed than those maintained at the constant temperature of 29°C.