Dispositivo fotobiomodulador para prevenção e tratamento de hiperqueratose de teto em vacas leiteiras

As mastites estão entre as principais causas de prejuízo para produtores de leite. Em casos graves de hiperqueratose, o canal do teto pode se tornar uma barreira mais fácil para que as bactérias penetrem na glândula mamária. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar um dispositivo fotobiomodulador de LED para tratamento e prevenção de hiperqueratose de teto e prevenção da mastite subclínica em um rebanho de leite com alta prevalência de hiperqueratose (35,3% de casos graves). Foram utilizadas 60 primíparas para o experimento de prevenção e 30 vacas com hiperqueratose para o experimento terapêutico. Em ambos os experimentos, metade dos animais foram tratados com o dispositivo fotobiomodulador três vezes por semana, durante 6 semanas. Os outros animais foram os controles. Imagens fotográficas digitalizadas foram realizadas na avaliação inicial e, semanalmente, por 6 semanas consecutivas. Nas primíparas, novas avaliações foram realizadas entre 6 e 7 meses de lactação. Para avaliação da mastite subclínica, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foram feitas mensalmente. No experimento preventivo, o diâmetro externo das lesões permaneceu constante nos tetos do grupo tratado, enquanto houve aumento no grupo controle. No experimento terapêutico não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as variáveis de hiperqueratose. Contudo, o grupo tratado apresentou menor incidência de mastites subclínicas (CCS < 250 células/mL) por lactação do que o grupo controle (P<0,05). Em conclusão, o tratamento não foi efetivo em prevenir o desenvolvimento ou reduzir lesões instaladas de hiperqueratose de teto. Contudo, o uso protótipo se mostrou útil e promissor como adjuvante na prevenção do aumento de tamanho das lesões de hiperqueratose de teto em primíparas e como forma de reduzir incidência de mastite subclínicas em vacas leiteiras já acometidas.

Role of angiotensin II and vasopressin receptors within the supraoptic nucleus in water and sodium intake induced by the injection of angiotensin II into the medial septal area

In this study we investigated the effects of the injection into the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of non-peptide AT1- and AT2-angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonists, DuP753 and PD123319, as well as of the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-AVP, on water and 3% NaCl intake induced by the injection of ANG II into the medial septal area (MSA). The effects on water or 3% NaCl intake were assessed in 30-h water-deprived or in 20-h water-deprived furosemide-treated adult male rats, respectively. The drugs were injected in 0.5 µl over 30-60 s. Controls were injected with a similar volume of 0.15 M NaCl. Antagonists were injected at doses of 20, 80 and 180 nmol. Water and sodium intake was measured over a 2-h period. Previous administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist DuP753 into the SON decreased water (65%, N = 10, P<0.01) and sodium intake (81%, N = 8, P<0.01) induced by the injection of ANG II (10 nmol) into the MSA. Neither of these responses was significantly changed by injection of the AT2-receptor antagonist PD123319 into the SON. On the other hand, while there was a decrease in water intake (45%, N = 9, P<0.01), ANG II-induced sodium intake was significantly increased (70%, N = 8, P<0.01) following injection of the V1-type vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-AVP into the SON. These results suggest that both AT1 and V1 receptors within the SON may be involved in water and sodium intake induced by the activation of ANG II receptors within the MSA. Furthermore, they do not support the involvement of MSA AT2 receptors in the mediation of these responses.

The influence of septal lesions on sodium and water retention induced by Walker 256 tumor

In the course of studies on the effects of septal area lesions on neuroimmunomodulation and Walker 256 tumor development, it was observed that tumor-induced sodium and water retention was less marked in lesioned than in non-lesioned rats. In the present study possible mechanisms involved in this phenomenon were investigated. The experiments were performed in septal-lesioned (LW; N = 15) and sham-operated (SW; N = 7) 8-week-old male Wistar rats, which received multifocal simultaneous subcutaneous (sc) inoculations of Walker 256 tumor cells about 30 days after the stereotaxic surgery. Control groups (no tumor, sham-operated food-restricted (SFR), N = 7) and lesioned food-restricted (LFR, N = 10) were subjected to a feeding pattern similar to that observed in tumor-bearing animals. Multifocal inoculation of Walker 256 tumor rapidly induces anorexia, which is paradoxically accompanied by an increase in body weight, as a result of renal Na+ and fluid retention. These effects of the tumor were also seen in LW rats, although the rise in fractional sodium balance during the early clinical period was significantly smaller than in SW rats (day 4: SW = 47.6 ± 6.4% and LW = 13.8 ± 5.2%; day 5: SW = 57.5 ± 3.5% and LW = 25.7 ± 4.8%; day 6: SW = 54.4 ± 3.8% and LW = 32.1 ± 4.4%; P<0.05), suggesting a temporary reduction in tumor-induced sodium retention. In contrast, urine output was significantly reduced in SW rats and increased in LW rats (LW up to -0.85 and SW up to 4.5 ml/100 g body weight), with no change in osmolar excretion. These temporary changes in the tumor's effects on LW rats may reflect a "reversal" of the secondary central antidiuretic response induced by the tumor (from antidiuretic to diuretic).

Adrenoceptors of the medial septal area modulate water intake and renal excretory function induced by central administration of angiotensin II

We investigated the role of a-adrenergic antagonists and clonidine injected into the medial septal area (MSA) on water intake and the decrease in Na+, K+ and urine elicited by ANGII injection into the third ventricle (3rdV). Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted into the 3rdV and MSA were used. ANGII (12 nmol/µl) increased water intake (12.5 ± 1.7 ml/120 min). Clonidine (20 nmol/µl) injected into the MSA reduced the ANGII-induced water intake (2.9 ± 0.5 ml/120 min). Pretreatment with 80 nmol/µl yohimbine or prazosin into the MSA also reduced the ANGII-induced water intake (3.0 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.2 ml/120 min, respectively). Yohimbine + prazosin + clonidine injected into the MSA abolished the ANGII-induced water intake (0.2 ± 0.1 and 0.2 ± 0.1 ml/120 min, respectively). ANGII reduced Na+ (23 ± 7 µEq/120 min), K+ (27 ± 3 µEq/120 min) and urine volume (4.3 ± 0.9 ml/120 min). Clonidine increased the parameters above. Clonidine injected into the MSA abolished the inhibitory effect of ANGII on urinary sodium. Yohimbine injected into the MSA also abolished the inhibitory effects of ANGII. Yohimbine + clonidine attenuated the inhibitory effects of ANGII. Prazosin injected into the MSA did not cause changes in ANGII responses. Prazosin + clonidine attenuated the inhibitory effects of ANGII. The results showed that MSA injections of a1- and a2-antagonists decreased ANGII-induced water intake, and abolished the Na+, K+ and urine decrease induced by ANGII into the 3rdV. These findings suggest the involvement of septal a1- and a2-adrenergic receptors in water intake and electrolyte and urine excretion induced by central ANGII.

Interaction between paraventricular nucleus and septal area in the control of physiological responses induced by angiotensin II

We determined the effects of losartan (40 nmol) and PD 123319 (40 nmol) (both non-peptides and selective antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] angiotensin II (ANG II) (40 nmol) (a non-selective peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on the water and salt appetite, diuresis and natriuresis and mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by administration of 10 nmol of ANG II into the medial septal area (MSA) of male Holtzman rats weighing 250-300 g. The volume of drug solution injected was 0.5 µl over a period of 10-15 s. The responses were measured over a period of 120 min. ANG II alone injected into the MSA induced an increase in all the above parameters (8.1 ± 1.2, 1.8 ± 0.3, and 17.1 ± 1.0 ml, 217 ± 25 µEq/120 min, and 24 ± 4 mmHg, respectively, N = 10-12) compared with vehicle-treated rats (1.4 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.1, and 9.3 ± 0.5 ml, 47 ± 5 µEq/120 min, and 4.1 ± 0.8 mmHg, respectively, N = 10-14). Pretreatment with losartan and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II completely abolished the water and sodium intake, and the pressor increase (0.5 ± 0.2, 1.1 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.2, and 0.8 ± 0.2 ml, and 1.2 ± 3.9, 31 ± 4.6 mmHg, respectively, N = 9-12), whereas losartan blunted the urinary and sodium excretion induced by ANG II (13.9 ± 1.0 ml and 187 ± 10 µEq/120 min, respectively, N = 9). Pretreatment with PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked the urinary and sodium excretion (10.7 ± 0.8, 9.8 ± 0.7 ml, and 67 ± 13 and 57 ± 17 µEq/120 min, respectively, N = 9), whereas pretreatment with PD 123319 partially blocked the water and sodium intake, and the MAP induced by ANG II administration (2.3 ± 0.3, 1.1 ± 0.1 ml, and 12 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, N = 9-10). These results suggest the angiotensinergic effect of the MSA on the AT1 and AT2 receptors of the PVN in terms of water and sodium homeostasis and MAP modulation.

Effects of septal cholinergic lesion on rat exploratory behavior in an open-field

The medial septum participates in the modulation of exploratory behavior triggered by novelty. Also, selective lesions of the cholinergic component of the septohippocampal system alter the habituation of rats to an elevated plus-maze without modifying anxiety indices. We investigated the effects of the intraseptal injection of the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) on the behavior of rats in an open-field. Thirty-nine male Wistar rats (weight: 194-230 g) were divided into three groups, non-injected controls and rats injected with either saline (0.5 µl) or SAP (237.5 ng/0.5 µl). Twelve days after surgery, the animals were placed in a square open-field (120 cm) and allowed to freely explore for 5 min. After the test, the rats were killed by decapitation and the septum, hippocampus and frontal cortex were removed and assayed for acetylcholinesterase activity. SAP increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the septum, hippocampus and frontal cortex and decreased the total distance run (9.15 ± 1.51 m) in comparison to controls (13.49 ± 0.91 m). The time spent in the center and at the periphery was not altered by SAP but the distance run was reduced during the first and second minutes (2.43 ± 0.36 and 1.75 ± 0.34 m) compared to controls (4.18 ± 0.26 and 3.14 ± 0.25 m). SAP-treated rats showed decreased but persistent exploration throughout the session. These results suggest that septohippocampal cholinergic mechanisms contribute to at least two critical processes, one related to the motivation to explore new environments and the other to the acquisition and storage of spatial information (i.e., spatial memory).

Immunological basis of septal fibrosis of the liver in Capillaria hepatica-infected rats

Rats infected with the helminth Capillaria hepatica regularly develop septal fibrosis of the liver similar to that induced by repeated ip injections of pig serum. Fibrosis starts when the focal parasitic lesions begin to show signs of resorption, thus suggesting an immunologically mediated pathogenesis of this fibrosis. To explore this possibility, the development of C. hepatica-related hepatic fibrosis was observed in rats exposed to worm antigens from the first neonatal day onward. Wistar rats (150 g) were either injected ip with an extract of C. hepatica eggs (protein concentration: 1 mg/ml) or received immature eggs by gavage from the first neonatal day until adult life and were then infected with 500 embryonated eggs. Changes were monitored on the basis of serum levels of anti-worm antibodies and hepatic histopathology. Rats submitted to immunological oral tolerance markedly suppressed C. hepatica-related serum antibodies and septal fibrosis of the liver when infected with the helminth later on. Tolerance trials with ip injections of worm antigens gave essentially negative results. The partial suppression of septal fibrosis of the liver after the induction of immunological tolerance to C. hepatica antigens in rats indicates an immunological basis for the fibrosis and emphasizes the importance of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.

Congenital ventricular septal defects and prenatal exposure to cyclooxygenase inhibitors

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are common congenital abnormalities which have been reported to be associated with maternal fever and various environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors on heart defects. A retrospective statistical analysis was performed using data collected in our laboratory during various teratological studies carried out on albino CRL:(WI)WUBR Wistar strain rats from 1997 to 2004. The observations were compared with concurrent and historic control data, as well as findings from other developmental toxicological studies with selective and nonselective COX-2 inhibitors. Despite the lack of significant differences in the frequency of VSDs between drug-exposed and control groups, statistical analysis by the two-sided Mantel-Haenszel test and historical control data showed a higher incidence of heart defects in offspring exposed to nonselective COX inhibitors (30.06/10,000). Unlike other specific inhibitors, aspirin (46.26/10,000) and ibuprofen (106.95/10,000) significantly increased the incidence of the VSD when compared with various control groups (5.38-19.72/10,000). No significant differences in length or weight were detected between fetuses exposed to COX inhibitors and born with VSD and non-malformed offsprings. However, a statistically significant increase of fetal body length and decrease of body mass index were found in fetuses exposed to COX inhibitors when compared with untreated control. We conclude that prenatal exposure to COX inhibitors, especially aspirin and ibuprofen, increased the incidence of VSDs in rat offspring but was not related to fetal growth retardation.

Um dispositivo simples para a determinação simultânea e contínua da densidade de líquidos e da concentração de suspensões líquidas

Um dispositivo para a determinação automática da densidade e da concentração de partículas em suspensões líquidas foi desenvolvido, usando suspensões de amido de mandioca como modelo. As determinações das propriedades foram baseadas na medição da força de empuxo que a suspensão líquida exerce sobre uma bóia de plástico esférica, submersa na mesma e conectada a um sistema eletrônico de medição de força. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o dispositivo é um excelente densímetro e pode ser usado com sucesso para a determinação da concentração de suspensões líquidas de partículas, quando a relação entre concentração de sólidos e a densidade da suspensão é conhecida. Resultados da medida de densidade de líquidos com o dispositivo, como o glicerol com 99% de pureza e um óleo de soja comercial ficaram muito próximos dos valores citados na literatura e medidos por picnometria.

Abordagem da oclusão trombótica dos cateteres de longa permanência dos pacientes em hemodiálise: uma revisão narrativa

ResumoAtualmente, cateteres venosos permanentes (CVCp) estão se tornando cada vez mais uma alternativa de acesso vascular de longa permanência para pacientes nos quais o acesso arteriovenoso não pode ser confeccionado, sendo a oclusão trombótica complicação mecânica comum. Essa complicação pode ocasionar mudanças frequentes dos locais de cateter, eliminando os sítios vasculares. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa do manejo da oclusão trombótica de CVCp na população em HD. O tratamento da trombose de CVC consiste em infusão de solução salina ou na administração de trombolíticos como plasminogênio tecidual ativado, reteplase ou uroquinase. Há poucos estudos sobre o uso de alteplase em CVCp obstruídos na população em diálise, e todos eles relatam sucesso entre 80 a 95% dos casos com uso de trombolítico na dose de 1 mg/ml. Por tratar-se de medicamento de custo elevado, estudos sugerem que a criopreservação e o fracionamento da alteplase tornam o uso financeiramente viável.

Protección de estructuras, edificaciones y zonas abiertas mediante pararrayos con dispositivo cerrado

Teis ( Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Eléctrica con Especialidad en Potencia) - U.A.N.L, 2002

Diseño de un dispositivo experimental de maquinado para aleaciones de aluminio silicio.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Materiales) UANL, 2012.

Dispositivo de no reinhalación NRMASK, pruebas de eficacia, desempeño y seguridad

Objetivo del estudio: comparar las mediciones realizadas en el dispositivo de entrega de agente halogenado, con un modelo matemático donde se encontraron los valores ideales de fracción espirada de agente halogenado para cada evento. Diseño del estudio: diseño de tecnología. Lugar de desarrollo: salas de cirugía de un Hospital Universitario, Bogotá, Colombia. Intervenciones y medidas: luego de diseñar y ensamblar un circuito anestésico semiabierto tipo mascara facial con dos válvulas unidireccionales (una inspitratoria y otra espiratoria), se procedió a tomar las medidas de Concentración inspirada de sevofluorane, y fracción inspirada de oxigeno, con volúmenes espiratorios de 70 a 170 mL con intervalos de 10 mL, y con el dial de sevoflorane a 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 vol%, los resultados consignados fueron comparados con los valores matemáticamente calculados para cada evento. Resultados: las mediciones realizadas en la máscara son concordantes con los cálculos realizados en el modelo matemático. La concentración espirada de sevoflorane es ligeramente superior en cada evento con respecto a lo encontrado en el modelo matemático, no es posible asegurar la no reinhalación con las mediciones realizadas.

Perspectives de les noves tecnologies a la formació permanent : disseny i implementació d'un dispositiu metodològic. 'Perspectivas de las nuevas tecnologías en la formación permanente : diseño e implementación de un dispositivo metodológico'.

Los objetivos fundamentales de este proyecto se refieren a la adecuada explotación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y más concretamente en el proyecto Campus Extens de la Universitat de les Illes Balears para proporcionar oportunidades de formación de grado, postgrado y actualización y reciclaje profesional a ciudadanos de Menorca e Ibiza mediante un servicio que tiene como soporte sistemas de videoconferencia, materiales hipermedia distribuidos, comunicación mediante ordenador, etc. Dentro de este marco se pretende identificar de la manera más adecuada de integración de las denominadas herramientas telemáticas en la formación y actualización de los formadores, para organizar un dispositivo metodológico adecuado para implementar el sistema de teleenseñanza de Campus Extens, el diseño y desarrollo de materiales, así como la validación de estrategias didácticas y modelos pedagógicos. La muestra son principalmente todos los usuarios de la formación, es decir, alumnos de secundaria, docentes, universitarios y profesionales. El ámbito de aplicación es el proyecto de Campus Extens de la Universitat de les Illes Balears. El proceso es el siguiente : primero se identifican los diferentes perfiles que ofrecen los usuarios de la formación en todos los ámbitos en las Islas Baleares. El segundo paso es la experimentación de sistemas de explotación de videoconferencia a través de RDSI. El tercer paso es la experimentación de aplicaciones necesarias para un aprendizaje efectivo en cualquiera de los escenarios previstos (aulas de autoaprendizaje, sesiones de presencia continuada, distribución de materiales multimedia a través de servidor, etc.). El siguiente paso es realizar estudios complementarios relacionados con las estrategias de implementación y difusión. Se tratan de estudios que tienden a incrementar la accesibilidad y a asegurar una práctica adecuada en el uso de la telemática para la formación y para el aprendizaje. Los principales instrumentos fueron por una parte la aplicación de cuestionarios, por otra parte se realizó un trabajo de campo mediante fichas, y también se utilizó como instrumento de la investigación una parrilla de observación. Se utilizó como técnica de esta investigación el estudio de casos, revisión teórica, elaboración de guías y el análisis de datos. A la hora de analizar la investigación se ha de tener en cuenta que se trata de una investigación proyectada a dos años. Por lo tanto se ha de tomar como una memoria de progreso. Los estudios dan como resultados que la aplicación de las TIC en acciones de formación bajo la concepción del concepto de aprendizaje abierto, abren diferentes caminos de cambios y renovación en cuanto a las perspectivas, recursos y prácticas de profesores y estudiantes. Por otra parte es imprescindible partir de un análisis del contexto en el que se llevará a cabo la innovación, desde un punto de vista geográfico, pedagógico, tecnológico e institucional. La sociedad pide sistemas educativos más flexibles y accesibles, menos costosos y a los cuales se puedan incorporar los ciudadanos a lo largo de la vida, y para responder a este reto las instituciones universitarias tienen que promover experiencias innovadoras en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje con el soporte de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación. El énfasis, por lo tanto, se ha de hacer en la docencia, en los cambios de estrategias didácticas de los profesores, en los sistemas de comunicación y distribución de los materiales de aprendizaje, en lugar de enfatizar la disponibilidad y las potencialidades de las tecnologías. Campus Extens es la experiencia de la Universitat de les Illes Balears de explotación de las TIC en la docencia universitaria y que tiene como objetivo principal que los alumnos tengan acceso a los servicios educativos del campus desde cualquier lugar, de manera que puedan desarrollar personalmente y autónomamente acciones de aprendizaje utilizando las telecomunicaciones.

Influencia de los movimientos lumbopélvicos en la percepción de dolor lumbar en postura sedente prolongada en conductores, realizados a partir de un dispositivo colocado sobre el asiento

Introducción: la evidencia muestra que existe una asociación entre dolor lumbar y postura sedente. Por otra parte, los macrorreposicionamientos efectuados sobre el asiento son la respuesta natural del cuerpo debido a la incomodidad percibida en función del tiempo prolongado, pero la evidencia muestra que estos movimientos realizados por los sujetos no mitigan el dolor lumbar y la percepción de incomodidad aumenta. Materiales y métodos: se realizaron varios estudios experimentales para realizar los movimientos de macrorreposicionamiento con ayuda de un asiento, se desarrolló un dispositivo para colocarse sobre este, se registraron las siguientes variables: 1) la variación del ángulo del asiento bajo los criterios de menor demanda biomecánica y menor percepción de incomodidad, 2) la velocidad de variación del ángulo del asiento bajo el criterio de menor percepción de inestabilidad y 3) la frecuencia en que se deben efectuar estos reposicionamientos. Resultados: se demostró que los sujetos asintomáticos se mueven menos que los sintomáticos y que las estrategias de movimiento son diferentes; además, los macrorreposicionamientos se llevan a cabo con una frecuencia de 12,6 minutos y la velocidad sin percepción de inestabilidad es de 0,17 rad/s; la inclinación del asiento influye en la presión intradiscal (sig 0,003) y, en inclinacionesnegativas del asiento, la carga que no se transmite a las tuberosidades isquiáticas es transferida alas rodillas y a los pies. Discusión: el estudio se encuentra en la validación de su hipótesis principal,que, de ser cierta, podrá generar nuevas pistas en el diseño de asientos para mitigar el dolorlumbar en conductores que laboran en postura sedente prolongada.