Los inicios de la vascología en Holanda: El Essai de grammaire de la langue basque de Willem J. van Eys (1865, 1867)

Ed. by Xabier Artiagoitia, Patxi Goenaga & Joseba A. Lakarra.

Filogenia molecular, evolução de características morfológicas, variabilidade populacional, biogeografia e metabolômica comparativa: rumo a uma biologia integrativa para o gênero Mycale Gray, 1867 (Porifera)

O objetivo desta tese foi abordar a diversidade de Mycale Gray, 1867 sob um ponto de vista multidisciplinar. No Capítulo 1 foram realizadas reconstruções filogenéticas supra- e subgenéricas com base em dados moleculares, utilizando os marcadores 16S, 28S e cox1, a fim de estabelecer uma hipótese evolutiva para o grupo. No capítulo 2 são realizadas reconstruções ancestrais das características morfológicas do gênero dada a hipótese filogenética estabelecida no capítulo anterior, além de determinar limites na variação morfológica das anisoquelas tipo I por meio de análises morfométricas e estimar o padrão evolutivo das dimensões dos principais tipos espiculares de Mycale. No Capítulo 3 foi estimada a variabilidade genética do complexo Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 por meio de análise de haplótipos do gene 16S do RNA ribossomal mitocondrial, além de correlacionar a sua variabilidade morfológica, estimada por meio de dimensões espiculares, com fatores genéticos e geográficos. No Capítulo 4 foram estabelecidas hipóteses biogeográficas para Mycale por meio de análise de três itens tendo como base as reconstruções filogenéticas moleculares e também foram determinados padrões de distribuição geográfica do gênero a partir da ocorrência de espécies em áreas de endemismo. Por fim, no Capítulo 5, os perfis metabólicos de três espécies do gênero Mycale foram obtidos por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear dos núcleos de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) e comparados estatisticamente, além de suas similaridades terem sido contrastadas com suas relações filogenéticas e suas diferenças entre grupos de indivíduos metabolicamente relacionados determinadas.

Day and night abundance, distribution, and activity patterns of demersal fishes on Heceta Bank, Oregon

Most shallow-dwelling tropical marine fishes exhibit different activity patterns during the day and night but show similar transition behavior among habitat sites despite the dissimilar assemblages of the species. However, changes in species abundance, distribution, and activity patterns have only rarely been examined in temperate deepwater habitats during the day and night, where day-to-night differences in light intensity are extremely slight. Direct-observation surveys were conducted over several depths and habitat types on Heceta Bank, the largest rocky bank off the Oregon coast. Day and night fish community composition, relative density, and activity levels were compared by using videotape footage from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) operated along paired transects. Habitat-specific abundance and activity were determined for 31 taxa or groups. General patterns observed were similar to shallow temperate day and night studies, with an overall increase in the abundance and activity of fishes during the day than at night, particularly in shallower cobble, boulder, and rock ridge habitats. Smaller schooling rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) were more abundant and active in day than in night transects, and sharpchin (S. zacentrus) and harlequin (S. variegatus) rockfish were significantly more abundant in night transects. Most taxa, however, did not exhibit distinct diurnal or nocturnal activity patterns. Rosethorn rockfish (S. helvomaculatus) and hagfishes (Eptatretus spp.) showed the clearest diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns, respectively. Because day and night distributions and activity patterns in demersal fishes are likely to influence both catchability and observability in bottom trawl and direct-count in situ surveys, the patterns observed in the current study should be considered for survey design and interpretation.

Estado e construção ferroviária: quinze anos decisivos para a economia brasileira, 1852-1867

Esta pesquisa procura ampliar e aprofundar o entendimento sobre a participação do Estado na construção ferroviária no século XIX. Com este objetivo, partimos da análise do processo histórico de formação do Estado brasileiro, de 1822 aos anos 1850, a fim de identificar configurações e traços culturais do sistema político no qual se inserem, como prioridade de governo, as políticas públicas e, em especial, o projeto ferroviário. Consideramos que as linhas básicas da política ferroviária, no Império, foram traçadas no período 1852-1867, durante a construção de seis ferrovias pioneiras. Detectamos, ainda, razoável correlação entre o traçado dos caminhos de ferro e os já conhecidos caminhos das minas, que conduziam a zonas onde se localizavam jazigos de pedras e metais preciosos, ferro, carvão, petróleo e outros recursos minerais. Observamos que a participação do Estado na construção ferroviária, no período, desenvolveu-se em duas frentes: como empresário responsável pela construção e gestão de malhas ferroviárias e como agente de regulação de empresas privadas, nacionais e estrangeiras, privilegiadas com longa lista de subvenções e incentivos, entre os quais se destaca a garantia de juro mínimo para os capitais investidos na construção de estradas de ferro.

Differences in Dolphin Mortality Rates in Night and Day Sets for the U.S. Eastern Tropical Pacific Tuna Purse Seine Fishery

Because dolphins sometimes travel with yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), purse seiners use the dolphins to locate and capture tuna schools. During the process of setting the purse seine nets, dolphins often become entangled and drown before they can be released. Data for the U.S. purse seine fleet in the ETP during 1979-88 show that dolphin mortality rates in sets made during the night are higher than mortality rates in sets made during the day. Even with efforts to reduce nightset mortality rates through the use of high intensity floodlights, night set mortality rates remain higher. The data are also used to simulate a regulation on the fishery aimed at eliminating night sets and show that dolphin mortality rates would decrease.

José Carlos Rodrigues: um interlocutor privilegiado nos bastidores do poder (1867-1915)

A presente tese examina a história de vida do homem de negócios e jornalista fluminense José Carlos Rodrigues (1844 1923), detendo-se, em particular, no lapso de tempo compreendido entre os anos de 1867 e 1915. A primeira data corresponde ao início da temporada de José Carlos nos Estados Unidos da América e a segunda, ao seu afastamento do Jornal do Commercio, órgão da imprensa carioca, do qual foi proprietário entre 1890 e 1915. A pesquisa empreendida analisa as amizades pessoais, além dos vínculos profissionais estabelecidos por Rodrigues, a partir de sua inserção nos campos da imprensa, da política, dos negócios e das letras, no Rio de Janeiro, em Nova York e em Londres, cidades em que viveu no período abordado. Evidencia, também, que essa ampla rede de sociabilidade foi sendo tecida, progressivamente, não apenas pelo conhecido caráter empreendedor do publicista, mas, sobretudo, graças a arranjos sociais e políticos, através do acesso a informações privilegiadas. Mais do que bibliófilo e filantropo, José Carlos Rodrigues atuou nos círculos políticos, interferindo ora de forma clara, ora nos bastidores do poder.

Does the California market squid (Loligo opalescens) spawn naturally during the day or at night? A note on the successful use of ROVs to obtain basic fisheries biology data

The California market squid (Loligo opalescens Berry), also known as the opalescent inshore squid (FAO), plays a central role in the nearshore ecological communities of the west coast of the United States (Morejohn et al., 1978; Hixon, 1983) and it is also a prime focus of California fisheries, ranking first in dollar value and tons landed in recent years (Vojkovich, 1998). The life span of this species is only 7−10 months after hatching, as ascertained by aging statoliths (Butler et al., 1999; Jackson, 1994; Jackson and Domier, 2003) and mariculture trials (Yang, et al., 1986). Thus, annual recruitment is required to sustain the population. The spawning season ranges from April to November and spawning peaks from May to June. In some years there can be a smaller second peak in November. In Monterey Bay, the squids are fished directly on the egg beds, and the consequences of this practice for conservation and fisheries management are unknown but of some concern (Hanlon, 1998). Beginning in April 2000, we began a study of the in situ spawning behavior of L. opalescens in the southern Monterey Bay fishing area.

Stock assessment and biology of Johnius glaucus (Day) off the northwest coast of India

The stock size and biology of Johnius glaucus (Day) resource off the northwest coast of India were studied for 1982-83 and 1983-84. The total length at the end of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 26 months was 121 mm, 183 mm, 237 mm, 261 mm and 264 mm respectively. The length growth parameters were: L∞=300 mm, K=0.0807 (monthly) and t(sub)0=-0.51 month. The weight growth parameters were: W∞= 317g, K=0.0762 (monthly) and t(sub)0= -0.41 month. The exploited stock mainly composed of 1/2 + and 1+ age groups. The annual Z, M and F were 2.34, 1.49 and 0.85 respectively. The l(sub)b, t(sub)b, l(sub)r, t(sub)r and selection factor K were 155 mm, 0.75 year, 65 mm, 0.25 year and 3.875 respectively. The Yw/R was optimum at the exploitation rate (E) of 0.75 and coded mesh size of 37 mm. The total stock for 1982-83 and 1983-84 was 14,624 and 26,190 tons respectively. The standing stock of 1982-83 and 1983-84 was 5,645 and 10,110 tons respectively. The MSY for 1982-83 and 1983-84 was 6,623 and 11,788 tons respectively. The F and Z were lowest in 0+ age group and highest in 1+ age group.

Some aspects of the biology of Otolithes cuvieri (Trewavas) and Johnius glaucus (Day) from Veraval

The length-weight relationship in O. cuvieri and J. glaucus can be described by the equations log W=-5.27997+3.13225 log L and log W=-4.93431+3.02556 log L respectively. The length at first maturity in O. cuvieri is estimated as 256 mm and in J. glaucus as 180 mm. Empty stomachs occurred in high percentage in both the species. A study on composition of food items revealed that O. cuvieri feeds on a variety of organisms while J. glaucus a selective feeder.

Some aspects of the biology of Tachysurus tenuispinis Day from Veraval

The regression coefficients in length-weight relationship of males and females of Tachysurus tenuispinis differ significantly. The relative condition factor was calculated for females in relation to various lengths and months. The sex ratio in the catch varied widely in the different months. The number of eggs ranged from 72 to 89 for the fish of length 394 to 570 mm. Empty stomachs occurred in a very high percentage (63.5%) of the total stomachs examined. This is a bottom carnivorous feeder. The main food items found in the guts in order of preference were crustaceans, polychaetes, molluscs, fishes and echinoderms.

Effects of iso-nitrogenous and iso-phosphorus fertilizers as nutrient sources on carp polyculture in Bangladesh

A 120 day long experiment was conducted to find out the effects of cow manure with urea and triple super phosphate (CUT), poultry manure with urea and triple super phosphate (PUT) and cow manure with poultry manure (CP) having similar quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus on pond productivity and fish yield. The stocking fish were rohu (Labeo rohita), catla ( Catla catla) and mrigal ( Cirrhinus mrigala) in each treatment pond at the rate of 10000/ha. All ponds were fertilized fortnightly at the rate of 4000 kg/ha cow manure with 62 kg/ha urea and 65 kg/ha TSP, 2700 kg/ha poultry manure with 62 kg/ha urea and 16 kg/ha TSP, and 4000kg/ha cow manure with 2700 kg/ha poultry manure for the treatment CUT, PUT and CP respectively. Each treatment contained an iso-nitrogen and iso-phosphorus of 56 kg and 46 kg respectively. Though the physico-chemical parameters were more or less similar in all ponds, the chlorophyll-a content and abundance of total plankton were significantly higher (P< 0.05) in the ponds receiving the fertilizer treatment of PUT than those of other treatments. Final growth as well as per unit production of fish of treatment PUT (1773 kg/ha) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that of treatment CP (1528 kg/ha) followed by that of treatment CUT (1336 kg/ha). The over all results showed that poultry manure with urea and triple super phosphate proved to be superior to cow manure with urea and triple super phosphate, and poultry manure with cow manure, even when nitrogen and phosphorus content was similar, in carp polyculture system under prevailing conditions.