980 resultados para Daniels, Norm
Resumo:
Two experiments were conducted to test predictions derived from social identity/self-categorization theory concerning the role of group norms in attitude-behavior consistency. In Experiment 1, 160 students who could be classified as having a more or less certain target attitude were exposed to attitude congruent versus incongruent normative support from a relevant reference group (own university) under conditions of low versus high group salience. Experiment 2 was very similar in design and methodology (N=180), but a different correlate of attitude accessibility was used (an experimental manipulation of repeated expression), the target attitude was changed, and the reference group was gender. Across the 2 experiments there was consistent support for the hypothesis that participants would behave more in accordance with their attitudes when they received normative support for, rather than opposition to, their original attitude from a relevant reference group (i.e., their ingroup, not an outgroup). There was slightly weaker support for the second hypothesis that this effect would be stronger under high-than low-salience conditions. The third hypothesis (see Fazio, 1986), that attitude certainty and repeated expression of the attitude would strengthen attitude-behavior consistency, was well supported, as was the expectation that accessibility effects would be independent of reference group norm effects on attitude-behavior consistency.
Resumo:
Three experiments are reported which examine the effects of consensus information on majority and minority influence. In all experiments two levels of consensus difference were examined; large (82% versus 18%) and small (52% versus 48%). Experiment 1 showed that a majority source had more influence than a minority source, irrespective of consensus level. Experiment 2 examined the cause of this effect by presenting only the source label ('majority' versus 'minority'), only the consensus information (percentages) or both. The superior influence of the majority was again found when either (a) both source label and consensus information were given (replicating Experiment 1) and (b) only consensus information was given, but not when (c) only the source label was given. The results showed majority influence was due to the consensus information indicating more than 50% of the population supported that position. Experiment 3 also manipulated message quality (strong versus weak arguments) to identify whether systematic processing had occurred. Message quality only had an impact with the minority of 18%. These studies show that consensus information has different effects' for majority and minority influence. For majority influence, having over 50% support is sufficient to cause compliance while for a minority there are advantages to being numerically small, in terms of leading to detailed processing of its message. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Resumo:
Sensitivity of output of a linear operator to its input can be quantified in various ways. In Control Theory, the input is usually interpreted as disturbance and the output is to be minimized in some sense. In stochastic worst-case design settings, the disturbance is considered random with imprecisely known probability distribution. The prior set of probability measures can be chosen so as to quantify how far the disturbance deviates from the white-noise hypothesis of Linear Quadratic Gaussian control. Such deviation can be measured by the minimal Kullback-Leibler informational divergence from the Gaussian distributions with zero mean and scalar covariance matrices. The resulting anisotropy functional is defined for finite power random vectors. Originally, anisotropy was introduced for directionally generic random vectors as the relative entropy of the normalized vector with respect to the uniform distribution on the unit sphere. The associated a-anisotropic norm of a matrix is then its maximum root mean square or average energy gain with respect to finite power or directionally generic inputs whose anisotropy is bounded above by a≥0. We give a systematic comparison of the anisotropy functionals and the associated norms. These are considered for unboundedly growing fragments of homogeneous Gaussian random fields on multidimensional integer lattice to yield mean anisotropy. Correspondingly, the anisotropic norms of finite matrices are extended to bounded linear translation invariant operators over such fields.
Resumo:
Asurvey-based field study was conducted with 232 members and nonmembers of the National Tertiary Education Union to investigate the psychological processes underpinning union support. Drawing on value-expectancy models and social identity/self-categorisation theory, this study investigated the role that both individual and grouprelated factors play in predicting attitudinal and behavioural support for the union. Variables investigated included instrumental and ideological attitudes, perceptions of a normative climate of union-support, and perceptions of higher education being under threat. Further to support for previous findings for the role of instrumental and ideological attitudes it was found that the perceived workplace norm had the anticipated direct effect on behaviour and evaluation and also moderated the behavioural expression of ideological and instrumental attitudes. The perception of threat to employment and higher education also directly impacted on behaviour and moderated the behavioural expression of ideological beliefs. The implications of these findings for collective action research will he discussed.
Resumo:
Este estudo foi realizado em três marcenarias no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, com o objetivo de analisar o layout e propor mudanças que otimizem o funcionamento harmônico entre o local de trabalho e o trabalhador, considerando-se fatores ergonômicos, fluxo de produção e produtividade. A coleta de dados foi feita analisando-se as condições do ambiente de trabalho (clima, ruído, iluminação) e aplicando uma entrevista para avaliar as condições gerais e de segurança no trabalho. O layout foi avaliado por medições, observação da sequência de trabalho nas máquinas e aplicação do software AutoCAD 2000. Os resultados indicaram que o Índice de Bulbo Úmido e o Termômetro de Globo estavam de acordo com a Norma Regulamentadora nº 15 (atividade moderada), sendo de 26,38 ºC, em média. Os níveis médios de ruído foram de 87,48 dB (A), acima do permitido para uma jornada de 8 h diárias (NR 15). A luminosidade média, encontrada em duas marcenarias, ficou acima da faixa de iluminação mínima recomendada para esse trabalho de maquinarias (NBR 5413/92). Todas as marcenarias tinham disposição desordenada do maquinário em razão da sequência lógica de trabalho, presença de pilastras e resíduos na área útil e de passagem, piso desnivelado, falta de rampas para acesso aos galpões, manutenção de máquinas e equipamentos de forma incorreta, falhas no telhado e ausência de bancadas para facilitar a adoção de uma melhor postura durante o manuseio das peças.
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O escopo deste trabalho buscou compreender as percepções de mulheres que passaram pela decisão do aborto provocadona Microrregião de São Mateus (norte do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil), a partir do percurso e das interações que se sustentaram nesse processo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com sete mulheres sobre essa experiência no ambiente domiciliar dos sujeitos do presente estudo. Os dados foram colhidos em entrevistas abertas e foram analisados à luz do referencial teórico de autores que discorrem acerca do tema e também acerca da ciência bioética.O estudo apresenta seis categorias: O aborto na perspectiva da decisão íntima; o aborto como fonte de revelações de sentimentos; o contemplar peremptório da atitude;técnicas empregadas na intencionalidade e no ato de abortar; sustentando a decisão pelas relações comunitárias; e conteúdos e confidências femininas. A experiência das mulheres foi marcada poruma diversidade de sentimentos, como tristeza, culpa, arrependimento, desespero e dor emocional, todavia, também, pelo alívio com o fim da gravidez e do risco de morte. Angústia adicional foi condicionadaa partir da percepção de fatores contribuintes da decisão, como falta de condições financeiras, falta de apoio da família ou do parceiro e instabilidade no relacionamento com parceiro. Este estudo também sinalizou que o caráter cultural e histórico da gestação, no sentido da norma social, faz-se presente nas mulheres que vivenciam o aborto provocado; demonstrou que as mulheres do presente estudo encontram-se à margem das políticas públicas e de saúde; assinalou que os programas de planejamento familiar ou de saúde reprodutiva deveriam ser estruturados de forma a ajudar também a lidar com problemas de destituição social, econômica e educacional dessa população vulnerada, no sentido de que essas mulheres ultrapassem a proteção social básica e sejam amparadas por serviços de saúde, que constituam espaços equânimes de escuta, orientação e resolução.
Resumo:
The main objectives of this investigation is to analyze the disclosure of information about intangible assets during a period of nine years, namely the extension or level, as well as their evolution and possible alterations verified upon them, that derived from the adoption in 2005, of the international norm in order to elaborate the consolidated accounts of banks. Through the verification of the disclosure of intangible assets. Taking into account items from International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38 from the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the consolidated financial statements from seventeen banks, presenting consolidated accounts in Portugal uninterruptable between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed. The results obtained through the construction of an index, elaborated from this effected, reveled an average of disclosure of information on intangibles of 0.24 during the period. The level of general disclosure evolved from an average of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in the year 2009. The intangibles generated internally had an average of disclosure of 0.1592 and the intangibles acquired had an average value of 0.2927. A growth in the extension of disclosure of intangibles upon the consolidated financial statement of banks during period analyzed, being this growth more accentuated in 2005 and 2006, which correspond to the first years of adoption in Portugal of international norm endorsed by the European Union through the Regalement 1606/2002, of July 19, the designed IASB-UE norms.
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Trabalho de Projeto apresentado ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientado por: Doutora Alcina Augusta de Sena Portugal Dias
Resumo:
Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Mestre António Costa Reis
Resumo:
"Consumidores somos todos nós como impressivamente se expressou John F. Kennedy em 15 de Março de 1962. E diríamos que "consumidores de credito "somos muitos. É neste contexto que assume especial relevância a recente aprovação, no nosso ordenamento jurídico, de nova normativa reguladora do crédito ao consumo. Por outro lado, será de realçar o comando constitucional que prevê a protecção dos consumidores. De facto, prescreve o artigo 60° da Constituição da República Portuguesa que "os consumidores têm direito à qualidade dos bens e serviços consumidos, à formação e à informação, à protecção da saúde, da segurança e dos seus interesses económicos, bem como à reparação dos danos". lmporta, pois, conhecer em rigor as normas que actualmente regem o acesso e a regulação dos contratos de crédito ao consumo, num contexto de harmonização comunitária deste instituto jurídico-económico. Será oportuno, sobretudo, compreender de que forma o diploma que actualmente rege a matéria em questão protege de modo mais vincado a parte considerada economicamente mais débil.