Efeito da adição de cargas minerais leves na resistência mecânica de grautes para cimentação de poços offshore

The preparation of cement slurries for offshore well cementing involves mixing all solid components to be added to the mixing water on the platform. The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pre-prepared dry mixtures, or grouts, for offshore oilwell cementing. The addition of mineral fillers in the strength of lightweight grouts applied for depths down to 400 m under water depths of 500 m was investigated. Lightweight materials and fine aggregates were selected. For the choice of starting materials, a study of the pozzolanic activity of low-cost fillers such as porcelain tile residue, microsilica and diatomaceous earth was carried out by X-ray diffraction and mechanical strength tests. Hardened grouts containing porcelain tile residue and microsilica depicted high strength at early ages. Based on such preliminary investigation, a study of the mechanical strength of grouts with density 1.74 g/cm3 (14.5 lb/gal) cured initially at 27 °C was performed using cement, microsilica, porcelain tile residue and an anti-foaming agent. The results showed that the mixture containing 7% of porcelain tile residue and 7% of microsilica was the one with the highest compressive strength after curing for 24 hours. This composition was chosen to be studied and adapted for offshore conditions based on testes performed at 4 °C. The grout containing cement, 7% of porcelain tile residue, 7% of active silica and admixtures (CaCl2), anti-foaming and dispersant resulted satisfactory rheology and mechanical strength after curing for 24 hours of curing

Avaliação da resistência à Xylella fastidiosa em germoplasma de tangerina e híbridos introduzidos da Itália e Córsega

A Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC), causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, é atualmente uma das doenças que mais afeta a citricultura brasileira, sendo as variedades de laranja-doce as mais afetadas. Ensaio instalado na Estação Experimental de Bebedouro (EECB), em condições de estufa, teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento em relação à CVC de germoplasma de citros introduzidos pela EECB, Fundecitrus e Cenargen. Os materiais foram multiplicados sobre diversos porta-enxertos e, quando atingiram o tamanho adequado, inoculados por garfagem lateral de ramo doente. Cada variedade constou de quatro plantas, três das quais foram inoculadas, e a outra sem inocular deixada como padrão. As avaliações consistiram na observação de sintomas, teste de ELISA e PCR. Os primeiros sintomas nos materiais contaminados começaram a surgir 7 meses após a inoculação. Encontraram-se 18 variedades positivas no teste de PCR, o que indica sua suscetibilidade à bactéria Xylella fastidiosa. Entretanto, as variedades que foram detectadas pelo teste ELISA e não pelo PCR não foram contadas como suscetíveis e, sim, como falsos positivos.

Anodização para obtenção de membranas cerâmicas

This a study on the achievement of alumina membranes by the method of anodizing. From this method got up a layer of aluminum oxide on the anodic metal, who presented the basic properties necessary for the application as a support for the production and acquisition of nanomaterials, such as porosity nano and resistance to high temperature, and other properties, as resistance to corrosion, and chemical, high ranking of the structure and pore size of the pores. The latter, ranging from 10 to 100nm depended on the electrolyte used, which in this study was the H2SO4. To remove all remaining aluminum, it is a bath of dissolution with HCl and CuCl where the residual aluminum has been withdrawn, and the deep pores were opened after chemical treatment with NaOH. After the dissolution, the membranes were calcined at temperatures of 300, 600 and 900° C, and sintered at temperatures of 1200 and 1300º C to win mechanical strength, porosity and observe the desired crystallization. Then went through analyses of composition through X-ray diffraction and morphology of the microstructure through a scanning electron microscope. The method was effective for obtaining alumine membranes applied in the processes of production of materials in nano

Estudo da Potencialidade da produção de tijolos de adobe misturado com outros materiais: uma alternativa de baixo custo para a construção civil

The production of the red pottery brick, made traditionally with clay, is a technique that is already stabled. However, in spite of the little complexity that involves the conventional process of these bricks production, it are exposed to many problems that begin in the fase of exploration of the mines, the problems get worse because of the lack of the clay's characterization, and they continue through the steps of the dough preparation, conformation of the products, the drying and the burning process. The wastefulness is shown and so is the low quality of the material produced. Among other factors, the high use of energy in the burning makes the cost of this material inaccessible to the low income consumer. Besides this, the destruction of the environment around the mines and the use of native vegetation to produce wood - the most used fuel in the pottery industry - make serious environmental damage. The production technique of a new type of simple brick (adobe), that has low cost and no environmental damage, can be the viable altemative to lower the cost of this part of the civil construction, and, consequently, in the building of cheaper houses. In this paper, the results of the mechanical resistance of the adobe brick are shown, using in its composition, clay, natural vegetable fibers, cement and plaster in a process that is completely handcrafted and manual. It is intented to make clear that are possible alternatives to be put in practice, with the simple process, using "raw earth" that has been used in the construction of houses in thousands of years, trying to solve these severe problems. Analysis and tests were performed to find results that could prove the possibility of the utilization of this kind of material. Other studies are in progress, and the new researches are necessary to enrich this work, but it stays the certainty that there is potential to produce bricks from adobe, as an alternative that has low cost to civil construction

Desenvolvimento de métodos construtivos e de novos materiais empregados na confecção de cartuchos de próteses de membros inferiores

The manufacture of prostheses for lower limb amputees (transfemural and transtibial) requires the preparation of a cartridge with appropriate and custom fit to the profile of each patient. The traditional process to the patients, mainly in public hospitals in Brazil, begins with the completion of a form where types of equipment, plugins, measures, levels of amputation etc. are identified. Currently, such work is carried out manually using a common metric tape and caliper of wood to take the measures of the stump, featuring a very rudimentary, and with a high degree of uncertainty geometry of the final product. To address this problem, it was necessary to act in two simultaneously and correlated directions. Originally, it was developed an integrated tool for viewing 3D CAD for transfemoral types of prostheses and transtibial called OrtoCAD I. At the same time, it was necessary to design and build a reader Mechanical equipment (sort of three-dimensional scanner simplified) able to obtain, automatically and with accuracy, the geometric information of either of the stump or the healthy leg. The methodology includes the application of concepts of reverse engineering to computationally generate the representation of the stump and/or the reverse image of the healthy member. The materials used in the manufacturing of prostheses nor always obey to a technical scientific criteria, because, if by one way it meets the criteria of resistance, by the other, it brings serious problems mainly due to excess of weight. This causes to the user various disorders due to lack of conformity. That problem was addressed with the creation of a hybrid composite material for the manufacture of cartridges of prostheses. Using the Reader Fitter and OrtoCAD, the new composite material, which aggregates the mechanical properties of strength and rigidity on important parameters such as low weight and low cost, it can be defined in its better way. Besides, it brings a reduction of up steps in the current processes of manufacturing or even the feasibility of using new processes, in the industries, in order to obtain the prostheses. In this sense, the hybridization of the composite with the combination of natural and synthetic fibers can be a viable solution to the challenges offered above

Estudo térmico e de materiais na construção de casas populares com blocos confeccionados a partir de um composto a base de cimento, gesso, eps e raspa de pneu

We built an experimental house on an UFRN´s land using blocks made by a composite consisting of cement, plaster, EPS, crushed rubber and sand. Several blocks were made from various compositions and we made preliminary tests of mechanical and thermal resistance, choosing the most appropriate proportion. PET bottles were used inside the block to provide thermal resistance. In this work, a second function was given to the bottles: to serve as a docking between the blocks, because the ends of the cylinders came out of each block on top as well as at the bottom, with the bottom cut, allowing to fit of the extremities of the upper cylinder of a block in the lower holes of the other one, which were formed by the cutting already mentioned. Minimum compression tests were performed according to ABNT standards for walls closing blocks (fence). With that house built, we did studies of thermal performance in order to ascertain conditions of comfort, checking external and internal temperatures in the walls and in the ambient, among other variables, such as wind speed and relative humidity. The resulting blocks provided adequate thermal insulation to the environment, where the walls presented differences up to 11.7 ºC between the outer and inner faces, getting the maximum temperature inside the house around 31 °C, within the so-called thermal comfort zone for warm climates. At the end of the experiments it was evident the effectiveness of that construction in order to provide thermal comfort in the internal environment of the house, as well as we could confirm the viability of building houses from recyclable materials, reducing the constructive costs, becoming a suitable alternative for low- incoming families. Moreover, besides the low cost, the proposal represents an alternative use of various recyclable materials, therefore considered an ecological solution

Estudo da flamabilidade e resistência à chama de compósito de poliéster insaturado e fibra da folha do abacaxizeiro (PALF)

In the present research work, composites were prepared using pine apple leaf fibres (PALF) as reinforcement with unsaturated polyester resin as matrix, incorporating with fire retardant at different compositions. The PALF was obtained from the decortication of pine apple leaves obtained from Ramada 4 from Ielmo Marinho in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The unsaturated polyester resin and the catalyzer were bought from the local establishment. The fire retardant, aluminium tri-hydroxide - Al(OH)3 was donated by Alcoa Alumínio S.A and was used in the proportions of 20%, 40% and 60% w/w. Initially the fibres were treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, to remove any impurities present on the fibre surface, such as wax, fat, pectin and pectate, in order to have a better adsorption of the fibres with the matrix as well as the flame retardant. The fibre mat was prepared in a mat preparator by immersion, developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory, at the UFRN. The composites (300x300x3 mm) were prepared by compression molding and the samples (150x25x3 mm) for analysis of the properties were cut randomly using a laser cutter. Some of the cut samples were used to measure the smoke emission and fire resistance using UL94 standard. Mechanical tension-extension and flexural properties were carried in CTGás RN and the Laboratório de Metais e Ensaios Mecânicos Engenharia de Materiais UFRN , as well as SEM studies were carried out at Núcleo de Estudos em Petróleo e Gás Natural - UFRN . From the observed results, it was noted that, there was no marked influence of the fire retardant on the mechanical properties. Also in the water absorption test, the quantity of water absorbed was less in the sample with higher concentration of fire retardant. It was also observed that the increase in the proportion of the fire retardant increased the time of burning, may be due to the compactness of the composite due to the presence of fire retardant as a filling material even though it was meant to reduce the rate of inflammability of the composite

Compósito para fabricação de blocos para construção de casas: estudos térmico e de materiais

We present two models of blocks made of composite material obtained from the use of cement, plaster, EPS crushed, shredded tire, mud, sand and water, for the construction of popular housing. Were made metal molds for the manufacture of blocks to be used in the construction of a residence for low-income families. Performed tests of compressive strength of the composite for various formulations that met the specific standard for blocks used in construction. To study the thermal conductivity of the composite for further study of thermal comfort generated in a residence built with the proposed composite. We also determined the mass-specific and water absorption for each formulation studied. Using a home already built with another composite material, made up the closing of a window with the building blocks and found the thermal insulation, measuring external and internal temperatures of the blocks. The blocks had made good thermal insulation of the environment, resulting in differences of up to 12.6°C between the outer and inner faces. It will be shown the feasibility of using composite for the end proposed and chosen the most appropriate wording

Sobrevivência de fungos fitopatogênicos habitantes do solo, em microcosmo, simulando solarização com prévia incorporação de materiais orgânicos

Os fungos fitopatogênicos habitantes do solo podem sobreviver por vários anos nesse ambiente por meio de estruturas de resistência, causando perdas em muitas culturas, por vezes, inviabilizando o pleno aproveitamento de vastas áreas agrícolas. O uso de materiais orgânicos no solo consorciado com a técnica de solarização propicia a retenção de compostos voláteis fungitóxicos emanados da rápida degradação dos materiais e que são letais a vários fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste experimento foi à prospecção de novos materiais orgânicos que produzissem voláteis fungitóxicos capazes de controlar fungos fitopatogênicos habitantes do solo, em condições de associação com a simulação da técnica de solarização (microcosmo). Portanto, o presente trabalho consistiu de seis tratamentos (Solarizado; Solarizado+Brócolos; Solarizado+Eucalipto; Solarizado+Mamona; Solarizado+Mandioca e Laboratório) e cinco períodos (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) para avaliar a sobrevivência de quatro fungos de solo (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii). em cada uma das duas câmaras de vidro (microcosmo) por dia avaliado continha uma bolsa de náilon contendo as estruturas de resistência de cada fitopatógeno. Estruturas dos fitopatógenos foram mantidas também em condições de laboratório como referencial de controle. Todos os materiais quando associados à simulação da solarização propiciaram o controle de todos os fitopatógenos estudados, entretanto, foi observado variação no controle dos fungos. O tratamento que apenas simulou a solarização não controlou nenhum fitopatógeno.

Compósito Polimérico Híbrido: Comportamento Mecãnico, Descotinuidade Geométrica e Resistência Residual

The growing demand in the use of hybrid composite materials makes it essential a better understanding of their behavior face of various design conditions, such as the presence of geometric discontinuities in the cross section of structural elements. This way, the purpose of this dissertation is a study of the mechanical response (strength and stiffness), modes (characteristics) of fracture and Residual Strength of an hybrid polymeric composite with and without a geometric discontinuity in its longitudinal section (with a reduction in the cross section) loaded by uniaxial tension. This geometric discontinuity is characterized by central holes of different diameters. The hybrid composite was fabricated as laminate (plate) and consisting of ortho-tereftalic polyester matrix reinforced by 04 outer layers of Jute fibers bidirectional fabrics and 01 central layer of E-glass bidirectional fabric. The laminate was industrially manufactured (Tecniplas Nordeste Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), obtained by the hand lay-up technique. Initially, a study of the volumetric density of the laminate was made in order to verify its use in lightweight structures. Also were performed comparative studies on the mechanical properties and fracture modes under the conditions of the specimens without the central hole and with the different holes. For evaluating the possible influence of the holes in the structural stability of the laminate, the Residual Strength of the composite was determined for each case of variation in hole diameter. As a complementary study, analyses of the macroscopic final fracture characteristic of the laminates were developed. The presence of the central hole of any sizes, negatively changed the ultimate tensile strength. Regarding the elastic modulus, moreover, the difference found between the specimens was within the range of tests displacement, showing the laminate stability related to the stiffness

Desgaste corrosivo-cavitativo-erosivo de um aço-carbono em meio aquoso com frações de sal (NaCl), CO2 e particulados sólidos (SiO2)

A batch of eighty-four coupons of low carbon steel were investigated at laboratory conditions under a corrosive, cavitative-corrosive (CO2) and corrosive-erosive (SiO2 + CO2) in an aqueous salt solution and two levels of temperature. The following measurements were made on Vickers (HV0,05, HV0,10, HV0,20) Microhardness tests at three levels of subsurface layer. A turbulent flow collided on the cylindrical sample, with and without mechanical stirring and gas bubbling, with and without fluid contamination by solid particles of SiO2, at two temperatures. Surface Roughness and Waviness, under two conditions "as received, after machining" and "after worn out", as well as gravimetric and electrochemical parameter were measured on the two opposite generatrices of each cylindrical sample, on the flow upstream (0°) and downstream (180°) by Profilometry, Mass Variation and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR). The results of the Microhardness and Surface Texture of all coupons were subjected to statistical comparison, using the software Statgraphics® Centurion XVI, 95% statistical certainty, and significant differences were observed in some arrays of measurements. The corrosive wear rate measured by LPR and mass variation shown to be sensitive to the presence of bubbles and hydrodynamic fluctuations inside the cell, considering the temperature and contamination of corrosive fluid by solid particles. The main results of visual inspection relative to some topologies of the surface damages involving different mechanisms that were seen to give explanation for some fluctuations in wear rates of the steel experimentally investigated

Influência da formação de pozolanas com adição de metacaulim em concreto de alta resistência

The need to build durable structures and resistant to harsh environments enabled the development of high strength concrete, these activities generate a high cement consumption, which implies factor in CO2 emissions. Often the desired strength is not achieved using only the cement composition. This study aims to evaluate the influence of pozzolans with the addition of metakaolin on the physical mechanics of high strength concrete comparing them with the standard formulation. Assays were performed to characterize the aggregates according to NBR 7211, evaluation of cement and coarse aggregate through the trials of petrography (NBR 15577-3/08) and alkali-aggregate reaction (NBR 15577-05/08). Specimens were fabricated according to NBR 5738-1/04 with additions of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of metakaolin for cement mortars CP V in the formulations. For evaluation of the concrete hardened in fresh state and scattering assays were performed and compressive strength in accordance with the NBR 7223/1992 and NBR 5739-8/94 respectively. The results of the characterization of aggregates showed good characteristics regarding size analysis and petrography, as well as potentially innocuous as the alkali-aggregate reaction. As to the test of resistance to compression, all the formulations with the addition of metakaolin showed higher value at 28 days of disruption compared with the standard formulation. These results present an alternative to reduce CO2 emissions, and improvements in the quality and durability of concrete, because the fine particle size of metakaolin provides an optimal compression of the mass directly influencing the strength and rheology of the dough

Validação de uma metodologia de ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento para avaliação da aderência de interfaces revestimento metálico-bainha de cimento aplicada a poços de petróleo

Improving the adherence between oilwell metallic casing and cement sheath potentially decrease the number of corrective actions present/y necessary for Northeastern wells submitted to steam injection. In addition to the direct costs involved in the corrective operations, the economic impact of the failure of the primary cementing aIso includes the loss in the production of the well. The adherence between casing and cement is current/y evaluated by a simple shear tests non standardized by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Therefore, the objective of the present is to propose and evaluate a standardized method to assess the adherence of oilwell metallic casing to cement sheath. To that end, a section of a cemented oilwell was simulated and used to test the effect of different parameters on the shear stress of the system. Surface roughness and different cement compositions submitted or not to thermal cycling were evaluated. The results revealed that the test geometry and parameters proposed yielded different values for the shear stress of the system, corresponding to different adherent conditions between metallic casing and cement sheath

Crescimento radicular de plântulas de milho afetado pela resistência do solo à penetração

A resistência do solo à penetração é relacionada com a textura, compactação e umidade do solo. No presente trabalho se estudou o efeito da interação desses fatores sobre o crescimento de raízes de milho. Materiais de solo com 22, 30, 34, 41 e 48% de argila foram acondicionados em tubos de PVC de 10 cm com 4,3 cm de diâmetro interno, nas densidades globais de 1,07, 1,18, 1,36 e 1,53 g cm-3, em três tensões de água: -0,034, -0,106 e -0,640 MPa. Plântulas de milho foram cultivadas nos tubos por 48 horas. Quando a densidade do solo é baixa, a textura tem papel preponderante no crescimento radicular. Esse efeito é menor à medida que aumenta a densidade global. O aumento da resistência do solo à penetração causa diminuição no comprimento e número de raízes seminais adventícias; a raiz seminal primária mostra menor capacidade de penetração do que as raízes seminais adventícias. Resistências do solo à penetração da ordem de 1,3 MPa reduzem à metade o crescimento das raízes seminais adventícias do milho.

Resistência genética em genótipos de feijoeiro a Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) agente causal da murcha-de-curtobacterium em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), é um patógeno vascular de difícil controle. A doença foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil na safra das águas de 1995, no Estado de São Paulo. Por se tratar de uma doença de difícil controle, a resistência genética tem sido a melhor opção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de feijoeiro à murcha-de-curtobacterium, frente a 333 acessos pertencentes ao banco de germoplasma de feijoeiro do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). Oportunamente, foram selecionados genótipos de feijoeiro altamente resistentes e suscetíveis, com a finalidade de comparar a colonização de Cff no vaso do xilema a partir da visualização sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados da triagem da resistência genética em genótipos de feijoeiro indicaram a existência de variabilidade genética nas amostras dos 333 genótipos avaliados, ao isolado de Cff Feij 2634. Os materiais foram classificados em 4 grupos de resistência: 29 genótipos (8,7%) comportaram-se como altamente resistentes, 13 genótipos (3,9%) como resistentes, 18 genótipos (5%) como moderadamente resistentes e 273 genótipos (81%) suscetíveis. A partir dos resultados obtidos, cerca de 18% dos genótipos de feijoeiros, desde altamente resistentes à moderadamente resistentes, poderão ser úteis para o programa de melhoramento genético como fonte de genes para resistência a Cff. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram observadas em genótipos altamente resistentes, várias aglutinações da bactéria envolvidas por filamentos e estruturas rendilhadas sob pontuações da parede do vaso do xilema, não verificados em genótipos suscetíveis, o que sugere a ativação de mecanismos de defesa estruturais e bioquímicos nas plantas resistentes.